Nuclear incompressibility Knm is an important parameter in the nuclear matter equation of state (EOS). The locations of the isocalar giant monopole resonance (ISGMR) and giant dipole resonance (ISGDR) of nuclei are directly related to Knm and thus can give the most effective constraint on the value of the Knm. In order to determine Knm accurately, a systematic study of the ISGMR and ISGDR over a wide range of nuclei is necessary. Alpha inelastic scattering at small angles has been successfully used to study the ISGMR of heavy and medium nuclei where the monopole resonance is concentrated in a broad peak. For light nuclei (A<40), however, ISGMR strengths are more elusive because the resonance is fragmented and extends to excitation energies above 35 MeV. Other processes give a large physical background at high excitation energy in α inelastic scattering, which makes it difficult to extract strength distributions in this range. As an isoscalar projectile (N=Z), 6Li scattering could be an alternate way to study giant resonances. A better ratio between the resonance peak and the continuum is expected in 6Li scattering due to the low particle emitting threshold. Another important motivation for 6Li scattering study is to explore the possibility of expanding current research from stable nuclei to radioactive nuclei with inverse reactions using 6Li as a target. Data for elastic scattering of 240 MeV 6Li ions and inelastic scattering to low-lying states and giant resonances was taken for 24Mg, 28Si and 116Sn. A data analysis procedure was developed for double folding calculations. The optical potential parameters for 6Li + 24Mg, 6Li + 28Si and 6Li + 116Sn scattering systems were obtained by fitting elastic scattering data. Multipole analyses were carried out for inelastic scattering to high lying isoscalar giant resonances with multipolarities L=0 - 3. The results for the ISGMR and ISGQR are in agreement with those obtained with 240 MeV α scattering, however the agreement for the ISGDR and HEOR is not so good, indicating the uncertainty in extracting these strengths. This work has shown that 240 MeV 6Li scattering is a viable way to study the ISGMR and ISGQR and can be particularly useful in rare isotope studies where 6Li can be used as the target.

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The scattering mechanisms responsible for Giant Magneto-Resistance (OMR) in magnetic multilayers are believed to be related to many aspects of the multilayer structure. X-ray scattering techniques provide a powerful method with which to study the bulk and interface morphology in these systems, and are therefore crucial in developing an understanding of the dominant factors influencing the magnitude of the OMR. Reflectivity measurements performed on a series of Co/Cu multilayers, sputter deposited onto etched silicon, reveal no variation in the interface roughness with etching voltage, the thickness of the individual layers also remaining constant. The observed decrease in the OMR cannot, therefore, be attributed to variations in spacer thickness or interfacial spin-independent scattering. Electron and X-ray Diffraction measurements suggest the reduction in GMR is due to a loss of antiferromagnetic coupling associated with a transformation of the texture from a randomly oriented to well oriented (111) polycrystalline texture, and subsequent reduction in the volume fraction of (100) oriented grains. Interfaces within Co/Cu are found to propagate with a high degree of conformality with increasing bilayer number, with an out-of-plane correlation length well in excess of 300Å. In contrast, the Co/Pt system exhibits a limiting out-of-plane correlation length of the order of 350Å arising from a columnar growth mode. X-ray Reflectivity and Diffraction measurements provide no structural interpretation for the 3-fold enhancement in the rate of increase of the saturation conductivity, as a function of spacer thickness, in Fe/Au (100) compared to Fe/Au (111), or why large oscillations in the GMR occur for the (100) orientation only. Such observations are, however, consistent with the existence of a channelling mechanism in Fe/Au (100). Grazing Incidence Fluorescence data indicates that Nb acts as a surfactant in Fe/Au (111) growth on sapphire. The influence of different defect types within multilayers has also been observed.

