This dissertation presents several applications of the multi-scaling (multi-timing) technique to the analysis of both single and two species population models where the defining parameters vary slowly with time. Although exact solutions in such cases would be preferred, they are almost always impossible to obtain when slow variation is involved. Numerical solutions can be obtained in these cases, however they are often time consuming and offer limited insight into what is causing the behaviour we see in the solution. Here an approximation method is chosen as it gives an explicit analytic approximate expression for the solutions of such population models. The multi-scaling method was chosen because the defining parameters are varying slowly compared to the response of the system. This technique is well-established in the physical and engineering sciences literature; however, it has rarely been applied in the area of population modelling. All single species differential equation population models incorporate parameters which define the model - for example, the growth rate r and the carrying capacity k, for the Logistic model. For constant parameter values an exact solution may be found, giving the population as a function of time. However, for arbitrary time-varying parameters, exact solutions are rarely possible, and numerical solution techniques must be employed. Here we will demonstrate that for a Logistic model where the growth rate and carrying capacity both vary slowly with time, an analysis with multiple time scales leads to approximate closed form solutions that are explicit. These solutions prove to be valid for a range of parameter values and compare favourably with numerically generated ones.

Orientador: Sheila Zambello de Pinho / Banca: Martha Maria Mischan / Banca: Décio Barbin / Banca: Antonio Francisco Iemma / Banca: David Ariovaldo Banzatto / Resumo: As funções de crescimento logística e de Gompertz têm sido bastante estudadas e freqüentemente utilizadas na área biológica. Diversos pesquisadores têm ajustado as funções logística ou de Gompertz a dados provenientes de experimentos com vários tratamentos onde curvas são ajustadas e o interesse é saber se há diferença entre estes tratamentos. A verificação da adequacidade de ajustes das funções não-lineares e a comparação de diferentes funções para um determinado conjunto de dados estão bem contempladas na literatura. Porém, quando o mesmo tipo de função é ajustado a várias situações (tratamentos) e o interesse é fazer a comparação das mesmas, há dificuldades de se encontrar subsídios na literatura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a apresentação de um método de comparação de curvas logísticas e de Gompertz. Compararam-se as equações ajustadas através de testes dos parâmetros, utilizando-se métodos paramétricos e nãoparamétricos. Determinaram-se também, valores da variável independente x a partir dos quais a diferença entre a assíntota e a curva ajustada deixa de ser significativa. Estudaram-se nesta pesquisa o modelo logístico com erro aditivo na ausência e na presença de autocorrelação nos resíduos, o modelo logístico com erro multiplicativo na ausência e na presença de autocorrelação nos resíduos, o modelo de Gompertz com erro aditivo na ausência e na presença de autocorrelação nos resíduos e o modelo de Gompertz com erro multiplicativo na ausência e na presença de autocorrelação nos resíduos. Para ilustração da metodologia utilizaram-se dados de peso de matéria fresca (g) de sementes de feijão Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. carioca 80 SH, porcentagens médias do peso de frutos de araribá, pesos de frangos de corte de aves Indian River e pesos de ratos Rattus norvergicus, aos quais ajustaram-se,...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The logistic and the Gompertz growth functions have been considerably studied and frequently used in biological area. Several researchers have fitted the Logistic and the Gompertz to data from experiments with many treatments where the purpose is to detect the difference among them. The verification of the adequacy of the non-linear fits and the comparison of different functions for a set of data are well studied in the literature. However, when the same function is fitted to several situations (treatments) and the purpose is to compare them, there are difficulty to find subsidy in the literature. The purpose of this work was to determine a method of comparison of the Logistic and the Gompertz curves and to verify until when the difference between the curves and their superior asymptotes are significant. In this research were studied the logistic and the Gompertz models considering additive and multiplicative error terms with and without autocorrelation. For enlightenment of the methodology were used data of fresh matter of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv carioca 80 SH seeds, percentage of araribá fruit weight, weight of chicken for slaughter Indian River and weight of rats Rattus norvergicus, where were fitted the Logistic model with additive errors terms and without autocorrelation, the Logistic model with additive errors terms and with autocorrelation, the Gompertz model with additive errors terms and without autocorrelation, the Gompertz model with additive errors terms and with autocorrelation...