El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / n this article, the geotechnical behavior of the reinforced soil is studied through additions of polypropylene fiber and recycled glass powder, this in order to obtain a homogeneously reinforced soil matrix to reduce possible structural failures, differential settlements and increase capacity bearing. The sample used was classified as a clay soil with low plasticity (CL) and with moderately expansive characteristics, based on the values of the Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index. The effect of the 1% polypropylene fiber and different amounts of recycled glass powder (0%, 4%, 5%, 6.5%), with respect to dry weight is analyzed in this soil. The purpose of varying the quantity of these materials is to find a trend of the strength parameters and obtain the optimal percentages that provides improvements in geotechnical behavior. Modified Proctor and Direct Shear tests were carried out, this latter to obtain the shear strength parameters of the mixtures and compare them with the clay soil. Finally, the optimal result for soil improvement was the mixture made by 1% polypropylene fiber and 4% glass powder, which achieved an increase of the angle of friction and cohesion.

Résumé : Des études récentes menées à l'Université de Sherbrooke ont montré que la poudre de verre possède des propriétés pouzzolaniques très intéressantes et peut être utilisée comme ajout cimentaire alternatif. Les premiers résultats de ces études ont révélé que la poudre de verre performe mieux dans des bétons de rapports E/L élevés comparativement à ceux de rapports E/L faibles. En effet, lorsqu’un même taux de poudre de verre est incorporé dans des bétons de rapports E/L différents, notamment E/L = 0,55 et E/L = 0,40 avec des dosages en liant respectifs de 350 kg/m3 et de 400 kg/m3; une pénétrabilité des ions chlorure similaire dans les deux cas est observée suggérant une bonne durabilité de ce type de béton même à des rapports E/L élevés. Les objectifs visés dans ce projet qui porte sur l’étude de la durabilité en milieux agressifs des bétons incorporant la poudre de verre sont (1) la consolidation de la tendance révélée par la poudre de verre dans les deux types de bétons en élargissant le rapport E/L tout en incluant d’autres ajouts minéraux classiques pour fin de comparaison de leurs effets; (2) la mise en évidence de l'efficacité de la faible pénétrabilité des ions chlorure des bétons malgré leurs rapports E/L élevés, vis-à-vis de la résistance à certains phénomènes de dégradation ou agents extérieurs potentiellement agressifs tels que les sulfates, les chlorures, la carbonatation ou la corrosion. Cette étude s’intéresse également à la caractérisation mécanique et microstructurale permettant de comprendre et d'élucider les mécanismes d'action de la poudre de verre afin de cerner davantage son comportement dans les matrices cimentaires. Pour cela, plusieurs rapports E/L variant de 0,35 à 0,65 (0,35 ≤ E/L ≤ 0,65) ont d’abord été considérés pour formuler une première série de bétons ayant différents dosages en eau. Les résultats de la résistance en compression, de la pénétrabilité des ions chlorure et de la perméabilité à l’eau obtenus de ces investigations sont en parfait accord avec la tendance initialement observée pour les deux rapports E/L = 0,55 et 0,40. Par la suite, trois (3) rapports E/L de 0,55, 0,45 et 0,40 ont été sélectionnés pour reproduire une seconde série de bétons pour les études des propriétés de transports des bétons et des essais de vieillissement accélérés tels que la carbonatation et la corrosion. Tandis que la résistance aux sulfates a été évaluée sur des échantillons de mortiers. Les principaux résultats montrent une légère augmentation de la porosité totale et de la perméabilité au gaz des bétons en présence de la poudre de verre ou de la cendre volante de classe F. Cependant, la perméabilité à l’eau et les autres propriétés de transport impliquant les ions chlorure se trouvent considérablement réduites en présence de la poudre de verre ou des autres ajouts classiques. L'efficacité de la faible pénétrabilité des bétons en présence de la poudre de verre quel que soit le rapport E/L, est bien mise en évidence vis-à-vis de l'initiation à la corrosion induite par les chlorures mais l’est relativement peu sur l'évolution du front de carbonatation initiale accélérée. Par ailleurs, tout comme la cendre volante et contrairement au laitier, les bétons incorporant la poudre de verre développent lentement des résistances à la compression à jeune âge. Toutefois, une combinaison de la poudre de verre avec du métakaolin présente de très bonnes synergies et permet de pallier le déficit de résistance à jeune âge de ce type de béton. Il ressort de cette étude que les effets de la poudre de verre sur les propriétés du béton, s’apparentent essentiellement à ceux de la cendre volante de classe