There is a divergence of views in German First World War literature concerning the presentation of medical aspects and nursing experiences. Although all accounts of the war claim implicitly to present the truth about a section of, or even the whole of, the war, be they diaries, letters or war fiction, variations arise due to the individual attitude, perspective and intention of each author. This thesis examines a range of different types of fictional and non-fictional war literature: diaries, letters, reports, narratives and novels written by or about participants during or after the war, taking due account of the precise relationship to the experience, the intent of the writers and the context of their accounts. Some of these are based on personal experience and provide an imnediate impression of the war. Some use personal experience, but not specific historical details, to look at the war in retrospect, conditioned by the (additional) medical knowledge of the late 1920s. Others blend fictional and historical characters and events. Although the standpoint of the individual ordinary soldier and sailor, or officer, predominates in writings of this kind, writings both by and about women and other non-combatants involved in the war have been included. German material is compared with American, British and French accounts wherever possible and practicable. A preliminary section (chapters 2+3) provides the reader with a detailed and necessary historical overview of the organization of the German lieeressanialtswesen. between 1914 and 1918, followed by an examination of the discrepancy between the historical experience and perception of the Lazarett in the German literary context. The second part of the work (chapters 4-6) examines descriptions and perceptions of specific medical aspects of the war from the point of view of those immediately involved in the Yermuncletenliirgarge: surgeons and medical practitioners, paramedical orderlies and stretcher-bearers as well as nurses. The largest part (chapters 7-12) examines the medical effects of the war as perceived in different literary and non-literary contexts, ranging from straightforward wounds, shell-shock and other psychological phenomena, to the effects of poison gas and chemical warfare, venereal diseases, self-inflicted wounds and the medical implications of trench warfare, followed by an analysis of the motif of 'war as disease'.

As letras germânicas, em meados dos anos sessenta do século XX, testemunharam o surgimento de uma nova geração de escritores, dentre eles o jovem e inquieto autor austríaco Thomas Bernhard, nascido na Holanda. Com a sua rebeldia, ele propunha uma nova convenção na literatura; no campo teatral provocaria não só os críticos e teóricos, mas principalmente, os espectadores, ao lhes oferecer peças que não faziam concessões. Este trabalho propõe introduzir o pensamento teatral de Thomas Bernhard, por meio da apresentação e discussão da sua dramaturgia, bem como inserir a tradução da sua peça Der Theatermacher - O fazedor de teatro. O escopo é mostrar que o teatro deste enfant terrible, ao usar aforismos, a estética do exagero e do grotesco, a ironia, monólogos e o teatro como tema, é discursivo e provocativo. Assim, ao problematizar e divulgar a criação e produção dramatúrgica de Thomas Bernhard, espera-se trazer uma contribuição que venha a despertar interesse e inquietações pelas ideias e procedimentos desse autor tão contemporâneo e provocador. / Germanic languages, back in the mid-60s in the twentieth century, witnessed the emergence of a new generation of writers, among whom the young and restless Austrian writer - Thomas Bernhard, who was born in the Netherlands. Armed with his defiance, he proposed a new principle in literature; in the stage-performance area it would inflame not only critics and theorists but mostly the audience when playing parts that made no concessions. This paper introduces Thomas Bernhard\'s drama-driven thinking by presenting and discussing his dramaturgy and includes a translation of his play Der Theatermacher - The Theatre Maker. The aim is to show that the plays of the enfant terrible of the theatre by using aphorismus, the aesthetics of overstatement and grotesque, irony, monologues and the theater as a subject, are discursive and provocative. Hence, this paper, in questioning and divulging the drama conception and production of Thomas Bernhard\'s plays, expects to arouse interest and uneasiness on the thoughts and methods of this overtly contemporary and provocative author.

As letras germânicas, em meados dos anos sessenta do século XX, testemunharam o surgimento de uma nova geração de escritores, dentre eles o jovem e inquieto autor austríaco Thomas Bernhard, nascido na Holanda. Com a sua rebeldia, ele propunha uma nova convenção na literatura; no campo teatral provocaria não só os críticos e teóricos, mas principalmente, os espectadores, ao lhes oferecer peças que não faziam concessões. Este trabalho propõe introduzir o pensamento teatral de Thomas Bernhard, por meio da apresentação e discussão da sua dramaturgia, bem como inserir a tradução da sua peça Der Theatermacher - O fazedor de teatro. O escopo é mostrar que o teatro deste enfant terrible, ao usar aforismos, a estética do exagero e do grotesco, a ironia, monólogos e o teatro como tema, é discursivo e provocativo. Assim, ao problematizar e divulgar a criação e produção dramatúrgica de Thomas Bernhard, espera-se trazer uma contribuição que venha a despertar interesse e inquietações pelas ideias e procedimentos desse autor tão contemporâneo e provocador. / Germanic languages, back in the mid-60s in the twentieth century, witnessed the emergence of a new generation of writers, among whom the young and restless Austrian writer - Thomas Bernhard, who was born in the Netherlands. Armed with his defiance, he proposed a new principle in literature; in the stage-performance area it would inflame not only critics and theorists but mostly the audience when playing parts that made no concessions. This paper introduces Thomas Bernhard\'s drama-driven thinking by presenting and discussing his dramaturgy and includes a translation of his play Der Theatermacher - The Theatre Maker. The aim is to show that the plays of the enfant terrible of the theatre by using aphorismus, the aesthetics of overstatement and grotesque, irony, monologues and the theater as a subject, are discursive and provocative. Hence, this paper, in questioning and divulging the drama conception and production of Thomas Bernhard\'s plays, expects to arouse interest and uneasiness on the thoughts and methods of this overtly contemporary and provocative author.

Whether invoking the noble—or the cruel—savage, the image of Native Americans has always included notions of war and fighting. Non-Natives have attributed character traits to them such as cunning, stealth, endurance, and bravery; and they have used these im ages to denounce or to idealize Native Americans. In the U.S., a prolon ged history of frontier conflict, multiplied by popular frontier myths, has resulted in a collective memory of Indians as fighters. While images of fighting Indians have entered American everyday language, Germans have had no significant collective history of American frontier settlement and conflicts with Native Americans. Nevertheless, they have acquired a number of idioms and figures of speech relating to Indian images due to the romanticized euphoria for Native themes, spurred by popular nove ls and Wild West shows.