The growing consumer demand for edamame (vegetable soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in the U.S. has led to current research efforts to increase the production of this nutritious vegetable in the country. This specialty crop has been suggested as an economically attractive alternative to tobacco production, which has decreased in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeast areas. Thus, breeding programs led by Virginia Tech and University of Arkansas have been working on the development of edamame cultivars that meet both agronomical and consumer expectations for production and sales in the U.S. In two consecutive years, selected genotypes were tested in the field and by consumers, in order to identify breeding lines that could potentially be released and succeed in the U.S. market. Twenty genotypes were grown in Virginia and Arkansas in 2018 and, among them, ten were selected to be grown in Virginia, Missouri and Mississippi in 2019. Then, sensory evaluation and consumer studies (surveys) were conducted to identify desired/valuable characteristics of edamame and support breeding selection criteria. Participants of the sensory panels were adult volunteers not allergic to soy. Both years, overall acceptability was significantly different among edamame genotypes (p < 0.05) and higher scores were positively associated with 'salty' and 'sweet', but negatively associated with 'bitter', 'sour', 'sulfury/rotten egg' flavor attributes. The a* color coordinate (CIELAB) and green intensity index were significant predictors of appearance liking (p < 0.05) and consumers were willing to pay more for dark green than light green edamame beans. The outcomes of our web-based survey suggested consumers have a positive attitude towards domestically produced edamame and have a higher intention to buy fresh products and edamame in the pods. Additionally, price, availability, and familiarity with the vegetable brand, respectively, seemed to be the most important factors consumers consider in their decision-making process to purchase edamame. These important findings will continue to provide guidance for further research on edamame and can be used to prepare key messages to stakeholders at all stages of the agriculture and food (edamame) systems for the purpose of promoting a sustainable domestic production of this specialty crop in the U.S. / Doctor of Philosophy / The agriculture and food systems have been challenged to develop more nutritious foods and adopt more sustainable practices in order to properly feed our growing global population and improve food security. In this context, foods with sensory characteristics (appearance, aroma, taste, texture) that consumers appreciate have higher chances to succeed in the market, which may reduce food waste. Over the years, several fruit and vegetable crops for U.S. production had their nutritional value, overall quality, and/or agronomic characteristics improved through breeding techniques. In the last decade, edamame (vegetable soybean) has gained attention from plant breeders and food producers due to its increasing consumption and sales in the country. Edamame is a protein-rich legume traditionally consumed in Asia; it has been suggested as a high-value crop for production in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeast areas, where tobacco production has decreased significantly. Thus, researchers across the country have been working to develop high-quality edamame seeds that can grow well in the U.S. and can succeed in the domestic market. In 2018, Virginia Tech and University of Arkansas breeding programs selected twenty edamame seeds to be grown in Virginia and Arkansas; then, in 2019, ten of these seeds were grown in Virginia, Missouri, and Mississippi. In sequence, sensory evaluation and consumer studies were performed to support breeding decisions and identify consumers preferences. Overall, edamame described as 'salty' or 'sweet' was preferred over edamame described as 'bitter' or 'sour' and differences in consumer acceptability helped breeders to identify seeds with higher sensory quality. Greener color of edamame beans was associated with more likeable appearance and consumers showed willingness to pay higher price for darker green edamame beans. Our study suggested consumers have a preference for fresh products, for edamame in the pods, and tend to value domestically grown edamame over imported products. Price, availability, and familiarity with the vegetable brand were suggested as the major factors that consumers ponder when purchasing edamame. Our findings will support future research on edamame and can be used to prepare key messages for the purpose of promoting a sustainable production of this nutritious vegetable in the U.S.

