The aim was to determine whether the dietary glycemic index (GI) related to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk and whether oxidized LDL could explain this relation. Nine prospective cohorts of GI or glycemic load (GL) associations were pooled in a meta-analysis and showed an increased risk of CHD for high GI (near significant at RR=1.13, 95%CI; 1.00-1.26) and GL diets (significant at RR=1.40, 95%CI; 1.17-1.68), both with significant evidence of heterogeneity (P<0.07). Sera from 151 type 2 diabetics who completed a 6-month trial of a low GI diet demonstrated no treatment difference in measures of oxidative damage. However, when data from both treatments were pooled, oxidized LDL as a marker of CHD risk inversely related to low GI carbohydrate intake. We conclude that GI and GL relate to CHD and oxidative damage to LDL may explain part of this association.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus develops in 3.7-18% of Canadian women, and can cause serious maternal-fetal complications. Low-GI foods have been shown to increase β-cell function in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Theoretically, this effect should improve glucose tolerance and reduce the risk of gestational hyperglycemia. Thus, we aimed to explore the effects of a low-GI diet on glucose challenge test (GCT) results in women at risk for GDM. Women were randomized to receive education during pregnancy focused on incorporation of low- or medium- to high-GI foods. Key foods were provided to assist compliance. Information was obtained from medical records and questionnaires. Ninety-four (94) women completed the study. After adjustment for confounding variables, there was no significant difference in GCT values between intervention groups. Results suggest that low-GI foods do not affect blood glucose control during pregnancy.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus develops in 3.7-18% of Canadian women, and can cause serious maternal-fetal complications. Low-GI foods have been shown to increase β-cell function in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Theoretically, this effect should improve glucose tolerance and reduce the risk of gestational hyperglycemia. Thus, we aimed to explore the effects of a low-GI diet on glucose challenge test (GCT) results in women at risk for GDM. Women were randomized to receive education during pregnancy focused on incorporation of low- or medium- to high-GI foods. Key foods were provided to assist compliance. Information was obtained from medical records and questionnaires. Ninety-four (94) women completed the study. After adjustment for confounding variables, there was no significant difference in GCT values between intervention groups. Results suggest that low-GI foods do not affect blood glucose control during pregnancy.

The aim was to determine whether the dietary glycemic index (GI) related to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk and whether oxidized LDL could explain this relation. Nine prospective cohorts of GI or glycemic load (GL) associations were pooled in a meta-analysis and showed an increased risk of CHD for high GI (near significant at RR=1.13, 95%CI; 1.00-1.26) and GL diets (significant at RR=1.40, 95%CI; 1.17-1.68), both with significant evidence of heterogeneity (P<0.07). Sera from 151 type 2 diabetics who completed a 6-month trial of a low GI diet demonstrated no treatment difference in measures of oxidative damage. However, when data from both treatments were pooled, oxidized LDL as a marker of CHD risk inversely related to low GI carbohydrate intake. We conclude that GI and GL relate to CHD and oxidative damage to LDL may explain part of this association.

Individuals with abdominal obesity are at higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes, predisposing cardiovascular events and insulin resistance. Low glycemic index (GI) diets may be beneficial in the management of insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is associated with increased intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content as measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). The primary objective of this thesis was to determine whether a low GI diet can improve insulin sensitivity by reducing IMCL of skeletal muscle. One hundred and twenty-one male and female participants aged 30 to 70 years (mean+SD, 53+10)) with abdominal obesity, entered a 4 to 6 week weight-maintaining, low-fat dietary advice run-in phase. Of the 121 eligible participants, 95 completed the run-in phase and were randomly assigned to either a low-GI (LGID, n=48) or high-GI diet (HGID, n=47) for 24 weeks. Participants underwent a 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and had soleus-muscle IMCL measured by 1H-MRS at the beginning and end of the intervention period. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by the homeostatic model assessment index (HOMA) and the insulinogenic index (ISI) was calculated for insulin secretion. At the end of the run-in phase, there were significant reductions in serum total-, LDL-, and HDL-cholesterol (all, p<0.0001) and an increase in fasting plasma glucose (p<0.05). In 57 participants who wore a continuous glucose monitoring system for 24 hours during the run-in period, a total of 30% (p<0.001) of the variation in the incremental area under the blood glucose curve after self-selected breakfast meals was explained by GI. After 24 weeks, diet GI was significantly lower in the LGID than HGID group (55.5+3.1 vs 63.9+3.1, p<0.0001). Plasma glucose 60 minutes after the OGTT was significantly lower on the LGID than at baseline (p<0.05) and there was a non-significant trend towards an increase in ISI (p=0.07). On the HGID, ISI increased significantly from baseline (p<0.01). It is concluded that the LGID reduced 60 minute plasma glucose but did not significantly affect IMCL or insulin sensitivity in individuals with abdominal obesity.