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2015-01-16T10:30:57Z No. of bitstreams: 2 larissa_kretli_winkelstroter.pdf: 1482019 bytes, checksum: 9d2274173c5ed8fd73b659407d038396 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2015-01-16T10:32:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 larissa_kretli_winkelstroter.pdf: 1482019 bytes, checksum: 9d2274173c5ed8fd73b659407d038396 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2015-01-16T10:32:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 larissa_kretli_winkelstroter.pdf: 1482019 bytes, checksum: 9d2274173c5ed8fd73b659407d038396 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-16T10:32:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 larissa_kretli_winkelstroter.pdf: 1482019 bytes, checksum: 9d2274173c5ed8fd73b659407d038396 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, comparar o padr?o de crescimento de diferentes gen?tipos comerciais de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 2.970 pintos de um dia, machos e f?meas sexados, provenientes de tr?s gen?tipos comerciais de frangos corte: Cobb, Hubbard e Ross, alimentados com tr?s n?veis nutricionais de amino?cidos. Para a determina??o das curvas de crescimento do peso corporal das aves, os dados foram coletados ao nascimento, aos 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 e 49 dias de idade e foram avaliados a partir dos modelos n?o lineares: Brody, Gompertz, Log?stico, Richards e von Bertalanffy. Os crit?rios utilizados para escolha do modelo de melhor ajuste da curva de crescimento foram o coeficiente de determina??o, o desvio padr?o assint?tico, o desvio m?dio absoluto dos res?duos e o ?ndice assint?tico. Para estudar o crescimento alom?trico dos cortes, foram abatidas 36 aves, duas de cada tratamento, ao nascimento, aos 14, 28, 35, 42, 49 dias de idade, totalizando 216 aves, sendo avaliados os pesos da carca?a (PCA), peito (PP), coxas (PC), sobrecoxas (PSC), pernas (PPER) e asas (PA). Para o estudo do crescimento alom?trico da composi??o de carca?a, as mesmas foram trituradas, homogeneizadas e analisadas em duplicatas. Foram realizadas as an?lises de mat?ria seca (MS), prote?na bruta (PB), extrato et?reo (EE) e cinzas. O estudo do crescimento relativo dos cortes e composi??o da carca?a foi realizado mediante o modelo da equa??o alom?trica de Huxley. Dentre os modelos de curva de crescimento estudadas, as equa??es propostas por Gompertz, von Bertalanffy e Log?stico atingiram a converg?ncia, sendo que o modelo de Gompertz foi o mais adequado para descrever o crescimento das aves. De maneira geral, os machos apresentaram crescimento isog?nico dos cortes em estudo, quando comparado com o peso da carca?a. As f?meas, por sua vez, apresentaram crescimento heterog?nico negativo (b<1) para a maioria dos cortes em estudo. Para a composi??o da carca?a, o crescimento alom?trico foi isog?nico (b=1) para a deposi??o de prote?na bruta e cinzas, na maioria das an?lises. Os demais nutrientes apresentaram, de maneira geral, deposi??o precoce quando comparada ao peso da carca?a. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2013. / ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to compare the growth pattern of different genotypes of broilers. We used 2,970 day-old chicks, sexed males and females from three genotypes of boilers: Cobb, Hubbard and Ross, fed with three levels of amino acids. To determine the growth curves of the body weight of the birds, the data were collected day-old, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 days of age and were evaluated from the nonlinear models: Brody, Gompertz, Logistic, Richards and von Bertalanffy. The criteria used to select the best model of the growth curve were the coefficient of determination, the asymptotic standard deviation, the mean absolute deviation of the waste and the asymptotic index. To study the allometric growth of the cuts were slaughtered 36 birds, two from each treatment, at onde day-old, 14, 28, 35, 42, 49 days, totaling 216 birds, were evaluate the weights of carcass (PCA), breast (PP), thighs (PC), drumsticks (PSC), legs (RSPP) and wings (PA). For the study of allometric growth of carcass composition, the carcasses of slaughtered animals were crushed, homogenised and analyzed in duplicate. Analyses were performed using dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE) and ash. The study of the relative growth of cuts and carcass composition of carcass was done through the model of the allometric equation of Huxley. Among the models studied of growth curve, the equations proposed by Gompertz, von Bertalanffy and Logistic reached convergence, and the Gompertz model best suited to describe the growth of the birds. In general, the males showed isogonic growth of cuts in the study when compared to the weight of the carcass. Females in turn, showed negative heterogonic growth (b <1) for most of the cuts studied. For the carcass composition, the allometric growth was isogonic (b = 1) for the deposition of protein and ash in most analyzes. The other nutrients showed, in general, early deposition compared to carcass weight.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1996-02-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:42:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalho_lr_dr_botfca.pdf: 576008 bytes, checksum: d62e81066da0452991a1456ffa8c8118 (MD5) / As funções de crescimento logística e de Gompertz têm sido bastante estudadas e freqüentemente utilizadas na área biológica. Diversos pesquisadores têm ajustado as funções logística ou de Gompertz a dados provenientes de experimentos com vários tratamentos onde curvas são ajustadas e o interesse é saber se há diferença entre estes tratamentos. A verificação da adequacidade de ajustes das funções não-lineares e a comparação de diferentes funções para um determinado conjunto de dados estão bem contempladas na literatura. Porém, quando o mesmo tipo de função é ajustado a várias situações (tratamentos) e o interesse é fazer a comparação das