Orientador: Valeria Valente / Banca: Ana Lucia Fachin Saltoratto / Banca: Cleverton Roberto de Andrade / Resumo: O câncer é um conjunto de alterações celulares que favorecem a proliferação descontrolada e a aquisição de propriedades metastáticas. A ativação de oncogenes e/ou a perda de genes supressores tumorais leva a desbalanços nos mecanismos de controle do ciclo celular e/ou na inativação das vias apoptóticas, contribuindo para a instabilidade genômica presente em todos os tipos tumorais. Relatos na literatura têm sugerido que o estresse replicativo oriundo desse aumento proliferativo exacerbado é um fator importante na formação e progressão de muitos tipos de câncer. Dentro dessa perspectiva, é plausível pensar que as células tumorais tenham desenvolvido certas competências que as permitam lidar com o estresse replicativo para continuar se propagando. Resultados prévios de nosso laboratório sugerem que a proteína centromérica HJURP (Holliday Junction Recognizing Protein) esteja envolvida nesse ganho de competência. Dessa forma, esse trabalho teve como objetivo a análise do papel dessa proteína frente ao estresse replicativo em linhagens de glioblastoma. Nossos resultados demonstraram que a superexpressão de HJURP confere um aumento na capacidade proliferativa celular da linhagem U87MG. Além disso, vimos que em baixas concentrações de camptotecina as células superexpressoras de HJURP possuíam um comportamento proliferativo muito semelhante à condição não tratada. Os ensaios de citotoxicidade revelaram uma maior capacidade de recuperação frente ao estresse replicativo exógeno nas sit... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Cancer is characterized by a subset of features that supports uncontrolled cell proliferation and acquisition of metastatic properties. Oncogene activation and/ or the deactivation of tumor suppressor genes lead to disbalances in cell cycle control progression and/or inactivation of apoptotic pathways, followed by genomic instability present in all types of tumors. According to the literature, replicative DNA stress arising from uncontrolled cell growth is the major driver in the development and progression of many cancers. In this perspective, it is believed that cancer cells have developed some skills in order to deal with high levels of endogenous replicative stress for their continued proliferation. Previous results from our group suggest that the centromeric protein HJURP (Holliday Junction Recognizing Protein) is involved in this mechanism. Thus, in this work, we aimed to analyze the role of this protein in the cellular response to the replicative stress in glioblastoma U87MG cell line. Our data showed that cells who levels of HJURP were high, had an increase in cell growth. Besides that, we also observed that at lower camptothecin concentrations the curve proliferation of overexpressed HJURP cells had a similar behavior as the control cells. The cytotoxicity results demonstrated that cells overexpressing HJURP had a better replicative induced stress when compared to the control cells. Together, this data suggests... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Dissertação (mestrado)—Fundação Universidade de Brasília, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, 2018. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). / O câncer é o nome dado a um conjunto de doenças relacionadas responsáveis pelas maiores taxas de morte ao redor do mundo, tanto em países mais ou menos desenvolvidos. Dentre eles está o Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), originado nas células gliais e classificado como um astrocitoma de grau IV, caracteristicamente agressivo e invasivo. Sabendo da baixa expectativa de vida dos pacientes com esta condição, terapias alternativas têm sido incentivadas de forma a tentar combater o tumor com as mais diversas estratégias, visando atingir todas as células da massa tumoral. O uso de células mesenquimais (MSCs) como carreador de terapias à tumores já vem sendo investigado e tem apresentado bons resultados, entretanto, estabelecer um protocolo de administração efetivo é essencial. Uma das estratégias que se tem usado para entender esse potencial migratório é sua marcação com nanopartículas magnéticas. Por isso, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar e comparar a administração de MSCs por via intranasal e endovenosa em um modelo murino de glioma. Para tal, as MSCs foram isoladas de lipoaspirado humano e marcadas com nanopartículas magnéticas para visualização e quantificação in vivo. Foi feita a transdução lentiviral da linhagem tumoral U87MG com luciferase para facilitar o estabelecimento do modelo animal de glioma por meio de acompanhamento de sua bioluminescência. Posteriormente, as MSCs marcadas com nanopartículas foram administradas pelas vias intranasal e endovenosa em camundongos imunodeficientes previamente enxertados com células U87MG e, ao final, sua capacidade migratória foi avaliada por meio de analise histológica e determinação da biodistribuição de ferro por espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma acoplado indutivamente. Os dados obtidos foram analisados conforme o teste estatístico apropriado e apresentados como média e erro padrão. Observamos por meio dos ensaios in vitro que a marcação das MSCs com nanopartículas foi eficiente, visto que foi possível evidenciar o ferro na célula e estas tiveram tendência migratória em direção ao campo magnético. O estabelecimento da linhagem tumoral modificada com luciferase foi efetivo, porém a transdução com GFP não foi efetiva, visto que poucas células se mostraram fluorescentes. Já nos ensaios in vivo, a administração das MSCs marcadas após o estabelecimento do modelo murino de glioblastoma demonstrou uma maior eficiência da via intranasal, pois teve um