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Safety Assessment of Cracked Buttress Dams / Dammsäkerhetsutvärdering av spruckna betongdammarFekadu, Robel Tekeste, Kayastha, Sujata January 2020 (has links)
Most of the concrete buttress dams in Sweden were built from the 1950s till the1980s based on the traditional method of analyses. Those structures are reinforced and heavy in structure. Their height to thickness ratio being large makes them prone to crack during their lifespan. The presence of these cracks make the reinforcements used in the buttress dam susceptible to corrosion due to the water entering through the cracked areas. Therefore, studying the effect of cracks and corrosion regarding the safety of dams is important and should be carried out before the dams fail to function. However, only limited researches have been conducted to address these issues. The main goal of this project is to evaluate if the traditional method of analysis were sufficient to capture the failure modes of the dam before and after the occurrence of cracks and corrosion of the reinforcement. In the traditional method, the analytical stability calculations for the factor of safety of sliding and overturning are computed separately. However, in reality, those two failure modes do not occur separately but in combined mode. Therefore, to study this matter, two case studies were considered. In these studies, both finite element analysis (FEA) and analytical calculations were performed to investigate the failure modes. Moreover, this project assesses the influence of cracks and corrosion of reinforcements in the factor of safety. And, the software that was used to carry out the FE analyses were COMSOL and Abaqus. And alongside to FE software, MATLAB was used to carry out the analytical calculations. The results from the analyses showed that the combined failure modes in FE-analyses were the mode of failure of the buttress dams in all cases. Therefore, the analytical calculations were not sufficient to capture the failure modes. Furthermore, the reinforcements that were incorporated in the dam were observed to have a significant effect on the factor of safety depending on the patterns of the cracks. Similarly, the corrosion of the reinforcement had severe effects on the factor of safety based on the crack patterns. Based on the findings from the project, the combined failure mode from FE analysis the governing failure mode, and therefore, traditional analytical methods should be carried out to help evaluate those FE analyses but not to capture the actual failure modes. Besides, the incorporated reinforcements and their corrosion had notable influences on the safety factor of dams which should be investigated carefully. / De flesta betonglamelldammar i Sverige byggdes under 1950 - 80-talet baserat påden traditionella analysmetoden. Dessa strukturer är armerade och tunga. Derashöjd-tjocklek förhållande är stor nog för att de ska vara benägna att spricka underderas livstid. Uppkomsten av dessa sprickor utsätter armeringen i lamelldammar förkorrosion på grund av att vattnet tränger in genom dessas sprickor. Därför är detytterst viktigt att studera effekter av sprickor och medföljande korrosion avseendedammsäkerhet och bör utföras innan dammarna är ur funktion. Trots vikten avdetta problem, har endast begränsade studier genmfört för att hantera dessa frågor.Huvudmålet med detta examensarbete är att utvärdera den traditionellaanalysmetodens kapacitet att fånga dammens brottillstånd före och efteruppkomsten av sprickor och armeringskorrosion. I den traditionella metoden utförsde analytiska stabilitetsberäkningar av säkerhetsfaktorn för glidning och stjälpningseparat. Men i verkligheten förekommer inte dessa två fenomen separat utan ikombinerat form. För att studera detta fenomen beaktades därför två fallstudier. Ibåda fallen utfördes finita element metod (FEM) och analytiska beräkningar föratt utvärdera brottillstånd. Dessutom utvärderas påverkan av sprickor ocharmeringskorrosion på säkerhetsfaktorn. Programvaran som användes för attutföra FE-analyserna var COMSOL och ABAQUS. Analytiska beräkningarutfördes i MATLAB.Resultaten från analyserna visade att ett kombinerat brottillstånd uppstod iFE-analyserna av lamelldammarna i samtliga studerade fall. Därmed är de utfördaanalytiska beräkningar inte tillräckliga för att fånga brottillståndet. Vidareobserverades att armeringar hade betydande inverkan på säkerhetsfaktornberoende på sprickmönstren. På liknande sätt hade armeringskorrosion signifikantinverkan på säkerhetsfaktorn beroende på sprickmönstren.Utifrån resultatet av FE-analyserna kan man konstatera att den kombineradebrottmoden var det avgörande brottillståndet, och därför bör traditionellaanalysmetoder utföras för att stödja utvärderingen av dessa FE-analyser men inteför att erhålla de faktiska brottillstånd. Dessutom, det kunde observeras attarmering och armeringskorrosion har betydande påverkan på säkerhetsfaktorn avdammar och bör undersökas noggrant.