mesmas, há dificuldades de se encontrar subsídios na literatura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a apresentação de um método de comparação de curvas logísticas e de Gompertz. Compararam-se as equações ajustadas através de testes dos parâmetros, utilizando-se métodos paramétricos e nãoparamétricos. Determinaram-se também, valores da variável independente x a partir dos quais a diferença entre a assíntota e a curva ajustada deixa de ser significativa. Estudaram-se nesta pesquisa o modelo logístico com erro aditivo na ausência e na presença de autocorrelação nos resíduos, o modelo logístico com erro multiplicativo na ausência e na presença de autocorrelação nos resíduos, o modelo de Gompertz com erro aditivo na ausência e na presença de autocorrelação nos resíduos e o modelo de Gompertz com erro multiplicativo na ausência e na presença de autocorrelação nos resíduos. Para ilustração da metodologia utilizaram-se dados de peso de matéria fresca (g) de sementes de feijão Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. carioca 80 SH, porcentagens médias do peso de frutos de araribá, pesos de frangos de corte de aves Indian River e pesos de ratos Rattus norvergicus, aos quais ajustaram-se,... / The logistic and the Gompertz growth functions have been considerably studied and frequently used in biological area. Several researchers have fitted the Logistic and the Gompertz to data from experiments with many treatments where the purpose is to detect the difference among them. The verification of the adequacy of the non-linear fits and the comparison of different functions for a set of data are well studied in the literature. However, when the same function is fitted to several situations (treatments) and the purpose is to compare them, there are difficulty to find subsidy in the literature. The purpose of this work was to determine a method of comparison of the Logistic and the Gompertz curves and to verify until when the difference between the curves and their superior asymptotes are significant. In this research were studied the logistic and the Gompertz models considering additive and multiplicative error terms with and without autocorrelation. For enlightenment of the methodology were used data of fresh matter of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv carioca 80 SH seeds, percentage of araribá fruit weight, weight of chicken for slaughter Indian River and weight of rats Rattus norvergicus, where were fitted the Logistic model with additive errors terms and without autocorrelation, the Logistic model with additive errors terms and with autocorrelation, the Gompertz model with additive errors terms and without autocorrelation, the Gompertz model with additive errors terms and with autocorrelation...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

No description available.

Pecan nuts might become contaminated with foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella and E. coli., through birds and other potential sources of contamination that can lead to serious illness or even death, as well as financial losses. For example, the outbreak of Salmonella in pecan products in Texas caused major product recalls in 2010. Irradiation with electron beams could be an effective method of preventing potential outbreaks without changing the pecans' taste, color and flavor and without causing any risk of recontamination before the product reaches the consumer. However, when irradiation is applied alone, the shelf life of the product is decelerated because of the detrimental effect of lipid oxidation. Therefore, to extend the shelf of the pecans while assuring their safety, irradiation of pecans under modified atmosphere packing (MAP) conditions could be a viable option. This research showed that when treated with electron beams, surrogates of Escherichia coli (a cocktail of BAA-1427, BAA-1428, and BAA-1430), and Salmonella (S. Typhimurium LT2) were more resistant to ionizing radiation (higher D10 values) when packed under vacuum (VP) than under air or other MAP conditions. This research also showed that lipid oxidation in pecans (due to exposure to ionizing radiation) shows a lag phase, probably due to the antioxidants present in pecan nuts. The lag phase represents a delay period before the pecan nuts start to get rancid (increase in PV formation), and it is best described by a modified Gompertz model. Kinetic evaluation of the lipid oxidation reaction suggests that the dose level has a more drastic effect in PV formation than the type of package used during the irradiation treatment, e.g., vacuum packed versus nitrogen-packed. Moreover, accelerated shelf life studies (4 weeks at 48.9oC) showed that vacuum-packed (VP) pecans can be stored at -25 degrees C up to three years, while irradiated (at 3.0 kGy) VP pecans can be stored only for eight months, without the detrimental effects of lipid oxidation. Therefore, irradiation of pecans under air at 3.0 kGy reduces the shelf life of the nuts in terms of rancidity, but vacuum-packaging can be used to extend their shelf-life. Irradiation in oxygen packaging increases rancidity and the oxidation reaction rate accelerates with increasing dose. Irradiation under nitrogen packaging requires lower doses to achieve the almost same number of log reductions in microbial population. The use of nitrogen packaging also inhibits the oxidative reaction leading to rancidity in pecans. Although there are some drawbacks to the application of nitrogen packaging in an irradiation plant (special machinery and packaging films (permeability specifications for N2 gas)), the savings induced by avoiding recalls may make this technology worthy of consideration.