maior acúmulo de ferro no cérebro e menor concentração nos pulmões, em comparação com a via endovenosa. Dessa forma, a via intranasal se mostrou mais eficaz e deve ser priorizada quando o objetivo é atingir o cérebro e reduzir possíveis efeitos associados ao acúmulo do tratamento nos pulmões. / Cancer is the name given to a set of related diseases responsible for highest death rates around the world, both in underdeveloped or developed countries. Among them, is Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), which originates in glial cells and is classified as a grade IV astrocytoma, characteristically aggressive and invasive. Knowing low life expectancy of patients with this condition, alternative therapies have been encouraged in order to try to fight tumor with most diverse strategies, aiming to reach all cells of the tumor mass. The use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) as a carrier of tumor therapies has been investigated and has shown good results, however, establishing an effective administration protocol is essential. One of the strategies that has been used to understand this migratory potential is labbeling the cells with magnetic nanoparticles. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate and compare intranasal and intravenous administrations routes for MSCs in a murine model of glioma. For this, human MSCs were isolated from liposuction and labeled with magnetic nanoparticles for visualization and quantification in vivo. Transduction of the U87MG tumor cell line with luciferase lentiviral particles was performed to facilitate establishment of the animal model of glioma by monitoring bioluminescence. Subsequently, MSCs labeled with magnetic nanoparticles were injected intravenously and intranasally in immunodeficient glioblastoma mice model with U87MG cells and, ultimately, their migratory capacity was evaluated by both histological analysis and biodistribution of iron analised by optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. Data were analyzed by using appropriate statistical tests and reported as mean and standard error. We observed through in vitro assays that labelling and further tracking of MSCs with nanoparticles was efficient, since it was possible to evidence the iron into the cell and these had a migratory tendency towards the magnetic field. Establishment of luciferase-expressing tumor line was effective, but the GFP transduction was not effective, since few cells were fluorescent. In the in vivo assays, after established of glioblastoma murine model, we observed a higher efficiency of intranasal administration route when comparing to endovenous route. Higher accumulation of iron in brain and a lower concentration in lungs were found in intranasal group, in comparison with intravenous route group. Thus, intranasal route has proven to be more effective and should be prioritized when the goal is to reach brain and reduce possible effects associated with accumulation of treatment in lungs.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a grade IV malignant astrocytic tumor according to WHO classification, is one of the most common and malignant brain tumor. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the current standard treatment for GBM. Nevertheless, resistance to chemotherapy in GBM is common and therefore a major obstacle to successful treatment. Adducin 3 (ADD3), a cytoskeletal protein, has been found to be associated with chemoresistance in osteosarcoma, but its potential role in glioblastoma is unclear. A TMZ-resistant model was established by chronically exposing the glioma cells (D54 cell line) to an increasing dose of TMZ. A resistant subclone (D54-R) was successfully generated. ADD3 expression level was found to be upregulated in the D54-R when compared to the parental D54 cells (D54-C). CD133 is a putative cancer stem cell marker. Its expression level was found also to be higher in D54-R when compared to D54-C cells. Among the D54-R cells, a subgroup of cells was found to express ADD3 intensely. The proportion of these spherical cells was higher in D54-R than D54-C. Moreover, these cells were spherical in morphology and expressed putative cancer stem cell markers: CD133, NANOG and OCT-3/-4. Therefore, ADD3 is associated with cancer stem cells in human glioma. The upregulation of ADD3 expression is associated with TMZ-resistance in GBM. / published_or_final_version / Surgery / Master / Master of Research in Medicine

Gliomas are the commonest primary tumours of the brain and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents more than 50% of this group. GBM remains a neurosurgical conundrum since patients often succumb to the disease within one year. Surgery followed by radiation and medical regimens over the years have had minimal impact on the prognosis of patients with this cancer and hence, alternative and novel therapeutic modalities are required if the survival of patients with this disease is to be significantly improved. The ATM gene, which is mutated in the disease ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), is implicated in response to radiation-induced DNA damage, leading to profound radiosensitivity. By reducing the levels of ATM in the radioresistant GBM cells through antisense or RNA interference (RNAi) technology delivered by lentiviruses, malignant GBM tumour cells were successfully sensitised to radiation treatment. In conjunction with surgery, this strategy will provide an enhanced therapeutic intervention especially in the case of GBM where the tumour is untreatable. In this thesis, analysis of the D-3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase promoter in a GBM cell line as well as the development of a novel rat model for GBM using a bioluminescent F98 cell line will also be presented.

