The focus of this research study is glycemic control in the presence of multiple morbidities and polypharmacy in homebound individuals with Type 2 diabetes aged 65 years and older. The research method is a quantitative retrospective cohort study of discharged patients of a nonprofit community-based home health agency from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2011, using OASIS data. Glycemic control is assessed using the hA1C laboratory test following the recommendation of the American Diabetes Association. The study documents a moderate significant association between glycemic control, polypharmacy and comorbid conditions, indicating that homebound individuals with Type 2 diabetes aged 65 years and older are less likely to have optimal glycemic control in the presence of multiple morbidities and polypharmacy. There continues to be a need for scientific research in this population cohort; and the dose-response association between antidiabetic therapy interventions designed to lower blood glucose levels in the presence of chronic disease and polypharmacy.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-07-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:41:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cavalheiro_sfl_dr_arafcf.pdf: 9453648 bytes, checksum: c79876e33e0a6edbfac171334d0ca967 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / No Brasil estima-se a existência de aproximadamente 12 milhões de adultos com Diabetes Mellitus (DM) e destes entre 54 a 76% apresentam taxas de mau controle. Esta situação torna o DM um sério problema de saúde pública, devido tanto ao número de pessoas afetadas como aos custos envolvidos no seu controle e no tratamento de suas complicações. A previsão é que em 2030 haverá um crescimento de 67,11% nesta população. Tal situação demonstra a necessidade de melhora urgente no atendimento ou a inserção de novas abordagens de cuidado com evidências científicas (estudos translacionais). Neste sentido, este estudo translacional fase 1 pretende desenvolver e avaliar um protocolo de Atenção Farmacêutica intensivo com metodologia educacional de empoderamento (ATENFAR-EPW), visando contribuir na melhoria do controle glicêmico e qualidade de vida de adultos com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). MÉTODOS. Estudo conduzido em 3 etapas por farmacêutico-educador em diabetes: (1) desenvolvimento e elaboração do protocolo de ATENFAR-EPW e de instrumentos para acompanhamento e avaliação de indicadores; (2) estudo clínico controlado e randomizado em dois grupos – grupo de intervenção com n=12 (GAF) e grupo de atendimento usual com n=8 (GAU); (3) avaliação de aceitação do protocolo. RESULTADOS. (1) características do protocolo desenvolvido: (a) atendimento domiciliar e ou... / In Brazil it is estimated there are approximately 12 million adults with Diabetes Mellitus (DM), and, from this population, the rate for poor glycemic control varies from 54 to 76%. This makes DM a serious public health problem due to both, the number of people affected, and the cost of controlling and treating DM related complications. This situation demonstrates the urgent need for improvement in service or the insertion of new approaches to care based on scientific evidence (translational research). Thus, this study aims to develop a translational research and evaluate a protocol for intensive Pharmaceutical Care with educational methodology of empowerment (ATENFAR-EPW), aiming to improve glycemic control and quality of life of adults with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). METHODS. The study was conducted in steps by the pharmacist-educator in diabetes: (1) development and drafting of the protocol ATENFAR-EPW and tools for monitoring and evaluation of the indicators, (2) controlled and randomized clinical study into two groups - the intervention group with n = 12 (GAF) and usual care group with n = 8 (GAU), conducted from October 2010 to July 2011. RESULTS. (1) characteristics of the developed protocol: (a) home care or by phone or outpatient, (b). number of visits / duration = 6 ± 2 visits / 12 weeks, (c) length of service / adult = 56 ± 28 min, (d) no. of interventions / adult = 48 ± 14. (2) Evaluation of the impact of the study: (a) significant reduction in HbA1c (- 1.3 ± 1.1, p = 0.005), (b) significant improvement of... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Diabetes mellitus and periodontitis are diseases of high prevalence. These two diseases are also related with each other. Periodontal therapies have already become a part of the treatment for glycemic control; however the benefits of different periodontal therapies are unclear. In the first phase of this study, we performed a systematic review of the current randomized controlled trials for the benefits of periodontal therapies. In the second phase, we analyzed the evidence for the benefits of periodontal therapies (serum HbA1c, fructosamine, periodontal pocket depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, plaque index, gingival index, C-reaction protein, and gingival crevicular fluid volume). In the third phase, we reported safety issues (total withdrawals, withdrawal due to serious adverse effects, serious adverse events and common adverse effects). In general, most included studies were poorly reported. Additional high-quality research studies into benefits of periodontal therapies are needed.