F. Globalement les résultats de cette étude mettent en exergue la contribution substantielle de la poudre de verre à l’amélioration de la résistance des bétons aux attaques extérieures étudiées et supportent son emploi dans les matériaux de construction. // Abstract : Recent research conducted at the Université de Sherbrooke showed that glass powder has very interesting pozzolanic properties and can thus be used as an alternative cementitious material. These investigations showed that glass powder performs better in concretes with high water-to-binder ratio (w/b) than those with low w/b ratio. Similar penetration of chloride ions was measured for concrete incorporating the same rate of glass powder but designed with w/b ratios of 0.55 and 0.40 (with binder dosages of 350 kg/m³ and 400 kg/m³, respectively), indicating good durability of this type of concrete even at higher w/b ratio. The present study investigates the durability of concrete incorporating glass powder in aggressive environments. It aims (1) to consolidate the trend previously described by extending the range of investigated w/b ratios and (2) to highlight effectiveness of the low chloride ions penetrability despite a high w/b of concretes on their resistance against aggressive external agents such as sulphates, chlorides, carbonation or corrosion. This study also examines the mechanical and microstructural properties of concretes to understand and elucidate the reaction mechanisms of the glass powder, in order to better identify its behavior in cementitious matrices. For comparison purposes, conventional supplementary materials are also included in the investigation. Several w/b ratios (0.35 ≤ w/b ≤ 0.65) were considered in a first series of concretes. The results obtained from these investigations, in terms of compressive strength, penetrability of chloride ions and water permeability, are in a good agreement with the trend previously observed for w/b=0.55 and w/b=0.40. In a second series of concretes, three w/b ratios (0.55, 0.45 and 0.40) were selected for in-depth investigations of transport properties and accelerated aging tests, i.e., carbonation and corrosion. The sulfate resistance was also evaluated on mortar specimens. The main results showed a slight increase of total porosity and gas permeability of concretes in presence of glass powder (or class F fly ash). However, water permeability and other transport properties involving chlorides are strongly reduced in presence of glass powder (or the other conventional additions). Low penetrability of concrete in presence of glass powder, regardless of the w/b ratio, was well demonstrated with results of the initiation of corrosion test induced by chloride. However, a similar positive effect of glass powder was not observed with the progression of the initial accelerated carbonation front. Moreover, concrete incorporating glass powder develops relatively low compression strength at early age (similarly as fly ash and unlike slag). However, a combination of glass powder with metakaolin provided very good synergetic effects and contributed in improving the early-age resistance. Finally, this study showed that the effects of glass powder on concrete properties are generally similar to those of class F fly ash. Overall, the results of this study highlight the significant contribution of the glass powder in improving the resistance of concrete against the external attacks and promote the large-scale use of this product in building materials.

La cantidad de residuos se ha incrementado con el paso del tiempo, siendo actualmente una amenaza grave para el medio ambiente; tal es el caso del vidrio plano, el cual genera cantidades considerables de merma poco reutilizables en su producción. Esto ha generado que sus residuos reciban una mayor atención por las autoridades e investigadores a nivel global en los últimos años, proponiéndose usos respetuosos que contribuyan hacia un entorno más sostenible. Este estudio profundiza en la utilización del residuo de vidrio plano para la reducción de su merma y lo propone como una solución en la elaboración de un concreto ecológico, al ser incluido de forma pulverizada como adición en el concreto. Para ello, se hicieron diferentes diseños de mezcla con porcentajes variables de vidrio plano pulverizado, realizándose comparaciones con respecto a un concreto patrón para identificar su efecto en las propiedades del concreto; evaluándose los ensayos de asentamiento, resistencia a la compresión y resistencia a la compresión en condiciones de ataque por sulfatos. Los resultados muestran que la adición de vidrio plano pulverizado contribuye a la mejora del asentamiento, la resistencia a la compresión y la resistencia a la compresión en condiciones de ataque por sulfatos; y también, presenta un ahorro económico con respecto al concreto patrón. / The amount of waste has increased over time, currently