Change in adaptive outcomes of children who are treated for brain tumors is examined using longitudinal data. The children received different types of treatment from none to any combinations of three treatments, which are surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. In this thesis, we use mixed model to find the significant variables that predict change in outcomes of communication skill, daily living skills and socialization skill. Fractional polynomial transformation method and Gompertz method are applied to build non-linear longitudinal curves. We use PRESS as the criterion to compare these two methods. Comparison analysis shows the effect of each significant variable on adaptive behaviors over time. In most cases, model with Gompertz method is better than that with Transformation method. Significant predictors of change in adaptive outcomes include Time, Gender, Surgery, SES classes, interaction between Time and Radiation, interaction between Time and Gender, interaction between Age and Gender.

Submitted by Nathália Faria da Silva (nathaliafsilva.ufv@gmail.com) on 2017-07-10T14:25:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1131473 bytes, checksum: f18ed7bd141211508a6832bb018e1380 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:25:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1131473 bytes, checksum: f18ed7bd141211508a6832bb018e1380 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-07-31 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Dois experimentos foram realizados a fim de avaliar o efeito da adição de complexo multienzimático em dietas com diferentes sojas extrusadas sobre a digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), energia bruta (EB), gordura, Fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), Fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e hemicelulose; valores de energia digestível ileal parente (EDIap), valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e o desempenho de pintos de corte. As dietas foram formuladas com 20,8% de PB e 3.150 Kcal de EMA. Com níveis sub ótimos de proteína, de lisina e de metionina + cistina para facilitar a detecção de diferenças no valor nutritivo dos tratamentos. O complexo multienzimático (Allzyme Vegpro) era composto de celulase, amilase e protease, sendo usado 500 mL/ton de dieta, de acordo com as recomendações da indústria. Os tratamentos foram: dieta com soja extrusada subprocessada (91% de solubilidade e 0,5 de urease) sem e com VEGPRO; dieta com soja extrusada processamento normal (88% de solubilidade e 0,05 de urease) sem e com VEGPRO; dieta com soja extrusada superprocessada (66% de solubilidade e 0,0005 de urease) sem e com VEGPRO. No primeiro experimento foram utilizados 960 pintos de corte, machos, Avian Farms, de 1 a 21 dias de idade. Em arranjo fatorial 3 x 2 (soja extrusada × complexo multienzimático - CM), num total de seis tratamentos e oito repetições de 20 aves por unidade experimental. As aves alimentadas com dietas contendo soja extrusada (SE), com processamento normal, apresentaram melhor desempenho quando comparadas com as aves que receberam SE sub e superprocessadas. No entanto, as aves alimentadas com dietas contendo SE sub ou superprocessada apresentaram desempenhos similares, demonstrando que o processamento recebido pela soja integral influencia no desempenho das aves. A adição de Vegpro nas dietas, independente do tipo de soja, melhorou o ganho e a conversão dos pintos de corte em 3,8% e 4,24%, respectivamente. Sendo o maior efeito no desempenho das aves alimentadas com SE subprocessada, com 4,64 e 5,0% no ganho e conversão, respectivamente. Indicando que os fatores antinutricionais foram reduzidos. No segundo experimento foram utilizados 288 pintos de corte, machos, Avian Farms, com oito dias de idade, em arranjo fatorial 3 x 2 (soja extrusada × complexo multienzimático), num total de seis tratamentos com oito repetições de 6 aves por unidade experimental. As excretas foram coletas durante cinco dias para