A static electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) tester, where the tungsten needle is used as the cathode and the platinum as the anode and the glass as the specimen, and the depth of electrode is set to be 1mm in the aqueous electrolyte of 30wt% KOH at the test time of 10s, is employed to investigate the influence of geometry and size of the electrode, supply voltage and gap on the characteristic of electrochemical discharge machining. According to the current/voltage measurements combined with the photographs of the bubble layer on the cathode and the behavior of discharge under different geometry and size of the electrode during the ECDM process, three regimes have been identified as: (I): non-machining. (II): glow discharge. (III): spark discharge. From the observation on the surface of machined glass specimen by using SEM, the experimental result show that damage of the glass increases with the increase of supply voltage.

Three programmed rapid-start control schemes for the electronic ballasts with a half-bridge series-resonant inverter are proposed to improve the starting performance of the rapid-start fluorescent lamps. Included are: (1) programmed rapid-start control scheme with an ac switch, (2) programmed rapid-start control scheme with inductively coupled filament-heating circuit, and (3) programmed frequency control scheme with a series-resonant energy-tank. The first control scheme is simply to add a solid-state ac switch onto the series-resonant electronic ballast to provide programmed rapid-start for the rapid-start fluorescent lamp. The ac switch is turned on to have a zero voltage across the lamp to eliminate the glow current during the preheating interval. By adjusting the operation frequency and the duty-ratio, the electronic ballast produces first an adequate resonant current for preheating the cathode filaments, then a sufficiently high lamp voltage for ignition, and finally a stable lamp arc of the required lamp power. The second control scheme is accomplished by adding two auxiliary windings on the inductor of the power-factor-correction (PFC) circuit for the filament-heating circuits. During the preheating period, the PFC circuit is activated to provide the filament heating while the inverter remains idle to keep the lamp voltage at zero and hence to eliminate the glow current. After the filaments have been heated to the appropriate temperature, the inverter is initiated to ignite the lamp and then operate it at the required power. The third control scheme is realized by programming the operation frequency of the electronic ballast with an additional series-resonant energy-tank on the load resonant network. During the preheating interval, the electronic ballast is programmed to operate at the resonance frequency of the series-resonant energy-tank to reduce the lamp voltage and hence to eliminate the glow discharge. With carefully designed circuit parameters, the electronic ballast is able to provide an adequate current for preheating. After the emission temperature has been reached, the operation frequency is adjusted to generate a high lamp voltage for ignition, and then is located at the steady-state frequency driving the lamp with the desired power and filament current. In this dissertation, the mode operations of the proposed ballast circuits are analyzed in accordance with the conducting conditions of the power switches. The equivalent resistance model of fluorescent lamp is implemented to calculate the performances of the ballast-lamp circuit at steady-state. The design equations are derived and the computer analyses are performed with the fundamental approximation on the equivalent circuit models of fluorescent lamps. In addition, in order to accurately predict the operating characteristic of the preheating circuit, a mathematical model is developed to interpret the variations of the filament resistance during preheating. Finally, the laboratory electronic ballasts with the proposed control schemes are built and tested. Satisfactory performances are obtained from the experimental results.

Orientador: Nilson Cristino da Cruz / Banca: Sandro Donnini Mancini / Banca: Mauricio Antonio Algatti / O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem caráter institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi da Unesp / Resumo: O avanço tecnológico obtido através dos tempos permitiu o surgimento de uma nova classe de materiais, os biomateriais, cujas funções principais são o auxilio ou a substituição de partes do corpo humano. Para a fabricação de próteses e/ou implantes podem ser utilizados os polímeros. A utilização de tais dispositivos médicos pode ocasionar o surgimento de alguns problemas, como a incompatibilidade da prótese com o organismo e a contaminação por bactérias, sendo o último um problema grave, podendo ser fatal. A contaminação por Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Staphylococcus aureus pode causar graves infecções. Uma das formas de se resolver este problema é através do tratamento de superfícies, pois a adesão das bactérias é dependente das propriedades superficiais dos biomateriais. Uma técnica de tratamento superficial bastante promissora é o tratamento a plasma de descarga luminescente. Foram realizados tratamentos de superfícies em poliuretano e silicone utilizando plasmas de 'SF IND. 6' com diferentes condições de tratamento, com o objetivo de se conseguir superfícies hidrofóbicas e a não adesão de microrganismos nessas superfícies. Após o tratamento as amostras foram contaminadas com as bactérias S. aureus e P. aeruginosa. Observou-se que embora o tratamento a plasma tenha conferido comportamento hidrofóbico aos polímeros, ainda não conseguiu-se chegar a superfícies ideais para inibir a adesão de microrganismos. / Abstract: The technological advance attained through time, allowed the appearance of a new class of materials, the biomaterials, which main functions are: to help or to replace parts or sick organs of the human body. For the manufacture of prosthesis and/or implants, polymers can be used as biomaterials. The use of prosthesis or implants may cause the appearance of some problems, such as the incompatibility between the prosthesis and the organism and the contamination caused by bacteria. This last one is a serious problem, since it may lead to death. The contamination by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus can cause serious infections. One possible way to solve this problem is through the surface treatment, since the adhesion of the bacteria depends on the superficial properties of the biomaterial. A promising technique of superficial modification is the treatment through glow discharge plasma. In this work, polyurethane and silicone coupons were exposed to 'SF IND. 6' glow discharge plasmas with different conditions of treatment. After the treatment, the coupons were contaminated with the P. aeruginosa e S. aureus. Even though the plasma treatment gives a hydrophobic behavior to the polymer, it can't obtain the ideal surfaces who inhibit the bacterial adhesion. / Mestre