Green tea contains high concentrations of polyphenolic compounds known as catechins. Studies in animal models suggest several potential mechanisms for specific metabolic effects at rest and during exercise, including improved glycemic control, altered activity of several glucose transporter proteins and improved endurance capacity. In humans, green tea extract (GTE) supplementation has been associated with improved glycemic control under resting conditions and increased fat oxidation during exercise. This dissertation examined the potential interactive effects of GTE supplementation and exercise on metabolism in humans with a focus on glycemic control. In Study 1, we demonstrated that GTE increased lipolysis and reduced heart rate during steady-state exercise in recreationally active men. Although substrate oxidation was not affected, GTE appeared to lower postprandial glucose under resting conditions. We hypothesized that the effects of GTE on exercise metabolism and glycemic control would be more apparent in humans with reduced exercise tolerance and impaired glucose tolerance. Thus, in Study 2, we examined the effects of GTE in sedentary overweight men. There were no differences in any metabolic or physiological responses during exercise; however, following exercise, GTE supplementation reduced [glucose] and insulinemia in response to an oral glucose load. Based on the findings of Study 2, the aim of Study 3 was to elucidate potential mechanisms for the alterations in glycemic response. Through the use of a dual-glucose tracer method, we demonstrated that GTE did not affect the rate of appearance of glucose in plasma in sedentary men; however, GTE supplementation allowed for the same glucose clearance rate despite a reduced insulinemia. We also observed lower carbohydrate oxidation during exercise with GTE. These findings suggest that GTE has an insulin-sensitizing effect during recovery from exercise, possibly due to enhanced glucose transporter activity; however, this hypothesis warrants further investigation in humans. / Dissertation / Doctor of Science (PhD) / Tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world. Compared to other teas, green tea has a greater abundance of catechins, compounds that have been associated with health benefits particularly related to the metabolism of sugars and fats. This unique property of green tea could partly explain its longstanding medicinal role in some Asian cultures. Extensive research on green tea has increased its popularity over the past three decades. Studies involving both humans and other animals have shown improvements in weight control and glycemic control. In response to these findings green tea is often touted as having “anti-obesity” and anti-diabetic” properties. This dissertation examined the interaction between green tea extract supplementation and exercise on metabolism with a particular focus on blood sugar control. We observed that supplementation with green tea extract improved the response to sugar ingested after exercise. This finding has important implications for improving the control of ingested sugar in humans.