determinação da EMA e no ultimo as aves foram abatidas para a obtenção da digesta. A adição de Vegpro promoveu aumento médio dos coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal aparente da MS, da PB, da EB e da gordura das dietas de 4,8%, 1,3%, 4,8% e 6%, respectivamente. Entretanto, os maiores aumentos da digestibilidade ileal, provocados pelo CM, foram obtidos com as dietas contendo SE subprocessada, 10,7% (MS), 4,2% (PB), 11,4%, (EB) e 17,55% (gordura). A adição de Vegpro melhorou a digestibilidade ileal do FDN, FDA e hemicelulose em média, 10,60; 23,05 e 6,39%, respectivamente e os valores da EDI ap em 4,95% e da EMA em 2,69%. / Two experiments were accomplished in order to evaluate the effect of the addition of multienzimatic complex in diets with different types of extruded soybeans on the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (PB), gross energy (GE), fat, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and hemicellulose; ileal apparent digestible energy (IDEap), apparent metabolizable energy (MEap) and the performance of broiler chicks. Diets were formulated with 20.8% CP and 3.150 Kcal of MEap and with sub optimum levels of protein, of lysine and of methionine + cystine to facilitate the detection of differences in the nutritional value of the treatments. The multienzimatic complex (Allzyme Vegpro) was composed by cellulase, amylase and protease and it was used as 500 mL/ton of the diet, in agreement with the recommendations of the industry. Treatments was as following: diet with extruded soybean, sub processing, (91% of solubility and 0.5 of urease) with and without VEGPRO; diet with extruded soybean, standard processing, (88% of solubility and 0.05 of urease) with and without VEGPRO; diet with extruded soybean, super processing, (66% of solubility and 0.0005 of urease) with and without VEGPRO. In the first experiment, 960 Avian Farms male broiler chicks were used, from 01 to 21 days of age, in 3 x 2 factorial arrangement (extruded soybean, multienzimatic complex), in a total of six treatments and eight replications of 20 birds per experimental unit. Birds fed with diets of extruded soybean, with standard processing, showed better performance when compared with the birds that were fed with extruded soybean, sub and super processing. However, the birds fed with diets of xiextruded soybean, sub or super processing, showed similar performances, demonstrating that the processing of the whole soybean influenced on the performance of the birds. The addition of Vegpro in the diets, independent of the type of the extruded soybean, improved the weight gain and the feed: gain ratio of the broiler chicks by 3.8% and 4.24%, respectively. And, the largest effect on the performance of the birds fed with extruded soybean, sub processing, with improvement of 4.64 and 5.3% in the weight gain and feed: gain ratio, respectively. In the second experiment, 288 Avian Farms males broiler chicks were used, from with 01 to 19 days of age, in 3 x 2 factorial arrangement (extruded soybean, multienzimatic complex), in a total of six treatments with eight replications of 6 birds for experimental unit. Birds were ground rearing for eight days, battery rearing form ten days (five days of adaptation and five days for excretes collection) for the determination of MEap and in the last day the birds were slaughtered to obtain the digesta and posterior determination of ileal digestibility coefficients. Addition of multienzimatic complex Vegpro promoted an average increase of the ileal apparent digestibility coefficients of DM, CP, GE and fat of the diets by 4.8%, 1.3%, 4.8% and 6%, respectively. However, the largest increases of the ileal digestibility were obtained with the diets with extruded soybean, sub processing, 10.7% (DM), 4.2% (CP), 11.4%, (GE) and 17.55% (fat). Addition of multienzimatic complex Vegpro also improved the average of ileal digestibility of NDF, ADF and hemicellulose, 10.60; 23.05 and 6.39%, respectively and IDEap by 4.95% and MEap by 2.69%.