The yield response of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to reproductive stage applications of either nitrogen (N) or boron (B) has been inconsistent. This study evaluated soybean seed yield response to foliar applications of B and soil applications of N at two stages of plant development, at two row spacings, at four irrigation levels, and on three cultivars over three years. Planting dates were either mid-May or mid-June, except the year two of the irrigated soil moisture experiment which had a second planting date of early July. In an experiment to evaluate B rate and timing, B was applied at four rates from 0 to 0.56 kg ha-1 at the R3 or R5 development stage. In an experiment to evaluate N rate and timing, N was applied at seven rates from 0 to 168 kg ha-1 at either the R3 or R5 development stage. A third experiment to evaluate row spacing and cultivar effects on N and B had four treatments: 0 N and 0 B; 56 kg ha -1 N, and 0 B; 0 N and 0.28 kg ha-1 B; and finally 56 kg ha-1 N and 0.28 kg ha-1 B. Treatments were applied to three soybean cultivars planted in either 23 or 46 cm row spacings. The above experiments were irrigated to evaluate treatments at high yield levels. To further evaluate the effect of soil moisture, the same four N and B combinations were applied to soybeans irrigated via a sub-surface micro-drip irrigation system delivering four irrigation regimes: 0%, 33%, 66%, or 100% of plant required water. Gradients were established in year one of this experiment, but late season rains eliminated gradients, and high rainfall in the second year disallowed gradient establishment. Applications of N or B had no effect on seed yields in any experiment, or at any moisture level. In the row spacing and cultivar experiment, there were significant effects of varieties, and a significant interaction between row spacing and variety in two of the three years. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:36:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_Dioneia_Schauren.pdf: 1423973 bytes, checksum: b4e6522aca41b7fe6c0e7a6c12fde0d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-30 / The artificial cooling has emerged as an alternative to maintaining the quality of seeds, whereas not always the storage environment, due to the conditions of temperature and relative humidity, this allows maintenance. Thus, the aim of this experiment was to evaluate the quality of soybean seeds subjected to cooling prior to storage. Seeds of soybean cultivar CD225RR from 5 to 6 mm sieves were subjected to cooling in cooler Coolseed brand, model PCS 12. A batch of seeds from the same source was not submitted prior to cooling. The seeds were stored in conventional storage Cooperative Agricultural Research Center - COODETEC of Rattlesnake for a period of 184 days between February August 2010. Every thirty days were sampled these stored seeds in order to evaluate the physiological quality (moisture content, weight of thousand seeds, infestation, germination, the first count germination, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, tetrazolium test and volumetric weight). Analyses were performed in the laboratories of Food Technology and Seed State University of Western Paraná. In the warehouse, the air temperature ranged from 10 to 30 ° C. The cooling prior to storage and seed size resulted in significant differences in moisture content and in the first count germination of soybean cultivar CD 225RR. For mass of thousand seeds, germination, volumetric weight, electrical conductivity and accelerated aging effect was observed only in seed size. The use of cooling prior to storage did not improve the physiological quality of soybean cultivar CD225RR to the conditions under which the experiment was conducted / O resfriamento artificial surgiu como uma alternativa para manutenção da qualidade de sementes, considerando que nem sempre o ambiente de armazenagem, devido às condições de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, permite esta manutenção. Desta forma, o objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar a qualidade de sementes de soja submetidas a resfriamento prévio ao armazenamento. Sementes de soja da cultivar CD225RR provenientes de peneiras 5 e 6 mm foram submetidas a resfriamento em refrigerador da marca Coolseed, modelo PCS 12. Um lote de sementes da mesma procedência não foi submetido ao resfriamento prévio. As sementes foram armazenadas em armazém convencional da Cooperativa Central de Pesquisa Agrícola COODETEC de Cascavel por um período de 184 dias entre fevereiro de agosto de 2010. A cada trinta dias foram coletadas amostras destas sementes armazenadas de forma a avaliar a qualidade fisiológica (teor de umidade, massa de mil sementes, infestação, germinação, germinação na primeira contagem, envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica, teste do tetrazólio e peso volumétrico). As análises foram realizadas nos Laboratórios de Tecnologia de Alimentos e de Sementes da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná. No armazém, a temperatura do ar variou de 10 a 30ºC. O resfriamento prévio ao armazenamento e o tamanho das sementes resultaram em diferenças significativas no teor de umidade e na germinação na primeira contagem de sementes de soja da cultivar CD 225RR. Para massa de mil sementes, germinação, peso volumétrico, condutividade elétrica e envelhecimento acelerado houve efeito somente do tamanho das sementes. A utilização de resfriamento prévio ao armazenamento não promoveu melhora na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja da cultivar CD225RR para as condições em que o experimento foi conduzido