Hyperglycemia is prevalent in critical care, as patients experience stress-induced hyperglycemia, even with no history of diabetes. Hyperglycemia has a significant impact on patient mortality and other negative clinical outcomes such as severe infection, sepsis and septic shock. Tight glycemic control can significantly reduce these negative outcomes by reducing hyperglycemic episode, but achieving it remains clinically elusive, particularly with regard to what constitutes tight control and what protocols are optimal in terms of results and clinical effort. The model used in this thesis is validated using an independent data and readily be used for different clinical interventions. Moreover, this model also able to accurately predict clinical intervention outcomes given that the model prediction error is very small, which is better than any other reported model. In particular, model-based glycemic control methods is used to capture patient-specific physiological dynamics, such as insulin sensitivity, SI. To date, sepsis diagnosis has been a great challenge despite advancement in technologies and medical research. Critically, septic patients are often classified by practitioners according to their experience before standard test results can be assessed, as to avoid delay in treatment. Moreover, several scoring systems have also been widely used to represent sepsis condition and better standardization of sepsis definition across different centers. In this thesis, insulin sensitivity, SI, a model-based metric is used to identify sepsis condition based on the finding that SI represents metabolic condition of a patient. Additionally, several clinical and physiological variables obtained during patient’s stay in critical care are also investigated using mathematical computation and statistical analysis to identify relevant metric which can be accurately use for sepsis interventions. Even though information on SI, clinical and physiological variables of a patient are insufficient to determine the sepsis status, these informations have brought to a different perspective of diagnosing sepsis. Microcirculation dysfunction is very common in sepsis. Tracking of microcirculation state among septic patient enable better tracking of patient state particularly sepsis status. The tracking can potentially be done by using a pulse oximeter that can extract additional information related to oxygen extraction level. The processed signals are therefore represent relative absorption of oxyhemoglobin and reduced hemoglobin that can be used to assess microcirculation status. In addition, this thesis focus on the real challenge of early treatment of sepsis and sepsis diagnosis where several potential metabolic markers are investigated. Microcirculation conditions are assessed using a non-invasive method that is generally used in typical ICU settings. In particular, the concept and method used to assess microcirculation and metabolic conditions are developed in this thesis. Finally, the work presented in this thesis can act as a starting point for many other glycemic control problems in other environments. These areas include cardiac critical care and neonatal critical care that share most similarities to the environment studied in this thesis, to general diabetes where the population is growing exponentially world wide. Eventually, this added knowledge can lead clinical developments from protocol simulations to better clinical decision making.

Class of 2010 Abstract / OBJECTIVES: To evaluate glycemic control, therapy associated weight loss/gain, and hypoglycemic events for the newer type 2 diabetic agents pramlintide, exenatide, and sitagliptin. METHODS: The meta-analysis examined the efficacy of three currently FDA approved peptide analogues in nonpregnant adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. All randomized, placebo controlled trials of exenatide, pramlintide, and sitagliptin that were indexed in MEDLINE or and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews that fit the inclusion criteria were included. The drug treatment efficacy was analyzed in terms of HbA1c (glycosylated hemoglobin) change from baseline compared to placebo in trials lasting at least 12 weeks. Weight change from baseline per treatment group was also a primary measure. The safety of the treatments was assessed in terms of number of hypoglycemic events noted in the clinical trials. Each of these dependent variables was assessed separately for the three products. RESULTS: The meta-analysis of the six exenatide articles included in the analysis found statistically significant reductions in both HbA1c and weight when compared to placebo. However, patients were three times as likely to experience hypoglycemia with exenatide than placebo (RR= 3.01 95%CI[0.427 to 3.865]). Meta-analysis of pramlintide studies showed statistically significant lowering of HbA1c and weight. Overall pramlintide resulted in a rate of hypoglycemia nearly equal to that of placebo (RR= 0.94 95%CI[0.699 to 1.265]). Meta-analysis of sitagliptin found statistically significant reductions in HbA1c compared to placebo. However, sitagliptin use was not associated with a reduction in weight in the random effects meta-analysis model. In terms of hypoglycemic events, sitagliptin use was associated with 2.89 times greater risk of causing hypoglycemic episodes compared to placebo (RR=2.89 95%CI[0.704 to 5.877]). CONCLUSIONS: All three newer products were associated with improved glycemic control compared to placebo. Improvement in weight was associated with exenatide and pramlintide treatment. Pramlintide was not associated with an increase in hypoglycemic episodes.

