Seasonal pattern and extent of asexual reproduction in liverwort species Lophozia ascendens, L. ventricosa and L. longiflora were studied in the Boubínský prales and Milešický prales old-growth forest reserves in the Šumava Mts., South Bohemia. Asexual reproduction was quantified as the number of 1{--}2 -celled gemmae produced per individual shoot. Numbers of gemmae per shoot among sampling months differed significantly as did the numbers of gemmae in samples among Lophozia ascendens, L. ventricosa and L. longiflora among sampling months. Germinability of gemmae was low in early spring, highest in August and September and slightly decreased in October. Spreading potential of gemmae was investigated in the epixylic hepatic Anastrophyllum hellerianum. Gemmae were trapped at different distances (0 {--} 10 m) and directions from the source colonies in two experiments: one was realized in the natural habitat within a forest and the other in an artificial set-up in the open habitat. Dispersal of gemmae showed slight distance dependence both in the natural and open habitats. Habitat requirements (e. g. decay degree, texture, bark cover, log diameter) of the L. ascendens and A. hellerianum were investigated in both reserves, 126 logs were found. Mostly tiny liverworts grew with L. ascendens and A. hellerianum. Both studied species occurred on logs with degree of decay 2 {--} 7 and degree of texture 2 {--} 6.

Resumo: Embora haja estudos sobre as forrageiras nativas com potencial de cultivo na região do Pantanal, como a grama-do-cerrado (Mesosetum chaseae), há carência de conhecimentos básicos para a definição de estratégias de manejo do germoplasma forrageiro nativo. Desta forma, visou-se avaliar o perfilhamento das plantas e qualidade das sementes de M. chaseae colhidas na sub-região da Nhecolândia, Pantanal, MS. Houve maior produção de perfilhos reprodutivos no campo limpo baixo "inundável", que produziu sementes com maiores taxas de germinação, variável entre anos, em decorrência da precipitação que influenciou positivamente quando foi de aproximadamente 300 mm mensal, porém foi prejudicial para a viabilidade das sementes. / Abstract: Although had exist studies about Pantanal potencial native forage, like grama-docerrado (Mesosetum chaseae) grass, the basic knowledge is poor, to identifie estrategies in order to manage the folder native germoplasm. In this way, the objetictive of this research was evaluate the tillers oppearauce, quality and seed productions of the harvested M. chaseae in the Nhecolândia subregion, Pantanal, MS, Brazil. Under this studies conditions, at the "fooded" low clean field, occurred a big production of reprodutive tillers, withdid large germination seed, because the positive influence of rain at almost 300 mm per month, however worse to seeds feasibility. / Orientador: Ciniro Costa / Coorientador: Sandra Aparecida Santos / Banca: Claudio Cavariani / Banca: Francisco Stefano Weschler / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-01-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:47:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_lac_me_botfmvz.pdf: 429813 bytes, checksum: 7f077174ba95e6dcf0c8db5ba9626dcd (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Embora haja estudos sobre as forrageiras nativas com potencial de cultivo na região do Pantanal, como a grama-do-cerrado (Mesosetum chaseae), há carência de conhecimentos básicos para a definição de estratégias de manejo do germoplasma forrageiro nativo. Desta forma, visou-se avaliar o perfilhamento das plantas e qualidade das sementes de M. chaseae colhidas na sub-região da Nhecolândia, Pantanal, MS. Houve maior produção de perfilhos reprodutivos no campo limpo baixo “inundável”, que produziu sementes com maiores taxas de germinação, variável entre anos, em decorrência da precipitação que influenciou positivamente quando foi de aproximadamente 300 mm mensal, porém foi prejudicial para a viabilidade das sementes. / Although had exist studies about Pantanal potencial native forage, like grama-docerrado (Mesosetum chaseae) grass, the basic knowledge is poor, to identifie estrategies in order to manage the folder native germoplasm. In this way, the objetictive of this research was evaluate the tillers oppearauce, quality and seed productions of the harvested M. chaseae in the Nhecolândia subregion, Pantanal, MS, Brazil. Under this studies conditions, at the “fooded” low clean field, occurred a big production of reprodutive tillers, withdid large germination seed, because the positive influence of rain at almost 300 mm per month, however worse to seeds feasibility.