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Contribution au développement d’outils analytiques et numériques pour quantifier et qualifier la robustesse des structures / Development of analytical and numerical tools to quantify and qualify the robustness of structureSeck, El Hadji Boubacar 12 July 2018 (has links)
Les notions de robustesse structurale sont intégrées dans les codes de conception européens suite à l'effondrement partiel et progressif de la tour Ronan Point de Canning Town à Londres (Angleterre, 16.05.1968). Le cadre réglementaire des Eurocodes définit la robustesse comme l'aptitude d'une structure à résister à des événements accidentels dits identifiés (incendies, explosions, chocs) ou non identifiés (conséquences d'une erreur humaine, attentats) sans présenter de dégâts disproportionnés par rapport à la cause d'origine. Cette définition incite les ingénieurs à inclure dans les procédures de conception les notions de dommage initial (défaillance locale) et de dommage disproportionné (défaillance globale). L'objectif de ces travaux de thèse est de développer un outil de simulation de la robustesse de structures lorsque des incertitudes de sollicitations (évènement accidentel) et / ou une faute de dimensionnement (conception ou de réalisation) interfèrent avec les dimensionnements réglementaires. La robustesse est évaluée à travers un indice compris entre 0 (structure peu robuste) et 1 (structure très robuste) et calculé à partir des probabilités de défaillance initiale et globale. Cette thèse propose une méthodologie reposant sur la recherche d’arbres complets d'évènements illustrant l'ensemble des cheminements potentiels d'une défaillance initiale localisée jusqu'à la ruine globale. L'approche développée s'applique aux structures hyperstatiques, dans lesquelles la rupture d'un ou plusieurs éléments n'entraine pas systématiquement la ruine de l'ensemble de la structure. En effet, les éléments non endommagés restants peuvent être en mesure de supporter les chargements externes par une redistribution des efforts internes.La procédure est illustrée dans les cas de structures unidimensionnelles hyperstatiques de poutres bi-encastrées et d'un portique référencé dans les normes et classiquement étudié dans la littérature. Le mode local de défaillance de nos simulations est la formation d'une rotule (fragile ou plastique) lorsque le moment sollicitant appliqué atteint la valeur du moment résistant d'une section droite. Deux types de lois probabilistes, Gaussiennes et Log-normales, sont testées par l'approche développée et par des simulations Monte-Carlo. Les variables aléatoires choisies peuvent être indépendantes ou corrélées. Nous présentons les résultats sous forme d’arbres d'évènements comportant l'ensemble des branches exclusives, sans intersection entre branches issues d’un même nœud. Cette spécificité permet de calculer des indices caractérisant la robustesse de la structure selon chaque scénario.L'analyse de l’arbre des évènements et des indices de robustesse permet de mettre en évidence les fragilités potentielles pouvant engendrer une défaillance généralisée d'une structure vis-à-vis d’accidents ou d’actes de malveillance. La méthode développée fournit un outil de simulation et de diagnostic efficace, tant en phase de conception qu'en phase de réhabilitation, permettant d'envisager le renforcement de bâtis existants ou futurs et d'assurer la sécurité des personnes et des ouvrages environnants. / Localized initial failures in constructions can sometimes be followed by disproportionate damage (collapse) spreading to the whole or the major part of a building. Since the partial and progressive collapse of the Ronnan Point tower (London, $1968$) caused by a gas explosion, the concept of robustness has been introduced in standards. Structural robustness is defined as the ability of a structure to withstand unforeseen events causing local damage like fire, explosion or impact, without suffering disproportionate collapse. This definition encourages engineers to include the concepts of initial damage (local failure) and disproportionate damage (global failure) in design procedures. The main objective of this PhD work is to develop a simulation tool in order to highlight the potential weakness in a structure when uncertain sollicitations (accidental events) and/or dimensional fault (design or realization) interfere with the standard predictions. The robustness is evaluated by an index varying from 0 (non-robust structure) to 1 (very robust structure) and is calculated from the initial and global failure probabilities. The proposed methodology is based on an event tree analysis summurizing all the distinct potential scenarios, from the initial damage to the collapse of the structure. The developed approach is applied to statically indeterminate unidimensional structures like beams and frame. The redundancy's consequence is that the break of one or several cross sections will not necessarily lead to the collapse of the whole system: the redistribution of the internal efforts allows the remaining undamaged parts of the structure to support the external (applied) loading. The methodology is illustrated by some examples of clamped-clamped beam and frame, loaded with punctual forces. The cross sections are supposed to have an elastic behaviour until the formation of plastic hinges (local failure). Two types of probabilistic laws, Gaussian and Log-normal, are tested by the developed approach and by Monte-Carlo simulations. The chosen random variables can be either independent or correlated. The resulting complete event tree contains all the exclusive paths from an localised damage to the global failure, without intersection between branches stemming from the same node. This specific property allows to evaluate the robustness indexes of the structure with the ratio between the local and global probabilities, according to each scenario. The analysis of the event tree and of the robustness indexes allows to highlight the potential brittleness which could cause a generalized collapse of the structure with respect to accidents or malicious acts. The developed methodology provides an effective tool of simulation and diagnostic, both in the design phase and in the rehabilitation one, useful to the reinforcement of existing or future buildings and to ensure the safety of people and surrounding structures.
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