The present study aimed to examine factors that predict glycemic control in Hispanic youths. Secondary aims included developing and evaluating Spanish translations of three measures commonly used in research with youths with type 1 diabetes and examining factors associated with diabetes self-management in this population. Data was collected at three sites through interviews, questionnaires, and medical chart review. Participants included 117 Hispanic diabetic youths (10 to 17 years old) and their caregiver. 15% of the youths who participated were born outside of the continental U.S. and 57% were first generation born in the U.S. Translations of the Diabetes Self-Management Profile, Diabetes Social Support Questionnaire-Family version, and the Family Environment Scale?s Organization subscale had adequate reliability and showed evidence of concurrent validity. Primary analyses indicated that parent education, occupation, and household income are all significant predictors of glycemic control in Hispanic youth. In addition, global ratings of diabetes self-management on the DSMP predicted control in this population. Family factors did not contribute directly to glycemic control after controlling for sociodemographic and disease variables. However, older age, more acculturation, and language barriers were associated with poorer self-management. Additionally, family support and organization significantly contributed to self-management.

This dissertation examines the impact of exercise rehabilitation and the components of exercise prescriptions on optimizing health outcomes for people with diabetes (DM). Exercise is an accepted part of the diabetes management regime to help prevent or slow the progression of the disease. A combined aerobic and resistance training protocol is the recommended exercise regime for people with DM, but the question remains as to what the optimal dose may be for glycemic control and reduction of cardiovascular risk. This thesis aims to address three objectives surrounding optimal exercise prescriptions for diabetes: 1) To investigate aerobic exercise prescription efficacy in people with DM, coronary artery disease (CAD) and both CAD and DM to determine if there are population-specific VO2peak responses to exercise prescription; 2) To determine the optimal volume and intensity of resistance training exercise, in combination with aerobic training, that may improve glucose control, cardiovascular risk factors and body composition in people with type 2 DM (T2DM); and 3) To study the relationship between exercise performance, physiological changes and depressive mood in people with T2DM participating in a supervised, exercise program. Encouraging participation in an appropriately prescribed aerobic and resistance training program may help to improve adherence to exercise and elicit optimal health outcomes in people with T2DM. Tailoring the exercise prescription to suit the patient’s lifestyle, history and capacity is the utmost challenge for health care providers who hope to provide a complementary, non-pharmacologic therapeutic option for their patients.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and periodontal disease (PD) are both common, chronic and debilitating diseases. This paper will illustrate the bidirectional relationship between the two disease processes and how treatment of periodontal disease can improve the glycemic control and overall health of patients with DM. Multiple studies that will be discussed have shown this relationship and concluded PD treatment improves the health of patients with DM, especially in regards to glycemic control. Unfortunately, at this time there is very little data from large scale studies on this topic. The proposed study intends to perform a RCT to show that non-surgical PD treatment in patients with periodontal disease improves glycemic control, hsCRP levels, and kidney function of patients with diabetes mellitus. The significance of this study cannot be understated. The hypothesized conclusions would provide an adjunct therapy to treat DM and its complications potentially preventing end organ damage and progression of disease, which would help to improve the great healthcare burden of this disease.

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2012-09-04T19:21:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Zaira Onofre Nunes Avaliação do controle glicêmico e seus determinantes em pacientes com diabetes mellitus....pdf: 1394652 bytes, checksum: 56dba13366982abd621882b5e8bfad9c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-04T19:21:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zaira Onofre Nunes Avaliação do controle glicêmico e seus determinantes em pacientes com diabetes mellitus....pdf: 1394652 bytes, checksum: 56dba13366982abd621882b5e8bfad9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, Bahia, Brasil / O Diabetes Mellitus (DM) é uma doença metabólica crônica caracterizada por hiperglicemia persistente devido a deficiência na secreção e/ou na ação da insulina. Geralmente, está associada a complicações micro e macrovasculares devido a persistência de valores altos de glicemia. Por conta da maior industrialização, mudança na qualidade e nos hábitos de vida, maus hábitos alimentares, maior expectativa de vida, dentre outros, o DM vem atingindo proporções epidêmicas no mundo. Este crescimento atinge tanto países desenvolvidos quanto em desenvolvimento constituindo, assim, um problema de saúde pública. Os dados sobre a epidemiologia do diabetes na Venezuela são escassos e limitados. Estima-se que a prevalência de DM neste país varie de 3.8 a 7.3% e acredita-se estar em crescimento. Informações sobre o controle glicêmico e fatores de risco para o controle inadequado do diabetes são importantes para o planejamento de programas de saúde que contribuam na melhoria do atendimento ao paciente diabético. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar a prevalência de controle glicêmico inadequado em pacientes diabéticos de acordo com o tipo e duração da doença, determinar fatores associados ao mau controle glicêmico e identificar informações úteis para programas de melhoria do controle glicêmico em pacientes com diabetes. Este estudo é um inquérito de corte-transversal, conduzido de janeiro a junho de 2007, onde a população em estudo foi composta por pacientes diabéticos atendidos regularmente em serviços e centros médicos em oito regiões da Venezuela. O controle glicêmico foi avaliado através da dosagem de HbA1c pelo método de HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography). O ponto de corte para determinar controle adequado foi HbA1c <7.0%. No total foram avaliados 4.075 indivíduos, sendo 349 (9%) portadores de DM tipo 1 (DM1) e 3.726 (91%) com DM tipo 2 (DM2). A prevalência de controle glicêmico inadequado foi de 76%; ao estratificarmos por tipo de diabetes, o pacientes com DM1 apresentaram 87% de controle inadequado e aqueles com DM2 75%. Na avaliação da regressão linear, das variáveis analisadas mostraram associação com o pior controle glicêmico para o DM1, o baixo nível de escolaridade e a pior auto-percepção do controle glicêmico. Já para o DM2 mostraram associação com pior controle glicêmico menor idade, tipo de tratamento, menor nível de escolaridade, maior duração da doença, aderência ruim a dieta, a participação em grupos de educação para o diabetes e a pior auto-percepção do controle. Apesar das evidências clinicas que apóiam o controle rigoroso da glicemia, constatamos que poucos pacientes diabéticos na Venezuela alcançaram as metas de controle glicêmico recomendadas. Isso pode contribuir para o aumento das taxas de complicações micro e macrovasculares e podem impactar em aumento nos custos dos cuidados de saúde. / Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to deficiency in the secretion and / or insulin action. Generally is associated with macrovascular and microvascular complications due to persistent high levels of blood glucose. Due to the increased industrialization, changes in quality and lifestyle, poor eating habits, higher life expectancy, among others, the DM is reaching epidemic proportions in the world. This increase affects both developed and developing countries and thus constitutes a public health problem. Data on the epidemiology of diabetes in Venezuela is scarce and limited. It is estimated that the prevalence of DM in this country ranges from 3.8 to 7.3% and is believed to be growing. Information on glycemic control and risk factors for inadequate control of diabetes are important for planning health programs that contribute to the improvement of care for diabetic patients. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of inadequate glycemic control in diabetic patients according to the type and duration of disease, determine factors associated with poor glycemic control and to identify useful information for programs to improve glycemic control in patients with diabetes. This study is a cross-sectional survey, conducted from January to June 2007, which the study population was composed of diabetic patients seen regularly at services and medical centers in eight regions of Venezuela. Glycemic control was assessed by measurement of HbA1c by HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography). The cutoff point for determining appropriate control was HbA1c <7.0%. Overall 4.075 individuals were evaluated, 349 (9%) patients with type 1 DM (T1DM) and 3.726 (91%) with type 2 DM (T2DM). The prevalence of poor glycemic control was 76%; when stratified by type of diabetes, patients with T1DM were 87% of inadequately controlled and those with T2DM 75%. In the evaluation of linear regression, the variables showed association with poor glycemic control for type 1 diabetes, the low level of education and worse self-perception of glycemic control. As for DM2 were associated with poor glycemic control variables younger age, type of treatment, lower education level, longer disease duration, poor adherence to diet, group education for diabetes and worse self-perception of control. Despite the clinical evidence supporting tight control of diabetes, we found that few diabetic patients in Venezuela met the recommended glycemic control targets. This may contribute to increased rates of macrovascular and microvascular complications and which may impact on rising costs of health care.