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COMPARISON OF PRE-TRAINED CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK PERFORMANCE ON GLIOMA CLASSIFICATIONUnknown Date (has links)
Gliomas are an aggressive class of brain tumors that are associated with a better prognosis at a lower grade level. Effective differentiation and classification are imperative for early treatment. MRI scans are a popular medical imaging modality to detect and diagnosis brain tumors due to its capability to non-invasively highlight the tumor region. With the rise of deep learning, researchers have used convolution neural networks for classification purposes in this domain, specifically pre-trained networks to reduce computational costs. However, with various MRI modalities, MRI machines, and poor image scan quality cause different network structures to have different performance metrics. Each pre-trained network is designed with a different structure that allows robust results given specific problem conditions. This thesis aims to cover the gap in the literature to compare the performance of popular pre-trained networks on a controlled dataset that is different than the network trained domain. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2020. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection
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Characterizing Temporal Genomic Heterogeneity in Pediatric Low-Grade GliomasLazow, Margot A. 29 September 2021 (has links)
No description available.
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Elucidation and Pharmacologic Targeting of Master Regulator Dependencies of Coexisting Diffuse Midline Glioma SubpopulationsCalvo Fernandez, Ester January 2023 (has links)
Diffuse Midline Glioma (DMG) are universally fatal, primarily pediatric malignancies affecting the midline structures (i.e., pons, thalamus, and spinal cord) of the central nervous system. Despite decades of clinical trials, no drugs have emerged as effective against this disease, and treatment remains limited to palliative radiation therapy.
Primary treatment challenges include: A) Well-stablished, yet non-actionable, genetic alterations; B) significant intratumoral heterogeneity, and C) blood-brain barrier (BBB) drug permeability. Here, we address the former two challenges by leveraging network-based methodologies to dissect the heterogeneity of DMG tumors and to discover Master Regulators (MR) proteins representing pharmacologically accessible, mechanistic determinants of molecularly distinct DMG cell states. We reverse engineered the first DMG gene regulatory network from 122 publicly available DMG RNA-seq profiles with ARACNe and inferred sample-specific MR protein activity with VIPER based on the differential expression of their targets. Nine of the top 25 most active MRs (i.e., FOXM1, CENPF, TOP2A, ASF1B, E2F2, TIMELESS, MYBL2, CENPK, TRIP13) comprise a well-characterized MR block (MRB2), frequently activated across aggressive tumors, and found to be enriched in DMG patient MR signatures (Fisher’s Exact Test p = 3.96x10-16).
A pooled CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout (KO) screen across three DMG patient cell lines targeting 1,433 genes identified a set of 73 essential genes that were enriched in the MR signature of 80% of patient samples (GSEA p = 0.000034). FOXM1 emerged as a highly essential MR, significantly activated across virtually all patients.
We then generated drug-induced differential protein activity from RNA-seq profiles following perturbation with 372 oncology drugs in two DMG cell lines that together recapitulate DMG patient MR and used this to identify drugs that invert patient MR activity profiles using the NYS/CA Department of Health approved OncoTreat algorithm OncoTreat predicted sensitivity to HDAC, MEK, CDK, PI3K, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors in subsets of patients, overlapping with published DMG drug screens. Importantly, 80% of OncoTreat-predicted drugs (p < 10-5) from three DMG patient tumor biopsies showed in vitro sensitivity in cultured tumor cells from the respective patients, with overall 68% accuracy among 223 drugs evaluated by both OncoTreat and in vitro drug screen (Fisher’s Exact Test p = 0.0449).
Given known resistance in DMG to single-agent therapy, we further interrogated single-cell DMG regulatory networks generated by ARACNe with gene expression signatures from 3,039 tumor cells previously published across six patients using VIPER to infer single-cell regulatory protein activity. Unsupervised clustering of cells by protein activity defined 7 patient-independent cell states with distinct MR profiles reflecting known glial lineage markers (OPC-like-S1, OPC-like-S2, OC-like-S1, OC-like-S2, Cycling, AC-like, and AC/OPC-like). We identified drugs that invert the MR activity profiles of the individual cell states by using OncoTarget (inhibitors of individual MRs) or OncoTreat using the drug-induced differential protein activity we previously generated.