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:19:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcio Name.pdf: 1013582 bytes, checksum: 1b62590d2be2ac2c8972f1a3e80d7803 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-06 / The evaluation of the root system is important for better understanding of the effects of nutrient management on soil and plant mineral nutrition. However, this review has been a complex, comprehensive and conducive to sampling error and measurement activity. In this context, digital image processing and image analysis can help as they have been used in solutions of similar problems. The objective of this study was to develop a computational method to assist in the evaluation of root growth for washed samples of soybean, reducing the time spent. The results were compared with traditional methods (intersection line and fresh mass), and SAFIRA software Embrapa. The proposed method has been developed in Java platform with the OpenCV library supply through the plug-in JavaCV. The method validation was performed by comparing images (300 dpi) of samples of copper wires, 10, 20 and 50 mm in length, with values obtained manually using a caliper, obtaining coefficients of variation (CV) between 0.01 and 2.99%. Relations among the estimated lengths with the proposed method and those obtained by the traditional method yielded CVs ranging between 0.10 and 2.10 %, which were better than the average SAFIRA (5.11% < CV < 49.45 %) at 300 dpi images. The method also reduced the time to obtain the attributes of roots in more than 53%. Thus, the proposed method showed to be effective, especially for measures of length and area samples are washed and is recommended for studies of roots of soybean. / A avaliação do sistema radicular é importante para melhor compreensão dos efeitos de manejo de nutrientes no solo e nutrição mineral de plantas. No entanto, essa avaliação tem sido uma atividade complexa, exaustiva e propícia a erros de amostragem e mensuração. Nesse contexto, o processamento digital de imagens e a análise de imagens podem auxiliar, pois têm sido utilizados em soluções de problemas similares. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um método computacional para auxiliar na avaliação do crescimento radicular para amostras lavadas da cultura da soja, reduzindo o tempo gasto. Os resultados foram comparados com os métodos tradicionais (linha de interseção e massa fresca), e o software SAFIRA da Embrapa. O método proposto foi desenvolvido em plataforma Java, com aporte da biblioteca OpenCV por meio do plug-in JavaCV. A validação do método foi realizada comparando imagens (300 dpi) de amostras de fios de cobre de, 10, 20 e 50 mm de comprimento, com os valores obtidos manualmente com paquímetro, obtendo coeficientes de variação (CV) entre 0,01 e 2,99%. Das relações entre os comprimentos estimados com o método proposto e os obtidos pelo método tradicional obtiveram-se CVs variando entre 0,10 e 2,10%, que foram em média melhores que o SAFIRA (5,11% < CV < 49,45%), em imagens de 300 dpi. O método também reduziu o tempo para obtenção dos atributos de raízes em mais de 53%. Dessa forma, o método proposto apresentou-se eficaz, principalmente para medidas de comprimento e área de amostras de raízes lavadas, sendo recomendado para estudos de raízes da cultura da soja.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The weeds adversely interfere with the development, yield and quality of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The inappropriate use of herbicides for weed control can lead to resistant biotypes appearance or tolerant, causing a change in the flora of weeds in fields. An example of this is the increased occurrence of morning-glory (Ipomoea spp.) In the fields of southern Brazil. The aim of this study were (i) to investigate the competitive ability of soybean and I. triloba, I. purpurea and I. indivisa undivided through the experimental method of substitutive series. (ii) quantify the losses arising from the competition of two species of morning-glory in coexistence with soybean. We conducted two experiments at greenhouse in a completely randomized design with four replications, using pots with a 8 dm3 capacity, with ratios of soybean and morning-glory 100: 0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 to 100: 0, the population was defined in the preliminary experiment 250 plants m-2. The second study was conducted in the field in the season 2013/2014. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications, with treatments being distributed in a factorial sequence, which evaluated the effect of competition on two soybean cultivars (TEC6029 and TEC7849), of a morning-glory (I . triloba and I. purpurea) infestation in different densities (0, 4, 8, 16 and 32 plants m-2). In the first experiment, the observed deviations in relative yield and straight overall relative yield in relation to the expected lines, resulted in convex lines for soybeans and concave to Ipomoea spp, so there was competition for resources and a more competitive species than the other. Soybean showed competitiveness more than morning-glory when species were in the same proportion. In the second experiment the soybean field coexistence with different population of morning-glory affects yield components and grain yield. / As plantas daninhas interferem negativamente no desenvolvimento, produtividade e qualidade da soja [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. O uso inadequado de herbicidas para o controle de plantas daninhas pode levar ao aparecimento de biótipos resistentes e ou tolerantes, provocando mudança na flora de plantas daninhas em lavouras de soja. Exemplo disso, é o aumento na ocorrência de corda-de-viola (Ipomoea spp.) nas lavouras da região Sul do Brasil. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho: (i) investigar a habilidade competitiva de plantas de soja e de I. triloba, I. purpurea e I. indivisa. (ii) quantificar os prejuízos decorrentes da competição de duas espécies de cordas-de-viola em convivência com a soja. O primeiro trabalho foi realizado por meio do método experimental de séries onde se realizou dois experimentos em casa-de-vegetação no delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, utilizando vasos com capacidade de 8 dm3, com proporções entre soja e corda-de-viola de 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 e 100:0, com população definida no experimento preliminar de 250 plantas m-2. O segundo trabalho foi realizado a campo na safra agrícola 2013/2014, com delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial, onde se avaliou o efeito da competição sobre duas cultivares de soja (TEC6029 e TEC7849), das espécies de corda-de-viola (I. triloba e I. purpurea) em diferentes populações (0, 4, 8, 16 e 32 plantas m-2). No primeiro experimento, os desvios observados nas retas de produtividade relativa e produtividade relativa total, em relação às retas esperadas, resultaram em linhas convexas para a soja e côncavas para Ipomoea spp, havendo competição pelos recursos sendo uma espécie mais competitiva do que a outra. A soja apresentou competitividade superior à corda-de-viola quando as espécies estavam na mesma proporção sendo que para a soja prevaleceu a competição intraespecífica enquanto que para as cordas-de-viola a competição interespecífica. No segundo experimento realizado a campo a convivência da soja com diferentes populações de cordas-de-viola afetam os componentes produtividade.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_cristiane_deuner.pdf: 471328 bytes, checksum: 0544ad4cc291a4cff337434a54a46afd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-21 / Soybean has great economic importance in agriculture as well as in Brazil and other cultures, productivity and profitability are key aspects. In this context, the use of seeds of good quality with high germination and vigor and in the appropriate dosage of fertilizers, plant available at the moment are demanded is very important to achieve an appropriate stand of plants, and seeds with satisfactory production quality. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of fertilizer management through seed treatment and foliar application on yield components and physiological and sanitary quality of soybean seeds. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications and six treatments, constituting a witness and five different combinations of nutrients (CoMo, Whole, Potassium phosphite, Manganese and CaB), applied as seed treatment or via leaf at different times. The nutritional managements used did not favor the performance of soybean, including grain yield, physiological and sanitary quality of the seed produced. There is a higher incidence of fungi of the genera Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. / A soja possui grande importância econômica na agricultura brasileira e assim como em outras culturas, a produtividade e a lucratividade são aspectos fundamentais. Nesse contexto, a utilização de sementes de boa qualidade, com germinação e vigor elevados e de fertilizantes na dose adequada, disponibilizados a planta no momento em que são demandados é de suma importância para se atingir um adequado estande de plantas, produção satisfatória e sementes com qualidade. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do manejo da adubação via tratamento de sementes e aplicação foliar sobre os componentes do rendimento e a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de soja. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e seis tratamentos, se constituindo de uma testemunha e mais cinco combinações entre diferentes nutrientes (CoMo, Completo, Fosfito de potássio, Manganês e CaB), aplicados via tratamento de sementes ou via foliar em diferentes épocas. Os manejos nutricionais utilizados não favoreceram o desempenho da cultivar de soja, incluindo o rendimento de grãos, a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária da semente produzida. Há maior incidência de fungos dos gêneros Penicillium spp. e Aspergillus spp.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21805号 / 農博第2318号 / 新制||農||1065(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H31||N5177(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科農学専攻 / (主査)教授 白岩 立彦, 教授 奥本 裕, 教授 稲村 達也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Double cropping soybean after small grain harvest does not always allow sufficient canopy growth to maximize photosynthesis and seed yield. This is due to a shorter growing season and moisture deficits common to the Mid-Atlantic USA. Leaf area index (LAI) is the ratio of unit leaf area of a crop to unit ground area and is a reliable indicator of leaf area development and crop biomass. An LAI of 3.5 to 4.0 by flowering is required to maximize yield potential. Soybean LAI will vary within and between fields due to soil differences, cultivar selection, and other cultural practices. Site-specific management strategies such as varying plant population may be used to manipulate LAI and increase yield in leaf area-limited systems. Furthermore, methods to remotely sense leaf area are in order to facilitate such management strategies in large fields. The objectives of this research were to: i) determine the effect of plant population density on soybean LAI and yield; ii) determine the relationship between LAI measured at different reproductive stages and yield; iii) investigate and validate relationships between LAI and yield for two cultivars in three crop rotations across varying soil moisture regimes; iv) validate relationships found in previous work between soybean LAI and yield across soil moisture regimes in grower fields; and v) determine if normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values obtained from aerial infrared images can be used to estimate LAI and soybean yield variability. Increasing plant population increased LAI for cultivars at Suffolk in 2000 and 2001, but LAI increased with plant populations on soils with lower plant available water holding capacity (PAWHC) at Port Royal in 2001. In 