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This thesis is broadly concerned with how individuals within German society, the German Resistance to Hitler and the German military reacted to persecution of Jews in Germany before the start of the Second World War and also to reports of German atrocities within German-controlled areas of Europe during the conflict. / The specific focus of this study is an examination of the personal sentiments contained in the writings of Carl Goerdeler, Ulrich von Hassell and Helmuth von Moltke and the recorded reactions to the various and intensifying stages of Nazi persecution of Jews within German-controlled territory. These particular individuals were chosen, as a significant portion of their writings, in the form of diary entries, letters and memoranda have been published and offer a glimpse of personal sentiments and thoughts unaltered by the censors of the Nazi regime. In addition, this study examines the reactions of two German officers, Johannes Blaskowitz and Rudolf-Christoph von Gersdorff, to German atrocities committed in German-occupied Eastern Europe. Their reactions to and courageous protests against Nazi crimes are also a significant part of the overall context of German reactions to Nazi crimes. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

This study deals with Allied policy for postwar Germany during the Second World War (1941-1945) and the Allied occupation (1945-1949). It is shown that the ideological division and the conflicting objectives of the occupation powers led to a disintegration of cooperation between the occupation powers, and resulted in the division of Germany as an alternative settlement to the "German Problem". The evidence is based on the available government documents, eye-witness accounts, and secondary sources.

Was British devotional literature a major factor in the rise of German Pietism? Beginning in the very first decade of the seventeenth century, eighteen books by the Puritan William Perkins were put into German for the benefit of Calvinist readers. He has been called the "father of Pietism." Works by other Pietistic Puritans were also translated into German at an early date. Three books rapidly gained official access to the Lutheran church. Edmund Bunny's Protestant version of Robert Parsons's Booke of Resolvtion was put into German and published in 1612. It was quickly adapted and expanded for Lutheran use, and it went through at least forty-eight editions by 1750. Lewis Bayly's Practice of Pietie, which had been translated into German and published at Basel in 1628, was adapted for Lutheran use in 1631. By 1750 it had gone through at least sixty-eight editions. Joseph Hall's Arte of Divine Meditation, which was put into German in 1631, went through at least sixty-one editions by 1750 as the second part of The Practice of Pietie. Although Daniel Dyke's Mystery of Selfe-Deceiuing did not gain official access to the Lutheran church, it was widely disseminated in Lutheran areas and went through at least twenty editions by 1728. British writers enjoyed great popularity in Germany. At least thirty-one works by Joseph Hall, thirty by Richard Baxter, and nine by John Bunyan, for example, were put into German; and some of them went through a number of editions. The party for reform within Lutheran orthodoxy, Pietism's immediate predecessor, was greatly influenced by British devotional books; and some of its leaders introduced them to the Lutheran church. In the course of time, they became thoroughly familiar with the ideals proclaimed in these books and made them their own. By 1750 more than 690 British religious works, most of which were devotional in character, were translated into German. Although the authors of some of them are not known, 301 or more of them were written by known British writers. Collectively these works involve approximately seventeen hundred editions and impressions. As Pietism advanced, more and more of them were translated into German and published by Lutherans. Johann Hülsemann began a controversy over British devotional literature in 1654 that lasted well into the first decades of the eighteenth century. Much of the criticism that was leveled against this body of writings is exactly the same as the criticism that was directed against Pietism. The cumulative effect of the available evidence creates the impression that German translations of British devotional books were a major and decisive factor in the rise and development of the Pietistic movement in Germany.

This thesis examines and assesses the Gleichschaltung of the Germandom organizations from 1933 to 1939. The first chapter outlines the Peace Treaties of Versailles, Trianon and St. Germain and their effect upon the increased German minority in Europe. This body of Germans in countries outside Germany, Austria and Switzerland are referred to as the Volksdeutsche. The policies of the Weimar Government towards the German minorities in Europe are then examined. The second chapter outlines the minority policy of the National Socialist Party and various prominent National Socialist leaders. Chapter three outlines the major non-National Socialist and National Socialist Germandom organizations. Particular emphasis is given to the Verein fur Deutschtum im Ausland or the VDA, the Volksdeutscher Rat or the VR, Auslandsorganisation der NSDAP or AO, the Buro Kursell and the Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle or VoMi. Chapters four through six deal with the events that lead to the Gleichschaltung of the Germandom organizations. Although the non-National Socialist Germandom organizations maintained a degree of independence from Nazi influence from 1933 until 2 July 1938, there was never any doubt that eventually the National Socialist Germandom organizations would gain ascendancy over them. In late 1936, the National Socialist Germandom organizations began to achieve lasting power and influence. By 1938, the non-National Socialist Germandom organizations were virtually impotent. The Gleichschaltung of the Germandom organizations, therefore, mirrors the Gleichschaltung that occurred on all levels of society in Germany following Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor on 30 January 1933.

Thesis (doctoral)--Philosophisch-Theologische Hochschule Sankt Georgen, Frankfurt am Main, 2006.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)

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