Predicted drugs were distinct across the previously defined cell states with bulk RNA-seq recapitulating predictions seen in the more prevalent OPC-like stated, but failing to recapitulate the MRs and drug predictions for the smaller AC-like stated. We selected five drugs targeting the OPC/cycling-like cells (Trametinib, Dinaciclib, Avapritinib, Mocetinostat, and Etoposide), and four drugs targeting the AC-like cells (Ruxolitinib, Venetoclax, Napabucasin, Larotrectinib) for further validation as these states comprised most tumor cells across patients.
We then generated single-cell RNA-seq for 95,687 cells after 5 days of treatment with either vehicle control (n = 4) or candidate drug (n = 2-3/drug) in subcutaneous SU-DIPG-XVII patient cell line-derived mouse models. We show this model recapitulates DMG cell states seen in patients, and confirm reduction in tumor growth and significant depletion of either OPC/cycling-like cells or AC-like cells in line with our drug predictions for 8/9 candidate drugs (Chi-square p<0.01). We further treated a syngeneic (DIPG4423) orthotopic DMG model with each drug and demonstrate significant differences in survival with Avapritinib, Dinaciclib, and Trametinib. Notably, the combination of drugs targeting OPC/cycling-like and AC-like cells (i.e. Trametinib+Ruxolitinib, Dinaciclib+Ruxolitinib, Avapritinib+Venetoclax, etc.) showed significantly lower tumor volumes after 2 weeks of treatment as compared to vehicles or each drug alone, and significant survival differences for some of the combinations. This work provides a precision medicine platform to nominate much-needed novel drug combinations addressing DMG tumor heterogeneity for further study to improve outcomes in this devastating disease.
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The biological significance and role of GD3 ganglioside in U-1242MG glioma cellsOmran, Ola Mahmoud F. 18 June 2004 (has links)
No description available.
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Targeted Delivery of Napabucasin with Radiotherapy Synergistically Improves Outcomes in Diffuse Midline GliomaGallitto, Matthew January 2024 (has links)
Diffuse midline glioma (DMG) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor in children. All previous studies examining the role of systemic agents have failed to demonstrate a survival benefit; the only standard of care is radiation therapy (RT), which provides transient symptomatic relief and limited survival advantage. Successful implementation of radiosensitization strategies in DMG remains elusive.
In this project, we identify Napabucasin, an NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1)-bioactivatable reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducer, as a potent radiosensitizer in DMG both in vitro and in vivo. We show Napabucasin-mediated ROS production and cytotoxicity are dependent on NQO1, and establish the novel safety, feasibility, and survival benefit of convection-enhanced drug delivery (CED) of Napabucasin to circumvent the blood-brain barrier (BBB) concurrent with RT in an orthotopic DMG mouse model. Using this multi-modality strategy, we identify a promising treatment paradigm in DMG that may also be utilized to develop novel therapeutic treatments for other brain tumors.