being a serious threat to the environment. Such is the case of flat glass, which generates considerable quantities of waste that are not reusable in the production. This has generated that its residues receive a greater attention by the authorities and researchers to global level in the last years, proposing respectful uses that contribute towards a more sustainable surroundings. This study deepens in the use of the flat glass waste to reduce its shrinkage and proposes it as a solution in the elaboration of an ecological concrete. For this, different mixing designs were made with varying percentages of flat sprayed glass, making comparisons with respect to a concrete pattern to identify its effect on concrete properties; evaluated by slump tests, compressive strength and compressive strength in sulfate attack conditions. The results show that, the addition of pulverized flat glass contributes to the improvement of slump, compressive strength and compressive strength under sulphate attack conditions; and it presents an economic saving with respect to the reference concrete. / Trabajo de investigación

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-19T13:06:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GUSTAVO MEDEIROS DE PAULA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEQ) 2017.pdf: 3627178 bytes, checksum: f30200badddb75701ea0fec49346e30e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-19T13:06:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GUSTAVO MEDEIROS DE PAULA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEQ) 2017.pdf: 3627178 bytes, checksum: f30200badddb75701ea0fec49346e30e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-30 / Capes / Este trabalho teve como objetivo sintetizar as peneiras moleculares MCM-41 e SBA-15, utilizando fontes alternativas de sílica, e preparar os catalisadores MoO3/MCM-41 e MoO3/SBA-15 e avaliar seu potencial catalítico na reação de transesterificação de óleo de soja para produção de biodiesel. As peneiras moleculares MCM-41 e SBA-15 foram sintetizadas empregando TEOS, argila chocolate B, cinzas de casca de arroz e pó de vidro como fontes de sílica. As fontes alternativas de sílica foram previamente dissolvidas em solução de NaOH (1 mol.L-1) a 100ºC por 6 horas. Em seguida, as misturas foram filtradas, e os filtrados contendo sílica dissolvida foram armazenados para posterior utilização nas sínteses das peneiras moleculares. As sínteses da MCM-41 ocorreram em duas etapas, o envelhecimento térmico ocorreu a 28 ºC por 2 horas e as sínteses hidrotérmicas ocorreram a 150 ºC por 96 horas. As sínteses da SBA-15 foram realizadas em duas etapas, o envelhecimento térmico ocorreu a 35 ºC por 24 horas e as sínteses hidrotérmicas ocorreram a 100 ºC por 48 horas. Os produtos das sínteses foram, lavados com água destilada e secos a 60 ºC por 24 horas. A deposição do MoO3 sobre os suportes MCM-41 e SBA-15 foi realizada por meio de impregnação úmida utilizando-se solução aquosa de Heptamolibdato de Amónio (0,1 mol.L-1), seguida de calcinação. As matérias-primas, assim como as peneiras moleculares e os catalisadores foram caracterizadas por Difração de raios X (DRX), Espectroscopia de Fluorescência de Raios X por Energia Dispersiva (FRX-ED), Microscopia eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Espectroscopia na Região de Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Os catalisadores foram avaliados na reação de transesterificação do óleo de soja com etanol em reator batelada sem agitação, com temperatura de 100 ºC durante 3 horas. Os resultados de DRX e FRX-ED das fontes de sílica mostram que todas são compostas por sílica amorfa e cristalina, evidenciando o potencial dos materiais. Os resultados de DRX, MEV e FTIR das peneiras moleculares mostraram a eficácia dos processos de síntese da MCM-41 e SBA-15 e dos catalisadores MoO3/MCM-41 e MoO3/SBA-15 com todas as fontes de sílica. Os biodieseis obtidos foram caracterizados utilizando técnicas de determinação de massa específica, viscosidade cinemática e índice de acidez. Os produtos gerados evidenciaram o poder catalítico dos catalisadores, porém revelaram que as condições reacionais empregadas são insuficientes para produção de biodiesel B100. / The study aimed to synthesize the MCM-41 and SBA-15 molecular sieves, using alternative silica sources, and to prepare the MoO3/MCM-41 and MoO3/SBA-15 catalysts and to evaluate their catalytic potential in the transesterification reaction of soybean for biodiesel production. The MCM-41 and SBA-15 molecular sieves were synthesized using TEOS, chocolate B clay, rice husk ash and glass powder as silica sources. The molecular sieves were synthesized using a hydrothermal method. Alternative silica sources were previously dissolved in NaOH solution (1 mol.L-1), filtered and the filtrates containing silica in the liquid phase were stored for further use in the molecular sieve synthesis. The MCM-41 synthesis occurred in two steps, the thermal ageing occurred at 28 °C for 2 hours and the hydrothermal synthesis occurred at 150 °C for 96 hours. The SBA-15 synthesis occurred in two steps, the thermal ageing occurred at 35 °C for 24 hours and the hydrothermal synthesis occurred at 100 °C for 48 hours. The synthesis products were washed with distilled water, filtered, dried at 60 °C for 24 hours and calcined at 550 °C for 7 hours.The MoO3 deposition on MCM-41 and SBA-15 support was performed by means of wetness impregnation using an aqueous solution of 0,1 mol.L-1 Ammonium Heptamolybdate. After the impregnation process, the material was subjected to calcination. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (ED-XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The catalysts were evaluated in the transesterification reaction of soybean oil with ethanol in a batch reactor without stirring at 100 ° C for 3 hours. The results of XRD and ED-XRF of the silica sources show that all are composed of amorphous and crystalline silica, evidencing the potential of the materials. The results of XRD, SEM and FTIR of the molecular sieves showed the efficiency of the synthesis of MCM-41 and SBA-15 and MoO3/MCM-41 and MoO3/SBA-15 catalysts with all silica sources. The biodiesel were characterized using techniques for determining specific mass, kinematic viscosity and acid index. The products generated evidenced the catalytic power of the catalysts, but revealed that the reaction conditions employed are insufficient for the production of B100 biodiesel.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlvaroCPG_DISSERT.pdf: 5603649 bytes, checksum: a174104255aac25a9810c32081bc2cd1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-11 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Thermal insulation is used to protect the heated or cooled surfaces by the low thermal conductivity materials. The rigid ricin polyurethane foams (PURM) are used for thermal insulation and depend on the type and concentration of blowing agent. Obtaining PURM occurs by the use of polyol, silicone, catalyst and blowing agent are pre -mixed, reacting with the isocyanate. The glass is reusable, returnable and recyclable heat insulating material, whose time of heat dissipation determines the degree of relaxation of its structure; and viscosity determines the conditions for fusion, operating temperatures, annealing, etc. The production of PURM composites with waste glass powder (PV) represents economical and renewable actions of manufacturing of thermal insulating materials. Based on these aspects, the study aimed to produce and characterize the PURM composites with PV, whose the mass percentages were 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt%. PURM was obtained commercially, while the PV was recycled from the tailings of the stoning process of a glassmaking; when the refining process was applied to obtain micrometer particles. The PURM + PV composites were studied taking into account the standard sample of pure PURM and the influence of the percentage of PV in this PURM matrix. The results of the chemical, physical and morphological characterization were discussed taking into account the difference in the microstructural morphology of the PURM+PV composites and the pure PURM, as well the results of the physicochemical, mechanical e thermophysical tests by values obtained of density, hardness, compressive strength, specific heat, thermal conductivity and diffusivity. In general, the structure of pure PURM showed large, elongated and regular pores, while PURM+PV composites showed irregular, small and rounded pores with shapeless cells. This may have contributed to reducing their mechanical strength, especially for PURM - PV50. The hardness and density were found to have a proportional relationship with the PV content on PURM matrix. The specific heat, thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity showed proportional relationship to each other. So, this has been realized that the increasing the PV content on PURM matrix resulted in the rise of diffusivity and thermal conductivity and the decrease of the specific heat. However, the values obtained by the PURM composites were similar the values of pure PURM, mainly the PURM-PV5 and PURM-PV10. Therefore, these composites can be applied like thermal insulator; furthermore, their use could reduce the production costs and to preserve the environment / O isolamento t?rmico ? empregado na prote??o de superf?cies aquecidas ou resfriadas atrav?s de materiais de baixa condutividade t?rmica. As espumas r?gidas de poliuretano de mamona (PURM) s?o utilizadas para o isolamento t?rmico e dependem do tipo e da concentra??o do agente de expans?o. O vidro ? um material isolante t?rmico reutiliz?vel, retorn?vel e recicl?vel, cujo tempo de dissipa??o do calor determina o grau de relaxa??o da sua