Ingestion and dispersal of seeds of desirable species by domestic livestock is potentially important as a range improvement practice, but the passage of seed by livestock has only been studied in a fragmented way, particularly for species adapted to rangelands of western North America. The objectives of this research were to examine the effects of different periods of exposure to in vitro and in vivo digestion processes in cattle on the germinability of several grass species, and determine if the in vitro incubation technique is a good predictor of seed fate following passage through the ruminant digestive tract. Seeds of 13 grass species adapted to the Intermountain West were exposed to in vitro incubation for 24, 48, and 72 hours, and then tested for germination at an optimal temperature regime (10°C night/20°C day) in a controlled environment chamber. Germination responses varied considerably among grass species with changes in length of exposure to in vitro incubation, but germination decreased for incubated seed compared to untreated seed for all species. Five species with the highest germination in in vitro incubation trials were fed to Holstein steers in in vivo digestion trials. Approximately 20% of the ingested seeds were recovered for all species 6 days after feeding, and the highest recovery occurred 2 and 3 days after feeding. Germination of undamaged, recovered seeds decreased as passage time through the digestive tract increased. Of the species tested, seeds of Psathyrostachys juncea, Thinopyrum ponticum, Agropyron cristatum X A. desertorum, and Elytrigia repens X Pseudoroegneria spicata have the greatest potential to survive passage through the digestive tract and germinate in appreciable numbers. The in vitro incubation technique may be used as a crude indicator of seed fate following passage through the digestive tract.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19043号 / 農博第2121号 / 新制||農||1032 / 31994 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 縄田 栄治, 教授 田中 千尋, 教授 北島 宣 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19043号 / 農博第2121号 / 新制||農||1032(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H27||N4925(農学部図書室) / 31994 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 縄田 栄治, 教授 田中 千尋, 教授 北島 宣 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_enrique_parachu_moliterno.pdf: 1249954 bytes, checksum: 934585fa055374ac866ea4a1bfb4b4e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-28 / Seed dormancy is a trait shown by a large variety of weedy plants, which helps the purpose of perpetuating the species through space and time by delaying germination until specific environmental cues happen. Black oat, a temperate forage grass, is widely used for pasture and as a cover crop in minimum tillage systems in Southern Brazil. However, the largest portion of the seed sown belongs to an old variety, which has no genetic identity, contributing to the appearance of undesirable agronomic traits in a crop species such as seed dormancy. This trait is hold responsible for turning black oat into a potential weedy species in areas sown to other cool season cereals, such as wheat and barley. Three methods were used to screen and select for black oat genotypes expressing low seed dormancy, i.e. screening of lines collected throughout different agricultural regions of the state of Rio Grande do Sul; subjecting a specific line of the species to the effects of two chemical and one physical mutagens and crossbreeding between selected lines and commercial cultivars of the species. All three methods were undertaken under a glasshouse environment (without temperature control), and since there are no known vegetative morphological traits associated to seed dormancy the procedure consisted on selecting seedlings from non dormant seeds. These were grown in the glasshouse environment and their progeny seeds tested for germinability, thus repeating the cycle. Genetic progress was slow for all three methods and cross breeding resulted the most difficult way for the creation of new genotypes, as only less than 8% of all pollinated flowers yielded hybrid seeds. Differences in germinability percentage among seeds of the first and second selection cycles were largest for the line- screening method, less for mutant seed phenotypes and minimum for the crossbreeding method, in which only F1 seeds were tested for germinability. On average, mutant seed treatments yielded 15% germinability after the first selection cycle, increasing to 20% germinability by the end of the second selection cycle. The screening of black oat lines yielded an initial 7% germinability, which increased to 36% germinability by the end of the second cycle. A common trend for all three methods was that seed germinability was highest during the first half of the standard germination test period for oat species, which implies that seedling selection was exercised for two traits simultaneously, i.e. absence of seed dormancy and seed vigor. The identification of several genotypes producing seeds expressing both traits increases the opportunity for genetic progress in this species. / A dormência de sementes é um caráter de muitas espécies de plantas invasoras de culturas agrícolas modernas, a qual tem por objetivo preservar a multiplicação da espécie através da germinação de suas sementes ao longo do tempo e o espaço. Aveia-preta é uma gramínea forrageira temperada muito semeada para produção de forragem e proteção do solo como cultura de cobertura, em sistemas de plantio direto. Porém, a maior parte da semente utilizada para semear a espécie pertence a uma variedade que praticamente não tem sido melhorada desde sua introdução, produzindo sementes com níveis variáveis de dormência. Esse caráter tem gerado problemas na área agrícola ocupada por