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Mecanismos de reparo de DNA envolvidos com lesões induzidas por agente alquilante (Nimustina) em células humanas e sua associação com a resistência de gliomas. / Mechanisms of DNA repair involved with lesions induced by alkylating agent (Nimustine) in human cells and its relationship with glioma chemoresistance.Vilar, Juliana Brandstetter 24 October 2014 (has links)
A quimiorresistência de tumores constitui um dos maiores obstáculos que levam comumente ao fracasso da terapia. Os mecanismos relevantes que contribuem para a resistência celular incluem: bombas de efluxo; alterações na interação entre a droga e o seu alvo e mudanças nas respostas celulares, em particular uma habilidade aumentada de reparar os danos induzidos no DNA e defeitos nas vias apoptóticas. A capacidade de reparar os danos no DNA e a evasão da apoptose são de grande importância, uma vez que a maioria dos quimioterápicos tem sua ação baseada na indução de citotoxicidade pela capacidade de gerar lesões no DNA. Desta forma, uma importante estratégia para melhorar a quimioterapia é o desenvolvimento de abordagens mais seletivas e mecanismos que contornem a resistência tumoral. Neste trabalho, através de um estudo sobre os genes e suas respectivas vias envolvidas no reparo, capacidade de sobrevivência e sinalização de danos induzidos pela nimustina (ACNU) - um agente cloroetilante comumente utilizado em tratamentos quimioterápicos de tumores sólidos - identificamos genes potencialmente alvos para uma terapia adjuvante. Demonstramos que células de glioma p53mt tem menor capacidade de reparo de ICLs induzidos por esta droga do que células p53wt. Também, que a via de NHEJ (\'\'Non Homologous End Joining\'\') não é uma via preferencial de reparo dessas lesões, mas que a via de NER (\'\'Nucleotide Excision Repair\'\') (ou especificamente os produtos gênicos XPA, XPC e XPF) é bastante importante. Curiosamente, na ausência de XPA, NHEJ assume uma participação no reparo dessas lesões, provavelmente devido a um aumento no número de DSBs e saturação das outras vias de reparo. Da mesma forma, verificamos que a DNA polimerase POLH (XPV), envolvida em TLS (\'\'Translesion Synthesis\'\'), também participa na tolerância dessas lesões. Neste contexto, encontramos evidências de que a polimerase TLS (especificamente POLH e POLK) apresentam-se superexpressas em amostras de gliomas, podendo desta forma concorrerem tanto para a tumorigênese quanto para a resistência observada nestes tipos tumorais. Por fim, realizamos o silenciamento gênico através da teconologia de RNAi, que reprimem os genes pela eliminação do transcrito mRNA correspondente, prevenindo a síntese protéica. Os genes-alvo escolhidos para o silenciamento foram, desta forma, XPC, XPF, POLH e POLK. O silenciamento gênico de XPC, XPF e POLH demonstraram-se capazes de sensibilizar significativamente células de glioma, permitindo-nos sugerir estas proteínas como elementos importantes na quimioresistência de gliomas ao ACNU e colocando a inibição dessas moléculas como uma estratégia importante na sensibilização de gliomas ao ACNU e potencialmente a outros agentes quimioterápicos com o mesmo mecanismo de ação. / The chemoresistance of tumors is one of the most important obstacles that commonly lead to the failure of therapy. The main mechanisms that contribute to cellular resistance include efflux pumps; changes in the interaction between the drug and its target and changes in cellular responses, in particular an increased ability to repair induced DNA damages and defects in apoptotic pathways. The ability to repair DNA damage and evasion of apoptosis are of great importance, since most chemotherapy has its action based on the induction of cytotoxicity by the ability to generate DNA lesions. Thus, an important strategy for improving chemotherapy is the development of more selective mechanisms that circumvent tumor resistance approaches. In this work, through a study of genes and pathways involved in the repair, survival and damage signaling induced by nimustine (ACNU) - a cloroethylating agent commonly used in treatments of solid tumors - we aimed to identify target genes for a potentially adjuvant therapy. We demonstrated that glioma cells p53mt have less ability to repair ICLs induced by this drug then p53wt cells. Also, that the NHEJ (\'\'Non Homologous End Joining\'\') pathway is not the main route of repair of these lesions, but that the NER (\'\'Nucleotide Excision Repair\'\') pathway (or specifically the gene products XPA, XPC and XPF) is very important. Interestingly, in the absence of XPA, NHEJ takes place in the repair of those lesions, probably due to an increase in the number of DSBs and saturation of other repair pathways. Likewise, we found that DNA polimerase involved in TLS (\'\'Translesion Synthesis\'\') POLH (XPV) also participates in tolerance of such lesions. We also found evidence that TLS polimerases (specifically POLH and POLK) are overexpressed in gliomas samples and could play a role in the tumorigenesis and in the resistance observed in these tumor types. Finally, we performed gene silencing through RNAi teconology, which repress genes by eliminating the corresponding mRNA transcript, preventing protein synthesis. The target genes selected for silencing were XPC, XPF, POLH and POLK. The knockdown of XPC, XPF and POLH proved to significantly sensitize glioma cells, suggesting these proteins as important elements in the chemoresistance of gliomas and highlighting the inhibition of these molecules as an important strategy in the sensitization of gliomas to ACNU and probably to other chemotherapeutic agents with the same mechanisms of action.