Thesis (M.S.)--Northern Michigan University, 2008. / "14-57395." Bibliography: leaves 41-42.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Also available online.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-17T15:24:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-04-16. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-09-17T15:47:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000842459.pdf: 1215251 bytes, checksum: 618e02c015e8c938e811dd12288d82c3 (MD5) / O glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) é o tumor cerebral primário mais comum e letal, e na maioria dos casos leva o paciente à morte em aproximadamente 14 meses após o diagnóstico. O tratamento é realizado com remoção cirúrgica da massa tumoral, seguida de radioterapia e quimioterapia. Entretanto, devido à alta resistência das células tumorais, frequentemente o tumor cresce novamente poucas semanas após a cirurgia. Recentemente demonstramos que HJURP (Holliday Junction-Recognizing Protein), uma nova proteína envolvida em reparo de DNA, está altamente superexpressa em células de glioblastoma. Esta proteína está também superexpressa em outros tipos tumorais, como câncer de pulmão e mama, sendo que maiores níveis de expressão de HJURP correlacionam-se com piores prognósticos de sobrevida em ambos os casos, assim como observamos para os pacientes com GBM. Neste trabalho vimos que os níveis de mRNA de HJURP estão aumentados nas linhagens celulares de GBM T98G, U138MG, U251MG e U343MG, porém não na linhagem U87MG que expressa níveis similares ao de fibroblastos não tumorais. Por análises de western blot, observamos uma redução nos níveis de HJURP após tratamento das células com radiação ionizante, sendo a redução mais proeminente na linhagem U251MG. Vimos ainda que o reparo de quebras na dupla-fita de DNA, induzidas pela radiação ionizante, ocorre de modo similar nas células de GBM U138MG, U251MG e U343MG silenciadas ou não para HJURP. Vimos também que células com silenciamento de HJURP foram mais sensíveis à radiação, apresentando maiores taxas de apoptose e morte celular em relação às células não silenciadas. Além disso, observamos que o silenciamento de HJURP promove senescência precoce na linhagem de GBM U87MG, enquanto que este efeito não é observado na linhagem T98G e em células RO, que são fibroblastos não tumorais. Conjuntamente, estes dados... / Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal type of primary brain tumor, and usually leads the patient to death in approximately 14 months after diagnosis. The treatment consists of surgical removal of the tumor, followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, due to the high resistance of tumor cells, frequently the tumor grows again a few weeks after surgery. We recently demonstrated that HJURP (Holliday Junction Recognizing Protein), a novel protein involved in DNA repair, is highly overexpressed in glioblastoma cells. This protein is also overexpressed in other tumor types, such as lung and breast cancer, in which higher expression levels are correlated with a poorer survival prognosis, as we also observed for GBM patients. In this study we found that HJURP mRNA levels are increased in the GBM cell lines T98G, U138MG, U251MG e U343MG, while in U87MG cells HJURP levels are similar to that of non-tumoral fibrobalsts. We have also observed that the repair of DNA double-stranded breaks, induced by ionizing radiation, occurs similarly in GBM cells U138MG, U251MG and U343MG when HJURP is silenced or not. We also saw that U87MG and T98G cells were more sensitive to radiation when HJURP is knocked down, presenting higher rates of apoptosis and cell death. Moreover, we observed that HJURP silencing promotes premature senescence in the U87MG cell line, whereas T98G cells and non-tumoral fibroblasts are not significantly affected. Altogether, these data suggests that HJURP is related with the control of DNA repair activity and is required for the maintenance of GBM cells viability.