essa espécie, tornado-a invasora potencial de outras culturas de estação fria. Com o objetivo de contribuir à melhora do caráter dormência de sementes quanto de outros de interesse numa espécie forrageira, foram aplicados três métodos de seleção de genótipos produtores de sementes com baixo nível de dormência: avaliação de genótipos fixos (linhagens) provenientes de diferentes regiões edafoclimáticas do estado de RS, indução a mutação de um genótipo fixo por dois agentes mutagênicos químicos e um físico e hibridações artificiais entre catorze genitores (linhagens e cultivares comerciais). Conforme a influência do ambiente num caráter quantitativo como a dormência de sementes, e o fato de não ter associação conhecida com caracteres morfológicos vegetativos, a estratégia adotada foi de multiplicar as sementes de cada tratamento sob ambiente de casa de vegetação e avaliar sua germinabilidade logo após a colheita. Os progressos na expressão do caráter de interesse foram lentos para os três métodos empregados, sendo que a hibridação artificial resultou o método mais difícil desde que o porcentual de sementes hibridas obtidas em relação ao número de polinizações efetuadas foi inferior a 8%. A diferença entre a germinabilidade das sementes oriundas do primeiro ciclo de seleção em relação às seguintes foi mais marcante para as linhagens do que para aqueles genótipos mutantes. Já, no caso dos híbridos, a avaliação só abrangeu a geração F1 por causa da baixa quantidade de sementes produzidas. Enquanto o progresso para o conjunto de tratamentos com mutagênicos foi relativamente baixo, com germinabilidade inicial média de 15% e final de 20%, as linhagens iniciaram em média com 7% de germinabilidade e logo do primeiro ciclo de seleção finalizaram a avaliação com 36% germinabilidade. Um aspecto comum aos três métodos empregados foi o fato da germinabilidade das sementes ser expressa em níveis mais importantes na primeira metade do período padrão da análise de germinação para a espécie. Isso implica em que a seleção de plântulas foi feita considerando dois caracteres, ausência de dormência e vigor de sementes em forma conjunta. A obtenção de vários genótipos no presente experimento produzindo sementes com ambos os caracteres abre boas perspectivas de progresso genético em aveia preta.

Chez de nombreuses Angiospermes, la pollinisation croisée est nécessaire pour le succès de la reproduction. La plupart de ces plantes ont évolué afin de favoriser la pollinisation entomophile, principalement assurée par les abeilles. C’est le cas des Cucurbitacées, dont le melon (Cucumis melo L.), importante culture du sud de la France et le concombre d’âne (Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich.) plante spontanée endémique du bassin méditerranéen, les deux modèles de cette étude. Afin de mieux comprendre les relations plante-pollinisateur,nous avons choisi de caractériser le couple pollen de Cucurbitacées/abeille domestique (Apis mellifera L.) à travers la production de pollen, sa présentation sur la fleur et son transport sur l’abeille. Nous avons montré que, chez ces plantes, l’ontogenèse du pollen s’accompagne d’erreurs développementales conduisant à la formation de près de 3% de grains de pollen vides. De plus, nous avons mis en évidence que chez E. elaterium, des erreurs méiotiques entraînaient la formation de grains de pollen génétiquement anormaux qui pourraient être source d’autopolyploïdie. Chez C. melo, nos résultats ont révélé que la mise en contact du pollen avec le milieu environnant entraîne une baisse de 30% de sa viabilité, mais que celle-ci reste stable jusqu’à la fin de l’anthèse. L’aptitude à germer, quant à elle, finit d’être acquise juste avant anthèse et décroît de 12% en fin de période d’anthèse. Nous avons montré que le pollen de C. melo transporté sur le corps de l’abeille pouvait soit avoir une viabilité et une aptitude à germer préservée, probablement par protection contre la déshydratation, soit perdre quasi-totalement sa viabilité et son aptitude à germer. Enfin, nous avons détecté des composés biochimiques spécifiques des abeilles protégeant ou diminuant la qualité reproductrice du pollen / For many flowering plant species cross pollination is necessary to ensure reproductive success. Most of these plants have evolved to encourage insect pollination which is mainly carried out by bees. Such is the case of plants in the Cucurbitaceae family, including the cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.), an important crop of the South of France, and squirting cucumber (Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich.), a wild plant restricted to the Mediterranean Basin, the two vegetal models used in this study. To better understand plant-pollinator relations, we proposed to characterise the interaction between Cucurbitaceae pollen and the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) through pollen production, its presentation and its transport on the honey bee body. Our results showed that developmental anomalies took place during pollen ontogenesis in these species leading to 3% of the pollen grains produced to be empty. Moreover, we demonstrated that meiotic abnormalities in E. elaterium leading to the production of genetically abnormal pollen grains could be a source of autopolyploidy. At anthesis in C. melo, our results showed that pollen viability decreased to 30% when pollen was exposed to environmental conditions, then remained stable during the period of anthesis.The ability for pollen to germinate was completed just before anthesis then decreased to 12% at the end of anthesis. We determined that viability and germinability of cantaloupe pollen carried on the honey bee body can be enhanced or decreased according to which specific honey bee biochemical compounds were detected