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Classificação multiparamétrica dos tumores gliais por RM / Multiparametric classification of glial tumors using MR imagingPincerato, Rita de Cassia Maciel 17 December 2010 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: A referência padrão para determinação do grau tumoral é a avaliação histopatológica. Entretanto, algumas limitações estão associadas com a correta graduação histopatológica dos gliomas: (a) erro inerente da amostra associada a biópsia estereotáxica, sendo que a porção mais maligna do tumor pode não estar incluída na amostra obtida; (b) dificuldade em obter uma gama suficiente de amostras se o tumor for inacessível ao cirurgião;(c) dinâmica própria dos tumores do sistema nervoso central, com diferenciação freqüente em graus de maior malignidade; (d) variabilidade entre patologistas; (e) inabilidade para avaliação de tecido tumoral residual após cirurgia redutora. Embora a ressonância magnética (RM) convencional seja a técnica de maior utilidade no diagnóstico e avaliação de tumores cerebrais, de forma isolada não possui acurácia em predizer o grau tumoral. Técnicas avançadas de RM, tais como caracterização de alterações metabólicas na espectroscopia de prótons (ERM), valores de volume sanguíneo cerebral relativo (VSCr) obtido com a perfusão por RM e imagem de difusão com o cálculo do coeficiente de difusão aparente (CDA), têm sido avaliadas como ferramentas diagnósticas na graduação prospectiva dos gliomas cerebrais. OBJETIVOS: Determinar quais são os parâmetros derivados da perfusão, difusão e espectroscopia que auxiliam a graduação tumoral. Determinar a sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e valor preditivo negativo (VPN) de cada método. Determinar se há alguma correlação entre os parâmetros utilizados na determinação do grau de malignidade tumoral. Determinar se a combinação destas técnicas aumenta a efetividade diagnóstica para graduação tumoral. MÉTODOS: 56 pacientes com tumores de origem glial, sendo 37 glioblastomas multiforme, 2 astrocitoma anaplásico, 1 oligoastrocitoma anaplásico, 3 oligoastrocitomas grau II, 9 astrocitomas grau II e 4 astrocitomas pilocíticos, foram submetidos a RM convencional, difusão, perfusão e ERM em aparelho 1,5 T (GE-Horizon LX9.1). O estudo da difusão foi realizado com sequência SE-EPI com tempo de repetição (TR)/tempo de eco (TE) = 8000/110,8ms. A perfusão foi adquirida com sequência GRE-EPI com TR/TE = 2000/34,7ms. Para o estudo de ERM utilizamos sequência multivoxel com TR/TE=1500/135ms. RESULTADOS: Diferenças significativas foram encontradas entre gliomas de baixo grau (BG) e alto grau (AG), com maiores valores de VSCr, Lip e Lip/Cr nos tumores de AG e maior valor de Cr nos tumores de BG. Tumores de AG apresentaram valores menores de CDA do que os de BG, porém sem diferença significativa. Correlação inversa foi observada entre valores de VSCr e CDA. O melhor parâmetro isolado para graduação tumoral foi o valor do VSCr. A combinação de VSCr e Cr, e VSCr e Lip, mostrou aumento da sensibilidade e especificidade na graduação dos gliomas. CONCLUSÕES: As alterações metabólicas utilizando a razão Lip/Cr, e os valores de Lip e Cr, assim como os valores de VSCr foram úteis na graduação tumoral. O melhor parâmetro para graduação tumoral foi o valor de VSCr. A combinação do VSCr e Cr, e VSCr e Lip aumenta a sensibilidade e especificidade na determinação da graduação dos gliomas / INTRODUCTION: The current reference standard for determining glioma grade is histopathologic assessment. However some limitations are associated with correct histopathologic grading of gliomas: (a) inherent sampling error associated with stereotactic biopsy and the risk of missing the most malignant portion of the tumor in the sampling; (b) difficulty in obtaining a representative range of samples if the tumor is inaccessible to the surgeon; (c) the dynamic nature of central nervous system tumors, with frequent dedifferentiation into more malignant grades; (d) interpathogist variability and (e) inability to evaluate residual tumor tissue after reductive surgery. Although MR imaging is the most useful radiologic technique in the diagnosis and evaluation of common brain tumors, it is not accurate enough in predicting tumor grade. Advanced MR imaging techniques such as characterization of metabolic changes in MR spectroscopy (MRS), relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) measurements derived from perfusion MR imaging, and diffusion-weighted MR imaging with calculation