Nosso objetivo e estudar os principais mecanismos de foto absorção no ANTPOT.232 TH entre 7 e 60 Mev, ressonâncias gigantes e mecanismo do quase-deuteron, associados ao decaimento por fissão. Para isso, fizemos medidas da seção de choque de eletrofissão no ANTPOT.232 TH, entre as energias de 7 a 60 Mev, no laboratório do acelerador linear do IFUSP. Utilizamos, na analise, o formalismo dos fótons virtuais, que relaciona a seção de choque de fotofissão a seção de choque de eletrofissão. Foi utilizada a seção de choque de fotofissão medida em livermore e calculamos a seção de choque de fotoabsorção e2 (t=0 e t=1), além da seção de choque de fotoabsorção obtida via quase-deuteron. Verificamos que a contribuição predominante para a seção de choque de eletrofissão e a da componente de dipolo elétrico, sendo as demais contribuições (quadrupolo elétrico e modelo modificado do quase-deuteron) uma ordem de grandeza inferior a esta. / Our objective is to study the main photoabsorption mechanisms in 232T]n between 7 and 60 Mev, namely, Giant Resonances and Quasi-Deuteron, associated to fission decay. We performed electrofission measurements at the linear accelerator of IFUSP. In the analysis, the Virtual Photon Formalism, that relates the photofission cross section to the electrofission cross section, was used. In the calculations, the photofission cross section measured at Livermore Laboratory was used. The E2 photoabsorption and quasi-deuteron photoabsorption cross sections were calculated. We concluded that the most important contribution to the electrofission cross section comes from the El- giant resonance component, the other ones (E2 giant resonance component and quasi-deuteron mechanisms) being 1 or 2% of total electrofission cross section.

Applicability of the Hartree-Fock (HF) based random phase approximation (RPA) with several Skyrme effective interactions to the description of the isoscalar giant monopole (ISGMR) and the isoscalar giant dipole resonance (ISGDR) in 90Zr, 116Sn, 144Sm and 208Pb nuclei has been investigated. The existing Skyrme interactions SL1, SkM*, SGII, Sly4 and Sk255 were used. Hartree-Fock description of the ground state properties of all nuclei of interest was obtained using these Skyrme interactions. Transition strength distributions for the ISGMR and the ISGDR in nuclei of interest were calculated using coordinate space representation for the RPA in the Green’s function formalism with discretized continuum. A method of projecting out the spurious state contribution from the transition strength distribution and the transition density of the ISGDR was employed to eliminate spurious state mixing, due to a not fully selfconsistent description of the particle-hole interaction within the RPA. Differential cross sections of 240 MeV alpha-particles inelastic scattering on all nuclei of interest were calculated using the folding model within the distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA). Optical potentials were obtained by folding HF ground state densities with a alpha-nucleon density dependent Gaussian interaction. Parameters of the interaction were obtained by fitting experimental angular distribution of alpha-nucleus elastic scattering. The inelastic differential cross sections were calculated using both collective and microscopic transition densities. Possible underestimations of the energy weighted sum rule for the case of the ISGDR are reported. An alternative description for the ISGDR in nuclei based on the Fermi liquid drop model (FLDM) with the collisional Fermi surface distortion was investigated. The FLDM dispersion relation was obtained from the linearized Landau-Vlasov equation. Centroid energies, E0 and E1, and widths, gamma-0 and gamma-1, of the ISGMR and ISGDR, respectively, were calculated as functions of the damping parameter using appropriate boundary conditions. Comparison of the theoretical ratios of the ISGDR and ISGMR centroid energies, E1/E0, to the experimental values resulted in a damping parameter equal to 0.5, however, systematic overestimation of energy of the ISGMR and ISGDR by 2.0-2.5 MeV was observed. The applicability of the HF-RPA to the description for the ISGDR in nuclei is confirmed.

Nosso objetivo e estudar os principais mecanismos de foto absorção no ANTPOT.232 TH entre 7 e 60 Mev, ressonâncias gigantes e mecanismo do quase-deuteron, associados ao decaimento por fissão. Para isso, fizemos medidas da seção de choque de eletrofissão no ANTPOT.232 TH, entre as energias de 7 a 60 Mev, no laboratório do acelerador linear do IFUSP. Utilizamos, na analise, o formalismo dos fótons virtuais, que relaciona a seção de choque de fotofissão a seção de choque de eletrofissão. Foi utilizada a seção de choque de fotofissão medida em livermore e calculamos a seção de choque de fotoabsorção e2 (t=0 e t=1), além da seção de choque de fotoabsorção obtida via quase-deuteron. Verificamos que a contribuição predominante para a seção de choque de eletrofissão e a da componente de dipolo elétrico, sendo as demais contribuições (quadrupolo elétrico e modelo modificado do quase-deuteron) uma ordem de grandeza inferior a esta. / Our objective is to study the main photoabsorption mechanisms in 232T]n between 7 and 60 Mev, namely, Giant Resonances and Quasi-Deuteron, associated to fission decay. We performed electrofission measurements at the linear accelerator of IFUSP. In the analysis, the Virtual Photon Formalism, that relates the photofission cross section to the electrofission cross section, was used. In the calculations, the photofission cross section measured at Livermore Laboratory was used. The E2 photoabsorption and quasi-deuteron photoabsorption cross sections were calculated. We concluded that the most important contribution to the electrofission cross section comes from the El- giant resonance component, the other ones (E2 giant resonance component and quasi-deuteron mechanisms) being 1 or 2% of total electrofission cross section.

