No abstract available. / Thesis (M.D.)-University of Natal, 1990.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1997. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [102]-118).

Digestible carbohydrate is commonly encountered by chinook salmon {Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in practical culture diets, although little is known regarding its utilization. This study was undertaken to examine (1) the effects of a high carbohydrate diet and (2) glucose tolerance in chinook salmon of selected British Columbia strains. Yearling chinook salmon of three strains were fed to satiation either a high or a low carbohydrate diet for 63 days. The diets were isonitrogenous, and contained respectively 30 % gelatinized wheat starch or an equicaloric amount of herring oil. There was an overall reduction in growth of chinook fed the high-carbohydrate diet over the 63-day feeding period. Although specific growth rates declined initially in the high carbohydrate-fed groups, they were comparable to those of control groups in the final third of the trial, indicating an adaptation response. Chinook fed the high carbohydrate diet had increased carcass protein and ash, and decreased carcass fat levels relative to controls. Feed intake was generally lower in these groups, and differences in feeding response were observed between diets and strains. Although feed and energy efficiencies were reduced in chinook fed the high carbohydrate diet, protein utilization was comparable on the two diets, indicating a protein-sparing effect of the carbohydrate. Consumption of the high carbohydrate diet led to significant elevations in hepatosomatic indices (HSI) and liver glycogen (LG) concentrations. In Quesnel chinook, LG levels exceeding 10 % did not appear to have any detrimental effects on feeding, growth or health. LG concentrations and HSI fell to basal levels in all groups 21 days after feed withdrawal. Some strain differences were evident. For example, Big Qualicum chinook fed the high carbohydrate diet exhibited the lowest liver glycogen accumulation, highest rate of carcass fat deposition, and best energy efficiency ratios relative to control groups, suggesting a difference in carbohydrate metabolism in this strain. On the other hand, Quesnel chinook exhibited the highest relative growth on the high carbohydrate diet. Mortality, although unaffected by diet in the Quesnel and Robertson Creek chinook, appeared to be higher in high carbohydrate-fed Big Qualicum chinook. In the second part of the study, chinook salmon subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test displayed pronounced and persistent hyperglycaemia, indicative of poor glucose tolerance. Strain differences were evident in the magnitude of response. Acclimation to a high carbohydrate diet prior to testing resulted in a significantly reduced elevation of blood glucose, indicating an adaptation response. While plasma glucose concentrations approached 500 mg/dl in some trials, plasma insulin concentrations exhibited a two-fold rise, with indistinct peaks. Plasma glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were poorly correlated, indicating that glucose is a poor insulin secretagogue in chinook salmon. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

The purpose of this study was to observe and compare the blood glucose response of individuals with documented noninsulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM) and controls after they consumed a peanut butter and cracker snack product (Austin "Toasty" crackers). Twenty-one subjects with NIDDM (15 with current NIDDM and 6 with previously abnormal glucose tolerance [prevAGT]) and 11 controls participated. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and age of subjects were recorded and statistically compared. Subjects tested their own blood glucose using the One Touch II glucometer, and participated on two separate occasions which were designated session 1 and session 2. Blood glucose was measured before eating the test food, every 15 (+3) minutes for two hours after eating, and at 150 and 180 minutes. Mean peak blood glucose value and the time at which glucose peaked were identified and compared among the groups. Repeated measures ANOV A was used to compare blood glucose response curves of the NIDDM group, the control group, and the PrevAGT group; slope of the line after the peak was of interest. The null hypothesis was that the groups would not differ in their blood glucose responses. / Master of Science

Relationships among glucose tolerance, plasma insulin, and plasma glucagon were examined in chicks developed through selection for high (HW) and low (LW) body weight, and in F, crosses (HL) between HW males and LW females. At 21, 42, 63, and 84 days of age, chicks from each population were intubated with glucose (2 g/kg body weight) following a 24-hr fast. Blood was collected at 20-minute intervals up to 100 minutes postadministration. At all ages, the LW chicks were better able to metabolize glucose than their HW counterparts, while the HLs exhibited intermediate responses. Impaired glucose tolerance in the HWs and HLs was not associated with insulin insufficiency; the HWs and HLs, in comparison to the LWs, were hyperinsulinemic at 42 and 63 days of age and plasma insulin levels did not differ among populations at 21 or 84 days of age. Plasma glucagon responses to glucose administration were inconsistent, but plasma glucagon levels were consistently higher in the HWs and HLs than in the LWs. It was concluded that excessive fat deposition in chickens selected for rapid growth is associated with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. / Master of Science