of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), have been evaluated as diagnostic tool in prospective grading of cerebral gliomas. OBJECTIVES: To determine the usefulness of perfusion, diffusion, and spectroscopy values for glioma grading. To determine sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV), of each method. To determine if there is any correlation between parameters used in glioma grading. To determine whether the combination of these techniques can improve the diagnostic effectiveness of glioma grading. METHODS: 56 patients with glial tumors: 37 glioblastoma multiforme, 2 anaplastic astrocytoma, 1 anaplastic oligoastrocytoma, 3 oligoastrocytomas grade II, 9 astrocytomas grade II and 4 pylocitic astrocytomas. Patients underwent conventional MR, diffusion, perfusion and MRS, performed with a 1.5-T unit (GE-Horizon LX9.1). The diffusion-weighted images were acquired by using a SE-EPI imaging sequence with repetition time (TR)/echo time (TE) = 8000/110.8ms. Perfusion-weighted imaging were acquired by using GRE-EPI with TR/TE = 2000/34.7ms. Multivoxel MRS imaging were acquired by using TR/TE=1500/135ms. RESULTS: Significant differences were noted between low-grade (LG) and high-grade (HG) gliomas with higher values of rCBV, Lip, Lip/Cr in HG, and higher values of Cr in LG. HG tumors had lower ADC values than LG, but with no statistical significant difference. An inverse relationship was observed between rCBV and ADC values. The best performing single parameter for glioma grading was rCBV value. Combination of rCBV and Cr, and rCBV and Lip, showed improvement in sensitivity and specificity in grading of gliomas. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic changes using Lip/Cr ratio and Lip and Cr, and rCBV values were useful in tumor grading. The best parameter for glioma grading was rCBV value. The combination of rCBV and Cr, and rCBV and Lip increased the sensitivity and specificity in determining glioma grade
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Estudo morfológico e molecular de proteínas envolvidas nos processos de invasão, migração e angiogênese em gliomas tratados com ácido gama-linolênico. / Morphological and molecular study of proteins involved in the processes of invasion, migration and angiogenesis in gliomas treated with gamma-linolenic acid.Miyake, Juliano Andreoli 17 November 2009 (has links)
O glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) é a forma mais maligna de tumor cerebral, originado de células astrocíticas e caracterizado pela intensa proliferação, angiogênese e invasão celular pelo parênquima cerebral normal. O ácido gama-linolênico (GLA) mostrou ter ações anti-tumorais, nos processos de proliferação, migração e angiogênese. Utilizou-se o modelo ortotópico de GBM de rato (C6) e o modelo ex vivo tratados com GLA para análise de migração e proliferação celular. Foi observada uma redução da imunomarcação do fator de crescimento para endotélio vascular (VEGF), seu receptor Flt-1 e da metaloproteinase-2 de matriz, com consequente diminuição de vasos após o tratamento com GLA. No modelo ex vivo observou que o GLA reduziu a distância de migração e a mitose das células tumorais e também causou aumento das células tumorais em processo de apoptose. Os resultados revelaram que o GLA foi capaz de modular a expressão de algumas proteínas envolvidas nos processos angiogênico, migratório e proliferativo do GBM, o que sugere a sua utilização no tratamento desta patologia. / Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant form of brain tumour originating from astrocytes and is characterized by intense proliferation, angiogenesis and cell invasion through the normal brain parenchyma. Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) has anti-tumour activities in the processes of proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. This study used the orthotopic GBM rat model (C6) and ex vivo model treated with GLA to analyze cell migration and proliferation. Decreased immunostaining was observed for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), its receptor Flt-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-2, with consequent reduction of blood vessels after treatment with GLA. In the ex vivo model GLA reduced the migration distance and mitosis of tumor cells and increased tumour cell apoptosis. The results revealed that GLA was able to modulate the expression of several proteins involved in angiogenesis, migration and proliferation in GBM, supporting the use of GLA in the treatment of this disease.