estrutura e a viscosidade determina as condi??es de fus?o, temperaturas de trabalho, recozimento, etc. A produ??o de comp?sitos de PURM com rejeito de p? de vidro (PV) representa a??es econ?micas e renov?veis de fabrica??o de materiais isolantes t?rmicos. Baseado nestes aspectos, o trabalho objetivou a produ??o e caracteriza??o de comp?sitos de PURM com PV 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 % em massa. A PURM foi obtida comercialmente, enquanto que o PV foi reaproveitado do rejeito do processo de lapida??o de uma ind?stria vidreira, cujo processo de refino foi utilizado para se obter part?culas microm?tricas. Os comp?sitos de PURM + PV foram estudados levando-se em considera??o o padr?o de refer?ncia PURM pura e a influ?ncia do percentual de PV desta matriz. Os resultados das caracteriza??es qu?micas, f?sicas e morfol?gicas foram apresentadas e discutidas levando-se em considera??o a diferen?a na morfologia estrutural dos comp?sitos do PURM e da PURM pura e os valores obtidos nos ensaios de massa espec?fica, dureza, resist?ncia ? compress?o, condutividade t?rmica, calor espec?fico e difusividade t?rmica. Em geral, a estrutura da PURM pura apresentou poros regulares alongados e grandes, enquanto que os comp?sitos de PURM + PV apresentaram poros irregulares, pequenos e arredondados com presen?a de c?lulas disformes, o que p?de ter contribu?do na redu??o de sua resist?ncia mec?nica, principalmente para a PURM-PV50. A dureza e a massa espec?fica revelaram ter uma rela??o proporcional com o teor de PV na matriz de PURM. O calor espec?fico, condutividade e difusividade t?rmica apresentaram rela??es proporcionais entre si. Assim, foi percebido que o aumento do teor de PV na matriz de PURM proporcionou um aumento da difusividade t?rmica e da condutividade t?rmica e a diminui??o do calor espec?fico. Contudo, os valores apresentados pelos comp?sitos de PURM foram similares aos valores da PURM pura, principalmente os comp?sitos PURM-PV5 e PURM-PV10. Portanto, estes comp?sitos podem ser aplicados como isolantes t?rmicos, al?m disto, o seu uso poderia reduzir os custos de fabrica??o e preservar o meio ambiente

La cantidad de residuos se ha incrementado con el paso del tiempo, siendo actualmente una amenaza grave para el medio ambiente; tal es el caso del vidrio, además también el sector construcción aporta mucho a la contaminación ambiental, un sector que va a seguir en crecimiento constante. Uno de los sectores constructivos que va a crecer mucho más con el paso del tiempo son las vías. En nuestro país la mayoría de carreteras pavimentadas son de asfalto caliente, componente que contamina mucho y necesita mucho mantenimiento, es por eso que esta investigación planteo el uso masa común de los pavimentos rígidos, porque son más eco amigables, más resistentes y mucho más baratos a largo plazo, pero el inconveniente que se tiene con estos pavimento es su uso masivo de cemento componente que contamina mucho en su elaboración, es por eso que para hacer más sostenible con el medio ambiente se ha reemplazado parte del cemento y agregado fino para obtener un concreto ecológico que funciona adecuadamente para pavimentos rígidos, los reemplazos del cemento fueron de 20. 15 y 10%, del agregado fino fueron 15, 10 y 5% porcentajes obtenidos de la investigación de otros resultados, siendo estos los más favorables mecánicamente, los resultados obtenidos arrojan que un concreto con 15% de remplazo funciona correctamente, además reduce costos de realización y disminuye en un 11% la emisión de CO2 respecto de un concreto convencional. / The amount of waste has increased over time, currently being a serious threat to the environment; Such is the case of glass, and the construction sector also contributes a lot to environmental pollution, a sector that will continue to grow constantly. One of the construction sectors that will grow much more with the passage of time are the roads. In our country, most of the paved roads are made of hot asphalt, a component that pollutes a lot and needs a lot of maintenance, that is why this research proposed the common use of rigid pavements, because they are more eco-friendly, more resistant and much cheaper in the long term, but the disadvantage that these pavements have is their massive use of component cement that pollutes a lot in its preparation, that is why to make it more sustainable with the environment, part of the cement and fine aggregate have been replaced to obtain an ecological concrete that works adequately for rigid pavements, the cement replacements were 20, 15 and 10%, of the fine aggregate were 15, 10 and 5%, percentages obtained from the investigation of other results, these being the most favorable mechanically, the The results obtained show that a concrete with 15% replacement works correctly, also reduces production costs and reduces the e by 11%. CO2 mission compared to conventional concrete. / Tesis