L’étude des résonances géantes monopolaires isoscalaires (ISGMR) et des résonances géantes quadrupolaires isoscalaires (ISGQR) dans les noyaux stables, a permis d’obtenir ces dernières décennies des informations fondamentales sur la structure et la matière nucléaire. En particulier, le centroïde de la ISGMR peut être relié au module d’incompressibilité de la matière nucléaire infinie. Des données dans les noyaux exotiques nous aideraient à contraindre ce module d’incompressibilité. Dans les noyaux instables, une seule mesure a, à l’heure actuelle, été réalisée (56Ni). Afin d’étudier l’évolution de la ISGMR et de la ISGQR le long d’une chaîne isotopique, des mesures dans un noyau exotique riche en neutrons sont donc nécessaires.L’expérience étudiée dans cette thèse a été réalisée au Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds (GANIL) à Caen en septembre 2010. Un faisceau de 68Ni à 50 AMeV et d’une intensité de 10^4 pps a été produit et purifié sur la ligne LISE. Les réactions de diffusion inélastique de particules alpha (alpha, alpha’) et de deutons (d,d’) sur 68Ni en cinématique inverse ont été étudiées avec la cible active Maya. Il s’agit de la première mesure de la ISGMR et de la ISGQR dans un noyau instable riche en neutrons.Pour chaque expérience, le spectre en énergie d’excitation a été reconstruit et les distributions angulaires étudiées par deux méthodes indépendantes. Les sections efficaces expérimentales ont été comparées à celles issues de calculs DWBA utilisant des densités de transition RPA. L’analyse en (alpha, alpha’) a permis l’observation d’une ISGMR fragmentée avec un épaulement à 21.1+/-0.6 MeV, d’une ISGQR concentrée à 16.9+/-0.8 MeV qui épuise 61+/-17% de la règle de somme pondérée en énergie (EWSR). De plus, un mode « soft GMR », prédit mais jamais observé, a été identifié à 13.4+/-0.5 MeV. Tous ces résultats sont confirmés par l’analyse en (d,d’), à l’exception de l’observation de la ISGQR pour laquelle les conditions de fonctionnement n’étaient pas favorables. / The study of the Isoscalar Giant Monopole Resonance (ISGMR) and the Isoscalar Giant Quadrupole Resonance (ISGQR) in stable nuclei provided relevant information on both nuclear matter and nuclear structure in past decades. For instance the centroid of the ISGMR can be linked to the incompressibility modulus of the infinite nuclear matter. Values for exotic nuclei would help in constraining it. In unstable nuclei, only one measurement has been performed so far (56Ni) and in order to study the evolution of the ISGMR and the ISGQR along an isotopic chain, measurements in neutron-rich Ni are called for.To reach this goal, a dedicated experiment was performed at GANIL in Septembre 2010. A 68Ni beam at 50 AMeV and with an intensity of 10^4 pps has been produced on LISE beamline. The inelastic scattering of alpha (alpha, alpha’) and deuteron particles (d,d’) on 68Ni in inverse kinematics has been studied with the active target Maya. It is the first attempt to measure the ISGMR and ISGQR in an unstable neutron-rich nucleus. For each experiment, the excitation energy spectrum has been reconstructed and the angular distributions have been studied with two independant methods. Experimental differential cross sections have been compared to DWBA calculations using RPA transition density in order to deduce the properties of the states observed. Concerning the analysis in (alpha, alpha’), the ISGMR is fragmented with a shoulder at 21.1+/-0.6 MeV, the ISGQR is concentred at 16.9+/-0.8 MeV and exhausted 61+/-17% of the Energy Weighted Sum Rule (EWSR). Moreover, a « soft GMR », predicted but never observed, is identified at 13.4+/-0.5 MeV. All these results are confirmed with the experiment in (d,d’), with the exception of the ISGQR due to unadapted experimental conditions.