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Mecanismos de reparo de DNA envolvidos com lesões induzidas por agente alquilante (Nimustina) em células humanas e sua associação com a resistência de gliomas. / Mechanisms of DNA repair involved with lesions induced by alkylating agent (Nimustine) in human cells and its relationship with glioma chemoresistance.Juliana Brandstetter Vilar 24 October 2014 (has links)
A quimiorresistência de tumores constitui um dos maiores obstáculos que levam comumente ao fracasso da terapia. Os mecanismos relevantes que contribuem para a resistência celular incluem: bombas de efluxo; alterações na interação entre a droga e o seu alvo e mudanças nas respostas celulares, em particular uma habilidade aumentada de reparar os danos induzidos no DNA e defeitos nas vias apoptóticas. A capacidade de reparar os danos no DNA e a evasão da apoptose são de grande importância, uma vez que a maioria dos quimioterápicos tem sua ação baseada na indução de citotoxicidade pela capacidade de gerar lesões no DNA. Desta forma, uma importante estratégia para melhorar a quimioterapia é o desenvolvimento de abordagens mais seletivas e mecanismos que contornem a resistência tumoral. Neste trabalho, através de um estudo sobre os genes e suas respectivas vias envolvidas no reparo, capacidade de sobrevivência e sinalização de danos induzidos pela nimustina (ACNU) - um agente cloroetilante comumente utilizado em tratamentos quimioterápicos de tumores sólidos - identificamos genes potencialmente alvos para uma terapia adjuvante. Demonstramos que células de glioma p53mt tem menor capacidade de reparo de ICLs induzidos por esta droga do que células p53wt. Também, que a via de NHEJ (\'\'Non Homologous End Joining\'\') não é uma via preferencial de reparo dessas lesões, mas que a via de NER (\'\'Nucleotide Excision Repair\'\') (ou especificamente os produtos gênicos XPA, XPC e XPF) é bastante importante. Curiosamente, na ausência de XPA, NHEJ assume uma participação no reparo dessas lesões, provavelmente devido a um aumento no número de DSBs e saturação das outras vias de reparo. Da mesma forma, verificamos que a DNA polimerase POLH (XPV), envolvida em TLS (\'\'Translesion Synthesis\'\'), também participa na tolerância dessas lesões. Neste contexto, encontramos evidências de que a polimerase TLS (especificamente POLH e POLK) apresentam-se superexpressas em amostras de gliomas, podendo desta forma concorrerem tanto para a tumorigênese quanto para a resistência observada nestes tipos tumorais. Por fim, realizamos o silenciamento gênico através da teconologia de RNAi, que reprimem os genes pela eliminação do transcrito mRNA correspondente, prevenindo a síntese protéica. Os genes-alvo escolhidos para o silenciamento foram, desta forma, XPC, XPF, POLH e POLK. O silenciamento gênico de XPC, XPF e POLH demonstraram-se capazes de sensibilizar significativamente células de glioma, permitindo-nos sugerir estas proteínas como elementos importantes na quimioresistência de gliomas ao ACNU e colocando a inibição dessas moléculas como uma estratégia importante na sensibilização de gliomas ao ACNU e potencialmente a outros agentes quimioterápicos com o mesmo mecanismo de ação. / The chemoresistance of tumors is one of the most important obstacles that commonly lead to the failure of therapy. The main mechanisms that contribute to cellular resistance include efflux pumps; changes in the interaction between the drug and its target and changes in cellular responses, in particular an increased ability to repair induced DNA damages and defects in apoptotic pathways. The ability to repair DNA damage and evasion of apoptosis are of great importance, since most chemotherapy has its action based on the induction of cytotoxicity by the ability to generate DNA lesions. Thus, an important strategy for improving chemotherapy is the development of more selective mechanisms that circumvent tumor resistance approaches. In this work, through a study of genes and pathways involved in the repair, survival and damage signaling induced by nimustine (ACNU) - a