Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2001. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

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Nutrient metabolism consists of a series of chemical processes concerned with supplying energy to the body. This enables the body to perform various physiological processes and to maintain homeostasis (Guyton and Hall, 2000). In healthy, non-diabetic subjects, plasma glucose concentrations are held within a narrow range throughout the day, despite wide fluctuations in nutritional intake and physical exercise, as well as other physiological, psychological and iatrogenic influences (Owens, 2002). The purpose of this research study was to determine the effect of the homoeopathic preparations, Saccharum officinale 9cH and 200cH, on glucose metabolism in healthy, non-diabetic humans. This research study was a double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. A group of thirty participants were required to undergo an oral glucose tolerance test for three hours. Timing started as soon as the participants started drinking the glucose solution. In addition, ten drops of the homoeopathically prepared medicine or a placebo were administered at each of the following times: -15 minutes, 27 minutes, 87 minutes and 147 minutes. Group one received the placebo (20% alcohol), Group two received Saccharum officinale 9cH and Group three received Saccharum officinale 200cH. Blood glucose concentrations were measured, using capillary blood samples and a glucose meter, at the following times: -30 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, 150 minutes, and 180 minutes. Vital signs were measured at: 10 minutes, 50 minutes, 110 minutes and 170 minutes in order to ascertain any detrimental changes in health. Data was expressed as mean ± standard error. Differences between the groups were determined using the one-way repeated measures analysis of variance method. The hypoglycaemic effect of Saccharum officinale 9cH and 200cH was not proven to be effective in reducing the rate of glucose disposal in the body. Even though a slight difference between the experimental groups and the control group was observed, these changes could not be attributed to the therapeutic effect of the remedy and was regarded as statistically insignificant. / Dr. Natasha Wolf Mr. Neil de Villiers

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The non-phosphorylated oxidative pathway of glucose dissimilation has been confirmed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa using whole cells and cell-free extracts. The oxidation of glucose to 2-ketogluconate was complete and stoichiometric in cell-free extracts and cell-free extracts of glucose grown cells were shown to be incapable of metabolizing 2-ketogluconate. It was shown that whole cells completely degraded 2-ketogluconate and quantitatively accumulated pyruvic acid in the presence of specific inhibitors. The initial step involved in 2-ketogluconate dissimilation was found to be exceptionally labile to the effects of a variety of metabolic inhibitors. The metabolism of 2-ketogluconate was demonstrated to involve the initial phosphorylation with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as the phosphate donor. The resultant intermediate, 2-keto-6-phosphogluconate, was identified and was shown to undergo reduction by a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate linked reductase to 6-phosphogluconate which, in turn, was metabolized to pyruvate by enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Radioactivity from 2-ketogluconate-C¹⁴ was rapidly incorporated into cellular constituents, primarily protein, by washed cell suspensions of P. aeruginosa, but oxidation of 2-ketogluconate did not involve the accumulation of keto-acid intermediates. The role of 2-ketogluconic acid as a key intermediate for the conservation of excess carbon under conditions where nitrogen is limiting was discussed. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Obese individuals present with an increased inflammatory tone as compared to healthy, normal-weight individuals, which is associated with insulin resistance. One factor hypothesized to contribute to increased inflammation in obese and diabetic states is elevated blood endotoxin levels, also known as metabolic endotoxemia. In healthy rodents (non-obese and insulin sensitive), there is evidence that blood endotoxin levels fluctuate over the course of the day with elevations in the post-prandial state that return to baseline levels in the post-absorptive state. High-fat feeding in these animals altered these fluctuations causing endotoxin levels to remain high throughout the day. The effects of alterations in endotoxin levels on glucose metabolism are not understood. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of short-term and long-term increases in endotoxin of a low magnitude on insulin signaling in a human primary cell line as well as the effects of short-term endotoxin treatments on glucose homeostasis in a C57/Bl6 mouse model. First, we tested the hypothesis in cell culture that short-term low-dose endotoxin treatments would enhance insulin-signaling and glycogen synthesis while long-term treatments would have inhibitory effects. Under our second hypothesis, we examined whether short-term low-dose treatments of endotoxin would contribute to improvements in glucose tolerance in a mouse model. In contrast to our first hypothesis, short-term endotoxin treatments did not improve insulin signaling or glycogen synthesis although long-term treatments did contribute to decreases in glycogen synthesis. Interestingly, short-term endotoxin treatments resulted in significant improvements in glucose clearance in the mouse model; this is believed to be partly attributed to LPS inhibiting gluconeogenesis. Future studies are necessary to understand the mechanisms responsible for altered glucose metabolism in response to low magnitude changes in LPS levels. / Ph. D.

The Effects of a glucocorticoid-antagonist on IGF1-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle of hindlimb suspended rats. Barnes B.R., T.C. Selix, D.C. Wright, and B.W. Craig. Ball State University, Muncie, IN.The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of a glucocorticoid-antagonist (RU486) on insulin-like-growth-factor-1 (IGF1)stimulated glucose transport following two weeks of hindlimb suspension (HS) on 100 gm male rats. After two weeks of HS and/or oral RU486 administration the animals were anesthetized, and the soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles isolated and clamped at their resting length. Following an incubation series to prepare the muscle, the muscle was incubated in radioactive 3-O-methylglucose for 10 min. in the presence/absence of 75 ng/ml of IGF1, digested with 0.5 NaOH, and the amount of glucose transported measured. Two weeks of RU486 treatment significantly (P:5 0.05) elevated IGF1-stimulated glucose transport of SOL (0.576 ± 0.071 vs 1.405 ± 0.172), whereas the EDL was unaffected (2.728 0.258 vs 2.613 ± 0.182). The removal of glucocorticoids via RU486 administration significantly increased glucose uptake in HS exposed soleus muscles. The EDL was not affected by RU486 treatment. / School of Physical Education

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 53-57). / x, 57 leaves, bound col. ill. 29 cm

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