BACKGROUND: Implants have been widely used in the medical field. It was adopted in dentistry, offering patients replacement of missing teeth. Researchers have been investigating techniques to improve implants’ survival. Among these techniques is plasma glow discharge. Radio-frequency Glow discharge (RGD) is a surface treatment and sterilization technique with the aim to improve the titanium oxide layer for better osseointegration. Previous studies have evaluated its effect on non-human cell lines with promising results. Up to date, there is no report on how RGD surface treatment of titanium affects normal human osteoblasts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Human bone fragments were obtained from dental extraction sites and were processed to culture normal human osteoblasts. Cells were seeded on three different surfaces at a concentration of 1x105 cells per plate; Titanium discs with and without Argon RGD (ARGD), and tissue culture plates (TCP). Dishes were allocated to 3 timelines: 16 hours, 7 days and 14 days. The outcome measures were cell attachment, cell number, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin levels. RESULTS: Data was analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test. Mean cell proliferation percentage for the ARGD group at 7 days was the highest (167.966%). The difference in means among the three groups at 7 days was statistically significant (p=0.0022). At 14 days, the highest mean of cell proliferation percentage was highest for the ARGD group. When testing all pairs, at 7 days the differences in means were statistically significant between (ARGD vs. no ARGD, and ARGD vs. TCP) (p=0.0018, and p=0.0286), respectively. At 14 days, the differences in means were statistically significant between (ARGD vs. TCP, p= 0.0003) and (no ARGD vs. TCP, p=0.0007). There was a significant difference in means for alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin at 7 and 14 days between TCP and ARGD, and TCP and no ARGD groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study on normal human osteoblasts indicated that ARGD significantly enhanced cell proliferation. There was no significant difference in osteogenic behavior between with and without ARGD treatment on titanium surfaces within the time studied. A prolonged phase of cell proliferation was observed in ARGD treated groups.

No description available.

Avanços recentes no processo de Metalurgia do Pó possibilitaram a produção de ligas de alumínio com ótimas propriedades e capazes de serem aplicadas nas indústrias automotiva e aeroespacial. Dentre as principais vantagens destas ligas, estão, a baixa relação peso/resistência, a alta condutividade térmica e elétrica, e a alta resistência à corrosão sob vários ambientes. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo de um processo alternativo de sinterização do alumínio baseado na aplicação de plasma produzido por descarga incandescente anômala. Pó de alumínio comercial foram misturadas com 1% em peso de estearato de zinco (como lubrificante) e então compactadas sob pressão de 600 Mpa. A dimensões das amostras compactadas (verdes) ficaram em aproximadamente 13mm de altura e 10mm de diâmetro e massa controlada em torno de 3,5g. A fim de analisar as diferenças das amostras antes e após o processo de sinterização, foram calculadas as densificações para cada corpo de prova produzido. Posteriormente, as amostras verdes compactadas passaram pelo processo de sinterização a plasma e convencional, ambas com temperatura (500ºC) e atmosfera definidas. A sinterização convencional foi realizada utilizando duas atmosferas, argônio puro e nitrogênio puro, e o processo a plasma empregou, além de argônio e nitrogênio, o gás hidrogênio. Após a sinterização as amostras foram caracterizadas quanto a densificação, dureza, composição química e rugosidade superficial, além disso, uma análise metalográfica foi realizada por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (com EDS). Embora todas as atmosferas foram efetivas na sinterização a plasma, o nitrogênio foi capaz de produzir a menor redução de densificação nas amostras, bem como a maior dureza e a menor rugosidade, dentre as amostras tratadas a plasma. A utilização do plasma também gerou uma melhor extração do lubrificante, porém com um aumento significativo da rugosidade com relação ao processo convencional devido à ação do sputtering gerado pelo bombardeamento iônico. / The recent advances in Powder Metallurgy make possible the production of Aluminum alloys with great properties and applicable in the automotive and aerospace industries. Among the main advantages of these alloys, the low weight to strength rate, high thermal and electrical conductivity, and the high corrosion resistance under several environments can be pointed out. This work had as aim the investigation of an alternative sintering process for Aluminum based on plasma glow discharge. Aluminum commercial powder was mixed with 1 weight-% of Zinc Stearate (as lubricant) and then compacted under 600 MPa pressure. The dimension of the as compacted (green) samples were about 13mm of height and 10mm of diameter and the mass around 3.5g. In order to analyze the differences of samples before and after e sintering process, the densification was calculated for each sample individually. After that, the green samples were sintered by plasma and in a conventional resistive furnace with protected atmosphere, using predefined temperature (500ºC) and gas atmospheres. The conventional sintering was carried out using two different atmospheres pure Argon and pure Nitrogen, and in the plasma sintering, besides Argon and Nitrogen, Hydrogen was used. After sintering the samples were investigated for densification, hardness, chemical composition and roughness, besides that metallography analysis by Electronic Microscopy with EDS were performed. Although all atmospheres were effective in the plasma sintering, the Nitrogen was able to produce the lowest reduction in density, the highest hardness and the lowest roughness, among all tested plasma conditions. The use of plasma also was responsible for an more efficient extraction of the lubricant, however with a significant increase of the roughness in relation to the conventional process, which was attributed to the sputtering effect by ion bombardment.