Individuals with abdominal obesity are at higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes, predisposing cardiovascular events and insulin resistance. Low glycemic index (GI) diets may be beneficial in the management of insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is associated with increased intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content as measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). The primary objective of this thesis was to determine whether a low GI diet can improve insulin sensitivity by reducing IMCL of skeletal muscle. One hundred and twenty-one male and female participants aged 30 to 70 years (mean+SD, 53+10)) with abdominal obesity, entered a 4 to 6 week weight-maintaining, low-fat dietary advice run-in phase. Of the 121 eligible participants, 95 completed the run-in phase and were randomly assigned to either a low-GI (LGID, n=48) or high-GI diet (HGID, n=47) for 24 weeks. Participants underwent a 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and had soleus-muscle IMCL measured by 1H-MRS at the beginning and end of the intervention period. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by the homeostatic model assessment index (HOMA) and the insulinogenic index (ISI) was calculated for insulin secretion. At the end of the run-in phase, there were significant reductions in serum total-, LDL-, and HDL-cholesterol (all, p<0.0001) and an increase in fasting plasma glucose (p<0.05). In 57 participants who wore a continuous glucose monitoring system for 24 hours during the run-in period, a total of 30% (p<0.001) of the variation in the incremental area under the blood glucose curve after self-selected breakfast meals was explained by GI. After 24 weeks, diet GI was significantly lower in the LGID than HGID group (55.5+3.1 vs 63.9+3.1, p<0.0001). Plasma glucose 60 minutes after the OGTT was significantly lower on the LGID than at baseline (p<0.05) and there was a non-significant trend towards an increase in ISI (p=0.07). On the HGID, ISI increased significantly from baseline (p<0.01). It is concluded that the LGID reduced 60 minute plasma glucose but did not significantly affect IMCL or insulin sensitivity in individuals with abdominal obesity.

Objetivo: Determinar el índice glicémico de Pouteria lúcuma (lúcuma), Annona cherimola (chirimoya) y Mauritia flexuosa (aguaje). Materiales y métodos: el estudio fue de tipo experimental. Se reunió a 9 sujetos que fueron seleccionados tras una serie de pruebas, se les extrajo muestras de sangre venosa mediante la colocación de un catéter venoso, ello para determinar la glucosa en los tiempos 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 y 120 minutos. Dichas muestras se tomaron tras la ingesta de los alimentos en estudio, lúcuma, chirimoya y aguaje, empleando como patrón referencial a la glucosa anhidra. Una vez obtenidos los resultados de la glucosa por cada tiempo, se determinó el índice glicémico mediante la sumatoria del área bajo la curva de cada alimento. Resultados: Se obtuvo un índice glicémico de 68 para la lúcuma, 58 para la chirimoya y 35 para el aguaje. Considerándose para la dos primeras un índice glicémico medio y para el último, un índice glicémico bajo. Conclusión: En el estudio presentado se determinó el índice glicémico de tres frutas nativas peruanas: la lúcuma, chirimoya y aguaje, que fueron 68%, 58% y 35%; respectivamente, empleando como alimento referencial la glucosa anhidra. / Objective: To determine the glycemic index of Pouteria lucuma (lúcuma), Annona cherimola (cherimoya) y Mauritia flexuosa (aguaje). Materials and methods: The study was experimental. It met 9 subjects that were selected after a serie of tests. They were extracted venous blood samples by placing a venous catheter, thereby to determine glucose at times 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. These samples were taken after food intake (lucuma, cherimoya and aguaje), using anhydrous glucose as reference. After obtaining the results of glucose per time, the glycemic index was determined by the sum of the area under the curve of each food. Results: The glycemic index obtained was 68 for lucuma, 58 for cherimoya and 35 for aguaje. Considered for the first two medium glycemic index and for the latter, a low glycemic index. Conclusion: In the presented study, the glycemic index of three peruvian native fruits was determined: lucuma, cherimoya and aguaje, which were 68%, 58% and 35%; respectively, using as a reference food anhydrous glucose. / Tesis