cloroethylating agent commonly used in treatments of solid tumors - we aimed to identify target genes for a potentially adjuvant therapy. We demonstrated that glioma cells p53mt have less ability to repair ICLs induced by this drug then p53wt cells. Also, that the NHEJ (\'\'Non Homologous End Joining\'\') pathway is not the main route of repair of these lesions, but that the NER (\'\'Nucleotide Excision Repair\'\') pathway (or specifically the gene products XPA, XPC and XPF) is very important. Interestingly, in the absence of XPA, NHEJ takes place in the repair of those lesions, probably due to an increase in the number of DSBs and saturation of other repair pathways. Likewise, we found that DNA polimerase involved in TLS (\'\'Translesion Synthesis\'\') POLH (XPV) also participates in tolerance of such lesions. We also found evidence that TLS polimerases (specifically POLH and POLK) are overexpressed in gliomas samples and could play a role in the tumorigenesis and in the resistance observed in these tumor types. Finally, we performed gene silencing through RNAi teconology, which repress genes by eliminating the corresponding mRNA transcript, preventing protein synthesis. The target genes selected for silencing were XPC, XPF, POLH and POLK. The knockdown of XPC, XPF and POLH proved to significantly sensitize glioma cells, suggesting these proteins as important elements in the chemoresistance of gliomas and highlighting the inhibition of these molecules as an important strategy in the sensitization of gliomas to ACNU and probably to other chemotherapeutic agents with the same mechanisms of action.
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Classificação multiparamétrica dos tumores gliais por RM / Multiparametric classification of glial tumors using MR imagingRita de Cassia Maciel Pincerato 17 December 2010 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: A referência padrão para determinação do grau tumoral é a avaliação histopatológica. Entretanto, algumas limitações estão associadas com a correta graduação histopatológica dos gliomas: (a) erro inerente da amostra associada a biópsia estereotáxica, sendo que a porção mais maligna do tumor pode não estar incluída na amostra obtida; (b) dificuldade em obter uma gama suficiente de amostras se o tumor for inacessível ao cirurgião;(c) dinâmica própria dos tumores do sistema nervoso central, com diferenciação freqüente em graus de maior malignidade; (d) variabilidade entre patologistas; (e) inabilidade para avaliação de tecido tumoral residual após cirurgia redutora. Embora a ressonância magnética (RM) convencional seja a técnica de maior utilidade no diagnóstico e avaliação de tumores cerebrais, de forma isolada não possui acurácia em predizer o grau tumoral. Técnicas avançadas de RM, tais como caracterização de alterações metabólicas na espectroscopia de prótons (ERM), valores de volume sanguíneo cerebral relativo (VSCr) obtido com a perfusão por RM e imagem de difusão com o cálculo do coeficiente de difusão aparente (CDA), têm sido avaliadas como ferramentas diagnósticas na graduação prospectiva dos gliomas cerebrais. OBJETIVOS: Determinar quais são os parâmetros derivados da perfusão, difusão e espectroscopia que auxiliam a graduação tumoral. Determinar a sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e valor preditivo negativo (VPN) de cada método. Determinar se há alguma correlação entre os parâmetros utilizados na determinação do grau de malignidade tumoral. Determinar se a combinação destas técnicas aumenta a efetividade diagnóstica para graduação tumoral. MÉTODOS: 56 pacientes com tumores de origem glial, sendo 37 glioblastomas multiforme, 2 astrocitoma anaplásico, 1 oligoastrocitoma anaplásico, 3 oligoastrocitomas grau II, 9 astrocitomas grau II e 4 astrocitomas pilocíticos, foram submetidos a RM convencional, difusão, perfusão e ERM em aparelho 1,5 T (GE-Horizon LX9.1). O estudo da difusão foi realizado com sequência SE-EPI com tempo de repetição (TR)/tempo de eco (TE) = 8000/110,8ms. A perfusão foi adquirida com sequência GRE-EPI com TR/TE = 2000/34,7ms. Para