M.Tech. / Impaired glucose tolerance, as determined by an oral glucose tolerance test, is the inability of the blood glucose regulatory mechanisms in the body to return the blood glucose levels to normal physiological levels after the ingestion of a meal (Guyton and Hall, 2006). Mollentze and Levitt (2006) report on various studies that were conducted in South Africa on the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus and they illustrate that there is an incidence of impaired glucose tolerance as high as 10.2% in certain communities and that impaired glucose tolerance may result in diabetes mellitus. A study has shown that cinnamon controls blood sugar levels by increasing insulin sensitivity resulting in better blood sugar level control (Jarvill-Taylor et al, 2001). The above research was done on cinnamon in the crude form but there is no research on Cinnamomum verum in a homoeopathic potency. The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of Cinnamomum verum 1X on glucose tolerance in non-diabetic males after an oral glucose tolerance test. A double-blind pre-test post-test placebo controlled study on thirty healthy adult males between the ages of eighteen and forty years was conducted. The participants were recruited by means of an advertisement at the University of Johannesburg Health Clinic. Inclusion criteria comprised: no medication for one month prior to the study with a normal fasting blood sugar level of more than 3.0 but less than 6.0 mmol/l (Oussama, 2006); systolic blood pressure between 100 and 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure between 70 and 90 mmHg. At the first consultation the participant data was obtained and an oral glucose tolerance test was performed. The participants were issued with 100 ml of either Cinnamomum verum 1X or a placebo and a weekly checklist to complete. After two weeks the participant data was recorded again and the oral glucose tolerance test was repeated. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to analyse between the group data statistically and the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test was used to perform the within-group analysis. The mean fasting blood glucose level of the experiment group changed from 4.71 mmol/l to 4.49 mmol/l. This was a statistically significant reduction, p = 0.025 (< 0.05). The reduction in the blood glucose level after the oral glucose tolerance test of the experiment group was also found to be statistically significant, p = 0.001 (< 0.05) with the mean value changing from 5.86 mmol/l to 5.40 mmol/l. It was concluded that the homoeopathic remedy, Cinnamomum verum 1X taken orally twice daily, was more effective than the placebo in reducing the fasting blood glucose level and the blood glucose level after an oral glucose tolerance test in non-diabetic males between the ages of eighteen and forty years with normal initial fasting blood glucose levels within a time period of two weeks.

Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2014 / Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose, undiagnosed type 2 diabetes and its associated risk factors among adults patients attending the outpatient department of a level one hospital in a rural community of Barkley West, South Africa. Research methodology: This was a cross-sectional survey conducted by a simple random sampling of adults patients F 30 years old. Patients were screened using the American Diabetes Association and the World Health Organisation criteria. First, patients underwent the 75g oral glucose tolerance test and secondly, the 12-hours fasting plasma glucose tests after pre-test results of 5.5 mmol/L were obtained considered as positive for screening. To determine the prevalence of IGT, IFG, and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes; tests were conducted using both the capillary finger puncture and the laboratory methods. To ensure validity and reliability, each patient underwent two tests (fasting and random) by the capillary finger puncture method and two tests (fasting and random) by the laboratory method. Results: Eighty-five (85) questionnaires were distributed, supervised and returned by a research assistant, which brought the response rate to 100%. All patient known living with diabetes mellitus was not included in the study. The prevalence of IGT was 34.1% [34% for females and 9.4% for males] and that for IFG was 23.6% [25% for females and 6.0% for males]. The prevalence of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes discovered during the survey was 9.3% by 2-hours 75g glucose tolerance test [8.2% for females and 1.1% for males] and that by 12-hours fasting plasma glucose, the prevalence was 5.8% [4.7% for females and 1.1% for males].The associated risk factors were physical inactivity, overweight and obesity, unhealthy diet, alcohol consumption, hypertension, smoking habit, family history of diabetes, social deprivation and poverty. The prevalence of hyperglycaemia was also high among female patients due to a higher BMI with 25% overweight (females 18% overweight, males 7% overweight) and 75% obese (females 54% of obesity, males 21% of obesity); higher waist circumference with higher abdominal fat (females 71.7% had a W/C F 88 cm, males 28% had a W/C F 102 cm.); and a larger waist-to-hip ratio (females 61.1% had WHR > 0.85, males 7% had a WHR > 1.0). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for IGT were 34%, 86%, 25%, and 86% and those for IFG were 24%, 86%, 19%, and 86% respectively. IGT sensitivity was greater than IFG sensitivity. xi Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of IGT, IFG and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes specifically among female patients. The ten percent difference of sensitivity between the two tests showed that the WHO diagnostic criteria produced more patients with the pathology than the ADA diagnostic criteria do. Patients attending the outpatient department of a level one hospital in Barkley West are at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes and remain unidentified, undetected, unscreened, undiagnosed and untreated. Obesity at primary health care level in the rural community of Barkley West needs to be addressed. . Keywords: Impaired glucose tolerance, prevalence, diabetes, screening, anthropometric measurements

Objectives: The EZSCAN is a non-invasive device that, by evaluating sweat gland function, may detect subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of the study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis including studies assessing the performance of the EZSCAN for detecting cases of undiagnosed T2DM. Methodology/Principal findings: We searched for observational studies including diagnostic accuracy and performance results assessing EZSCAN for detecting cases of undiagnosed T2DM. OVID (Medline, Embase, Global Health), CINAHL and SCOPUS databases, plus secondary resources, were searched until March 29, 2017. The following keywords were utilized for the systematic searching: type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, EZSCAN, SUDOSCAN, and sudomotor function. Two investigators extracted the information for meta-analysis and assessed the quality of the data using the Revised Version of the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) checklist. Pooled estimates were obtained by fitting the logistic-normal random-effects model without covariates but random intercepts and using the Freeman-Tukey Arcsine Transformation to stabilize variances. Heterogeneity was also assessed using the I2 measure. Four studies (n = 7,720) were included, three of them used oral glucose tolerance test as the gold standard. Using Hierarchical Summary Receiver Operating Characteristic model, summary sensitivity was 72.0% (95%CI: 60.0%– 83.0%), whereas specificity was 56.0% (95%CI: 38.0%– 74.0%). Studies were very heterogeneous (I2 for sensitivity: 79.2% and for specificity: 99.1%) regarding the inclusion criteria and bias was present mainly due to participants selection. Conclusions: The sensitivity of EZSCAN for detecting cases of undiagnosed T2DM seems to be acceptable, but evidence of high heterogeneity and participant selection bias was detected in most of the studies included. More studies are needed to evaluate the performance of the EZSCAN for undiagnosed T2DM screening, especially at the population level.