This thesis is on the topic of investigation of the characteristics of DC Glow Discharge plasmas. Emphasis is given on characterizing the plasma electron density. The methods of generating and detecting THz pulses are described. THz transmission spectroscopy and plasma emission spectroscopy is examined. Transmission spectrum is taken for Air, gaseous Nitrogen and Argon plasmas. Moreover, emission spectrum of Air, N2 and Ar plasma analysis were done respectively. It was found that the transmission of terahertz pulses through nitrogen plasma was considerably affected compared to that of the argon plasma. Initially Drude model theory of electron conduction is employed to analyze the plasma density.

In this study numerical modelling of a moderate pressure DC glow discharge plasma is car- ried out in 1D and 2D geometry. The governing equations include continuity equations for the plasma species (electrons, positive ions and metastable atoms), the electron energy equation (EEE), Poisson equation for the electric

A validation study was performed on a capacitively coupled argon discharge to determine the most suitable models for chemistry and electron transport. Chemical reaction rate and electron transport models choices include equilibrium or non-equilibrium electron EDFs. Experimental studies performed by our collaborative partners in the Colorado School of Mines. Conditions for the studies are 138, 315, and 618 mTorr where the cycle averaged power varied at 20, 50, and 80 Watts in which the voltage supply was driven at 13.56 MHz. Simulations were performed using pressures and voltage used in experiments. The most accurate case was for 138 mTorr at 50 Watts using a non-Maxwellian EDF based chemistry (called Bolsig+ chemistry) and a constant electron momentum transfer cross section of 20 Angstroms which was computed from Boeuf’s paper; this model accurately modeled power deposition to within 2.6%. Furthermore, species number densities, electron temperature, and sheath thicknesses are obtained. Using Bolsig+ chemistry resulted in 20,000K higher electron temperatures than using Arrhenius chemistry rates. Results indicate that power deposition occurs due to electrons gaining energy from the sheath which in turn bombard neutral species producing metastable argon. / text

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:29:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 moraes_fs_me_bauru.pdf: 757610 bytes, checksum: 7863feccc53b25ea756881d180d9d723 (MD5) / O avanço tecnológico obtido através dos tempos permitiu o surgimento de uma nova classe de materiais, os biomateriais, cujas funções principais são o auxilio ou a substituição de partes do corpo humano. Para a fabricação de próteses e/ou implantes podem ser utilizados os polímeros. A utilização de tais dispositivos médicos pode ocasionar o surgimento de alguns problemas, como a incompatibilidade da prótese com o organismo e a contaminação por bactérias, sendo o último um problema grave, podendo ser fatal. A contaminação por Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Staphylococcus aureus pode causar graves infecções. Uma das formas de se resolver este problema é através do tratamento de superfícies, pois a adesão das bactérias é dependente das propriedades superficiais dos biomateriais. Uma técnica de tratamento superficial bastante promissora é o tratamento a plasma de descarga luminescente. Foram realizados tratamentos de superfícies em poliuretano e silicone utilizando plasmas de 'SF IND. 6' com diferentes condições de tratamento, com o objetivo de se conseguir superfícies hidrofóbicas e a não adesão de microrganismos nessas superfícies. Após o tratamento as amostras foram contaminadas com as bactérias S. aureus e P. aeruginosa. Observou-se que embora o tratamento a plasma tenha conferido comportamento hidrofóbico aos polímeros, ainda não conseguiu-se chegar a superfícies ideais para inibir a adesão de microrganismos. / The technological advance attained through time, allowed the appearance of a new class of materials, the biomaterials, which main functions are: to help or to replace parts or sick organs of the human body. For the manufacture of prosthesis and/or implants, polymers can be used as biomaterials. The use of prosthesis or implants may cause the appearance of some problems, such as the incompatibility between the prosthesis and the organism and the contamination caused by bacteria. This last one is a serious problem, since it may lead to death. The contamination by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus can cause serious infections. One possible way to solve this problem is through the surface treatment, since the adhesion of the bacteria depends on the superficial properties of the biomaterial. A promising technique of superficial modification is the treatment through glow discharge plasma. In this work, polyurethane and silicone coupons were exposed to 'SF IND. 6' glow discharge plasmas with different conditions of treatment. After the treatment, the coupons were contaminated with the P. aeruginosa e S. aureus. Even though the plasma treatment gives a hydrophobic behavior to the polymer, it can´t obtain the ideal surfaces who inhibit the bacterial adhesion.