Orientador : Valéria Valente / Banca: Enilza Maria Espreafico / Banca: Cleslei Fernando Zanelli / Resumo: O glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) é o tumor cerebral primário mais comum e letal, e na maioria dos casos leva o paciente à morte em aproximadamente 14 meses após o diagnóstico. O tratamento é realizado com remoção cirúrgica da massa tumoral, seguida de radioterapia e quimioterapia. Entretanto, devido à alta resistência das células tumorais, frequentemente o tumor cresce novamente poucas semanas após a cirurgia. Recentemente demonstramos que HJURP (Holliday Junction-Recognizing Protein), uma nova proteína envolvida em reparo de DNA, está altamente superexpressa em células de glioblastoma. Esta proteína está também superexpressa em outros tipos tumorais, como câncer de pulmão e mama, sendo que maiores níveis de expressão de HJURP correlacionam-se com piores prognósticos de sobrevida em ambos os casos, assim como observamos para os pacientes com GBM. Neste trabalho vimos que os níveis de mRNA de HJURP estão aumentados nas linhagens celulares de GBM T98G, U138MG, U251MG e U343MG, porém não na linhagem U87MG que expressa níveis similares ao de fibroblastos não tumorais. Por análises de western blot, observamos uma redução nos níveis de HJURP após tratamento das células com radiação ionizante, sendo a redução mais proeminente na linhagem U251MG. Vimos ainda que o reparo de quebras na dupla-fita de DNA, induzidas pela radiação ionizante, ocorre de modo similar nas células de GBM U138MG, U251MG e U343MG silenciadas ou não para HJURP. Vimos também que células com silenciamento de HJURP foram mais sensíveis à radiação, apresentando maiores taxas de apoptose e morte celular em relação às células não silenciadas. Além disso, observamos que o silenciamento de HJURP promove senescência precoce na linhagem de GBM U87MG, enquanto que este efeito não é observado na linhagem T98G e em células RO, que são fibroblastos não tumorais. Conjuntamente, estes dados... / Abstract:Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal type of primary brain tumor, and usually leads the patient to death in approximately 14 months after diagnosis. The treatment consists of surgical removal of the tumor, followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, due to the high resistance of tumor cells, frequently the tumor grows again a few weeks after surgery. We recently demonstrated that HJURP (Holliday Junction Recognizing Protein), a novel protein involved in DNA repair, is highly overexpressed in glioblastoma cells. This protein is also overexpressed in other tumor types, such as lung and breast cancer, in which higher expression levels are correlated with a poorer survival prognosis, as we also observed for GBM patients. In this study we found that HJURP mRNA levels are increased in the GBM cell lines T98G, U138MG, U251MG e U343MG, while in U87MG cells HJURP levels are similar to that of non-tumoral fibrobalsts. We have also observed that the repair of DNA double-stranded breaks, induced by ionizing radiation, occurs similarly in GBM cells U138MG, U251MG and U343MG when HJURP is silenced or not. We also saw that U87MG and T98G cells were more sensitive to radiation when HJURP is knocked down, presenting higher rates of apoptosis and cell death. Moreover, we observed that HJURP silencing promotes premature senescence in the U87MG cell line, whereas T98G cells and non-tumoral fibroblasts are not significantly affected. Altogether, these data suggests that HJURP is related with the control of DNA repair activity and is required for the maintenance of GBM cells viability. / Mestre

abstract: Patients with malignant brain tumors have a median survival of approximately 15 months following diagnosis, regardless of currently available treatments which include surgery followed by radiation and chemotherapy. Improvement in the survival of brain cancer patients requires the design of new therapeutic modalities that take advantage of common phenotypes. One such phenotype is the metabolic dysregulation that is a hallmark of cancer cells. It has therefore been postulated that one approach to treating brain tumors may be by metabolic alteration such as that which occurs through the use of the ketogenic diet (KD). The KD is high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet that induces ketosis and has been utilized for the non-pharmacologic treatment of refractory epilepsy. It has been shown that this metabolic therapy enhances survival and potentiates standard therapy in mouse models of malignant gliomas, yet the anti-tumor mechanisms are not fully understood. The current study reports that KetoCal® (KC; 4:1 fat:protein/carbohydrates), fed ad libitum, alters hypoxia, angiogenic, and inflammatory pathways in a mouse model of glioma. Tumors from animals maintained on KC showed reduced expression of the hypoxia marker carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA IX), a reduction in hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) and decreased activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Animals maintained on KC also showed a reduction in expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and decreased microvasculature in their tumors. Further, peritumoral edema was significantly reduced in animals fed the KC and protein analysis showed significantly altered expression of the tight junction protein zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) and the water channeling protein aquaporin-4 (AQP4), both of which have been implicated in malignant processes in glioma, including the formation of peritumoral edema in patients. Taken together the data suggests that KC alters multiple processes involved in malignant progression of gliomas. A greater understanding of the effects of the ketogenic diet as an adjuvant therapy will allow for a more rational approach to its clinical use. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biology 2014