2000 at Suffolk, seed yield increased quadratically with increasing population and cultivar did not affect the response. In 2001, no relationship occurred between yield and plant population at either Suffolk or Port Royal, but the relationship of yield and LAI depended on soybean development stage at both sites. However, this relationship was not consistent between sites or years. In another study, crop rotation affected LAI and yield one out of two years. However, LAI and yield in both study years were negatively impacted on soil types with lower PAWHC. Where significant, a linear relationship was observed between yield and LAI for all soil types. Studies on grower fields showed similar linear relationships between yield and LAI. Remote sensing techniques showed promise for estimation of LAI and yield. When obtained at an appropriate development stage, vegetation indices correlated to both LAI and yield, and were observed to be effective as a predictor of LAI until plants achieved LAI levels of 3.5 to 4.0. / Master of Science

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21835号 / 農博第2348号 / 新制||農||1068(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H31||N5207(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科農学専攻 / (主査)教授 白岩 立彦, 教授 稲村 達也, 准教授 田中 朋之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:30:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvano Harkatin.pdf: 1558277 bytes, checksum: 5f4533a401fd66edf359180bcca181b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Integrated systems of agricultural production (ISAP), when well managed, can result in environmental benefits, including the optimization of the use of phosphorus (P) for food production. Brazilian soils are presented naturally low in P, and practices aimed at efficient use of this nutrient can result in economic and environmental benefits to society. The objectives of this study were: (i) measure the quantitative yield of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill); (ii) to evaluate the accumulation of P (annual ryegrass and soybean); (iii) investigate the changes in the attributes of soil fertility (pH and available-P); (iv) to assess the yield of dry matter available for grazing (DMA); (v) yield of crude protein (YCP); and (vi) concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP) and P in ryegrass in ISAP undergo sources (triple superphosphate - TSP, reactive phosphate - RP Arad and magnesium thermophosphate - MTP) and P levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1 P2O5 total). The experiment was installed in April / 2009 at farm Capon do Cipo, in the municipality of Castro (PR). The experimental design was a randomized complete block in incomplete factorial (3x3 + 1). After 48 months of study, soil samples from the 0-5, 5-10, 10-15 and 15-20 cm were collected to determine the concentrations of available P by two methods (Mehlich-1 – M-1 and ion exchange resin - IER) to assess the availability of P for the soybean crop (2012/13). Similar yields were observed among the evaluated sources (TSP, RP and MTP) at 48 months of experimental evaluation; However, higher accumulation of P were observed for the most soluble sources. The determination of P by the extractors (M-1 and IER) overestimated the concentrations of P in the soil in condition of application of RP. But best fixes between soil P and crop attributes were higher for extraction by IER in 0-20 cm layer. Lower concentrations of NDF in annual ryegrass were verified by applying MTP, without, however, presenting the highest concentrations of P. / Sistemas integrados de produção agropecuário (SIPAs), quando bem manejados, podem resultar em benefícios para o ambiente, inclusive, otimização de uso do fósforo (P) para produção de alimentos. Os solos brasileiros apresentam-se naturalmente pobre em P, e as práticas que visam eficiência de uso deste nutriente podem resultar em benefícios econômicos e ambientais para a sociedade. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (i) mensurar o rendimento quantitativo do azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam) e da cultura da soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill); (ii) avaliar o acúmulo de P (azevém anual e soja); (iii) averiguar as alterações nos atributos de fertilidade do solo (pH e P-disponível); (iv) avaliar o rendimento de massa seca disponível por pastejo (MSP); (v) rendimento de proteína bruta (RPB); e as (vi) concentrações de fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra insolúvel em detergente ácido (FDA), proteína bruta (PB) e P no azevém anual, em SIPA submetido a fontes (superfosfato triplo – SFT, fosfato natural reativo – FNR Arad e termofosfato magnesiano – TFM) e doses de P (0, 60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1 de P2O5 total). O experimento foi instalado em abril/2009 na Fazenda Capão do Cipó, no município de Castro (PR). O delineamento experimental empregado foi o de blocos completos casualizados em esquema fatorial incompleto (3x3+1). Aos 48 meses de estudo, foram coletadas amostras de solo das camadas de 0-5, 5-10, 10-15 e 15-20 cm, para determinação das concentrações de P disponível por dois métodos (Mehlich-1 – M-1 e resina trocadora de íons – RTI) para avaliação da disponibilidade de P para a cultura da soja (2012/13). Foram verificados rendimentos similares entre as fontes avaliadas (SFT, FNR e TFM) aos 48 meses de avaliação experimental; todavia, maiores acúmulos de P foram verificados para as fontes mais solúveis. A determinação de P pelos extratores (M-1 e RTI) superestimou as concentrações de P no solo em condição de aplicação de FNR. Porém, melhores correlações entre o P solo e os atributos das culturas foram maiores para a extração por RTI na camada 0-20 cm. Foram verificadas menores concentrações de FDN na pastagem de azevém anual mediante a aplicação de TFM, sem, no entanto, apresentar as maiores concentrações de P.