Objetivo: Comparar el Índice Glicémico (IG) de tres variedades de Chenopodium Quinoa Wildenow (CQW) provenientes de Perú. Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio cuasi-experimental de acuerdo a la norma ISO 26642:2010(E), en 26 adultos voluntarios aparentemente sanos residentes en Lima, Perú. Las variables de exposición fueron tres variedades de quinua: CQW Blanca Salcedo (CQW–B), CQW Negra Collana (CQW–N) y CQW Roja Pasankalla (CQW–R). Se tomaron muestras de sangre capilar en siete momentos durante un periodo de dos horas y se analizaron mediante el método de glucosa oxidasa. La estimación del IG se basó en las áreas bajo la curva obtenidas mediante el método trapezoidal. La comparación de los valores de IG se realizó mediante el múltiple análisis de varianza para muestras dependientes (MANOVA). Resultados: El IG de CQW - B y CQW – N, fueron clasificadas como de IG medio, con valores de 63,1 ± 22,3 y 62,3 ± 22,5 respectivamente, y la CQW - R fue clasificada como de IG alto, con un valor de 74,8 ± 29,7. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas tanto para los valores crudos (p= 0,33), como ajustados por edad y sexo (p= 0,27) entre los IG de las tres variadades de quinua. Conclusiones: El IG de las variedades de quinua estudiadas no es bajo y podría ser incorporado en la dietoterapia de pacientes que requieran del control glicémico, mediante un control adecuado de porciones asesorado por un profesional de la salud capacitado. / Objective: To compare the glycemic index (GI) of three varieties of Chenopodium Quinoa Wildenow (CQW) from Peru. Materials and methods: - 26 participants apparently healthy volunteers living in Lima: a quasi-experimental study according to the ISO 26642 standard was conducted. Exposure variables were three varieties of quinoa: Blanca CQW Salcedo (CQW - B), CQW Black Collana (CQW - N) and CQW Red Pasankalla (CQW - R). Capillary blood samples were taken seven times over a period of two hours and analyzed by the glucose oxidase method. IG estimation was based on the areas under the curve obtained by the trapezoidal method. The comparison of GI values was performed by multiple analysis of variance for dependent samples (MANOVA). Results: The GI of CQW - B and CQW - N were classified as medium-GI, with values of 63.1 ± 22.3 and 62.3 ± 22.5 respectively, and CQW - R was classified as high-GI with a value of 74.8 ± 29.7. No statistically significant both crude level (p = 0.33) differences were found, as adjusted by age and sex (p = 0.27). Conclusion: IG quinoa varieties studied is not low and therefore should be incorporated in the diet therapy of patients requiring glycemic control through proper portion control advice from a dietitian nutritionist. / Tesis

Sun, Fenghua. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 177-204). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

<p>Abstract</p><p>Title: The GI- method –bluff or the path to healthy life?</p><p>Number of pages: 41</p><p>Tutor: Lowe Hedman</p><p>Author: Annika Westlund</p><p>Course: Media and Communication Studies C</p><p>Period: Fall 2006</p><p>University: Division of Media and Communications Studies C</p><p>Purpose/Aim: The aim of this essay was to investigate how the site GI viktkoll describes glycemic index on their website. The intention was also to investigate how the media presented GI through articles and how they used doctors and dieticians to appear trustworthy. Another aim was to investigate what effect GI viktkoll could have on its readers.</p><p>Method/Material: I have chosen a qualitative method where I did a discourse analysis of the articles which were presented on the GI viktkolls website during a period of three weeks. This was my main method in the essay. I also did two interviews with educated professionals. The articles on the website were thereby the main material I used in the essay.</p><p>Main results: My result shows that GI viktkoll do have an underlying aim in wanting to influence its readers ina specific way. Therefore my result shows that it is important as a reader, to be aware of that GI viktkoll might not present a critical way of thinking and every aspect of the phenomenon. GI viktkoll also has influence on people because they have power to change peoples mind about the phenomenon GImethod in the society. GI viktkoll only presents the healthy way of living through the GI method, although there still there is a lot of disagreement from other directions such as doctors and dieticians about the actual effects of the GI method on healthy people.</p><p>Keywords: glycemic index, media culture, encoding/decoding, discourse analysis.</p>