o estudo de ERM utilizamos sequência multivoxel com TR/TE=1500/135ms. RESULTADOS: Diferenças significativas foram encontradas entre gliomas de baixo grau (BG) e alto grau (AG), com maiores valores de VSCr, Lip e Lip/Cr nos tumores de AG e maior valor de Cr nos tumores de BG. Tumores de AG apresentaram valores menores de CDA do que os de BG, porém sem diferença significativa. Correlação inversa foi observada entre valores de VSCr e CDA. O melhor parâmetro isolado para graduação tumoral foi o valor do VSCr. A combinação de VSCr e Cr, e VSCr e Lip, mostrou aumento da sensibilidade e especificidade na graduação dos gliomas. CONCLUSÕES: As alterações metabólicas utilizando a razão Lip/Cr, e os valores de Lip e Cr, assim como os valores de VSCr foram úteis na graduação tumoral. O melhor parâmetro para graduação tumoral foi o valor de VSCr. A combinação do VSCr e Cr, e VSCr e Lip aumenta a sensibilidade e especificidade na determinação da graduação dos gliomas / INTRODUCTION: The current reference standard for determining glioma grade is histopathologic assessment. However some limitations are associated with correct histopathologic grading of gliomas: (a) inherent sampling error associated with stereotactic biopsy and the risk of missing the most malignant portion of the tumor in the sampling; (b) difficulty in obtaining a representative range of samples if the tumor is inaccessible to the surgeon; (c) the dynamic nature of central nervous system tumors, with frequent dedifferentiation into more malignant grades; (d) interpathogist variability and (e) inability to evaluate residual tumor tissue after reductive surgery. Although MR imaging is the most useful radiologic technique in the diagnosis and evaluation of common brain tumors, it is not accurate enough in predicting tumor grade. Advanced MR imaging techniques such as characterization of metabolic changes in MR spectroscopy (MRS), relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) measurements derived from perfusion MR imaging, and diffusion-weighted MR imaging with calculation of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), have been evaluated as diagnostic tool in prospective grading of cerebral gliomas. OBJECTIVES: To determine the usefulness of perfusion, diffusion, and spectroscopy values for glioma grading. To determine sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV), of each method. To determine if there is any correlation between parameters used in glioma grading. To determine whether the combination of these techniques can improve the diagnostic effectiveness of glioma grading. METHODS: 56 patients with glial tumors: 37 glioblastoma multiforme, 2 anaplastic astrocytoma, 1 anaplastic oligoastrocytoma, 3 oligoastrocytomas grade II, 9 astrocytomas grade II and 4 pylocitic astrocytomas. Patients underwent conventional MR, diffusion, perfusion and MRS, performed with a 1.5-T unit (GE-Horizon LX9.1). The diffusion-weighted images were acquired by using a SE-EPI imaging sequence with repetition time (TR)/echo time (TE) = 8000/110.8ms. Perfusion-weighted imaging were acquired by using GRE-EPI with TR/TE = 2000/34.7ms. Multivoxel MRS imaging were acquired by using TR/TE=1500/135ms. RESULTS: Significant differences were noted between low-grade (LG) and high-grade (HG) gliomas with higher values of rCBV, Lip, Lip/Cr in HG, and higher values of Cr in LG. HG tumors had lower ADC values than LG, but with no statistical significant difference. An inverse relationship was observed between rCBV and ADC values. The best performing single parameter for glioma grading was rCBV value. Combination of rCBV and Cr, and rCBV and Lip, showed improvement in sensitivity and specificity in grading of gliomas. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic changes using Lip/Cr ratio and Lip and Cr, and rCBV values were useful in tumor grading. The best parameter for glioma grading was rCBV value. The combination of rCBV and Cr, and rCBV and Lip increased the sensitivity and specificity in determining glioma grade
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