SUCUPIRA, Francislene Silveira. Curvas de crescimento e deposição de nutrientes no corpo e nos ossos de frangas de duas linhagens comerciais alimentadas com diferentes níveis de fibra em detergente neutro na ração de crescimento (7 a 17 semanas de idade). 2014. 102 f. Tese (doutorado em zootecnia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2014. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-04-07T20:12:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_fssucupira.pdf: 948173 bytes, checksum: ddf73aa1bd803307cff1a74a50b47464 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-05-25T19:41:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_fssucupira.pdf: 948173 bytes, checksum: ddf73aa1bd803307cff1a74a50b47464 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-25T19:41:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_fssucupira.pdf: 948173 bytes, checksum: ddf73aa1bd803307cff1a74a50b47464 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / The objective was to evaluate the effect of using different levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in diets for hens of two commercial layer-hen strains from 7 to 17 weeks of age on the growth curve and deposition of body components and bones. A total of 648 birds from each strain were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of three levels of NDF and two strains, with four replicates of 54 birds. The tested NDF levels were 14.5, 16.5 and 18.5%. Additionally, live weight, feather weight, body composition of protein, ash and water, bones weight, bones length and bones composition of protein, ash and water were evaluated. Growth curves were determined by applying the data on Gompertz function. According to the results, there was no interaction among factors, strain and NDF levels for the parameters of the equation of Gompertz determined for all evaluated traits. The NDF levels of the diet affected the estimates of weight at maturity and water deposition in the carcass. The level of 14.5% NDF allowed for greater weight at maturity (Wm), greater age at maximum growth (t*) and lower maturity rate (b) than the other tested levels. There was no influence of NDF levels tested on the parameters of the growth curve for weight and length of the tibia and femur (P <0.05). There was no influence of NDF levels tested on the estimates of the parameters of the Gompertz equation for the composition of water, protein and ash of the tibia and fêmur (P <0.05). The level of NDF in the ration of growing can be used to modify the growth curve of pullets, being able to control the body weight gain by increasing its level in the ration without changing the deposition of water, ash and protein in the carcass. Pullets fed diets containing up to 18.5% inclusion of NDF, during 7-17 weeks of age, showed no changes in the curves of growth and nutrient deposition in the tibia and femur. / Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) nas rações de frangas de duas linhagens comerciais de aves de postura, no período de 7 a 17 semanas de idade, sobre a curva de crescimento corporal e óssea e a deposição de componentes na carcaça e nos ossos. Foram utilizadas 648 aves de cada linhagem, distribuídas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2, composto de três níveis de FDN (14,5; 16,5 e 18,5%) e duas linhagens (LOHMAN LSL e HY LINE BROWN), com quatro repetições de 54 aves. Semanalmente, foram avaliados o peso corporal e das penas, peso e comprimento dos ossos (tíbia e fêmur) e a composição corporal e dos ossos em proteína, cinzas e água. As curvas de crescimento e deposição foram determinadas aplicando-se os dados na função de Gompertz. Não houve interação entre linhagem e nível de FDN da ração, para os parâmetros da equação de Gompertz determinados, para todas as características avaliadas. Os níveis de FDN da ração influenciaram significativamente nos parâmetros da curva de crescimento para peso corporal e deposição de água, de modo que o nível de 14,5% de FDN possibilitou maior peso corporal e de deposição de água à maturidade (Pm), maior idade de máximo crescimento (t*) e menor taxa de maturidade (b) que os demais níveis testados. Entretanto, os parâmetros da curva de crescimento para o peso e o comprimento da tíbia e do fêmur, assim como, as estimativas dos parâmetros para a deposição de água nos ossos e as deposições de proteína e matéria mineral na carcaça e nos osso não foram influencias significativamente pelo nível de FDN da ração. Entre as linhagem, observou-se que as aves leves, apresentaram menor taxa de maturidade (b) e menor peso à maturidade (Pm), sem apresentar diferenças significativas na idade de máximo crescimento (t*). Os parâmetros para a deposição de proteína e cinzas na carcaça não variaram significativamente, enquanto, as aves leves apresentaram menores estimativas de taxa de maturidade (b) para a deposição de água corporal em relação às aves semipesadas. Não houve diferença entre as linhagens para os parâmetros estimados para o comprimento da tíbia e do fêmur, peso da tíbia, deposição de proteína e cinzas da tíbia. Entretanto, para o peso do fêmur, deposição de proteína no fêmur e deposição de água na tíbia, as aves leves apresentaram maior peso à maturidade (Pm) e valor da idade de máximo crescimento (t*) e menor valor na taxa de maturidade (b) em comparação as aves semipesada, as quais apresentaram maior peso à maturidade (Pm) e valor da idade de máximo crescimento (t*) e menor valor na taxa de maturidade (b) em comparação as aves leves para deposição de água no fêmur. Assim, o nível de FDN da ração de recria pode ser utilizado para modificar a curva de crescimento das frangas leves e semipesadas, podendo-se controlar o ganho de peso corporal pelo aumento do seu nível na ração em nível superior a 14,5%, sem alterar o crescimento dos ossos e a deposição de água, matéria mineral e proteína na carcaça e nos ossos até o nível de 18,5%. Embora as poedeiras semipesadas da linhagem avaliada apresentem maior potencial de crescimento corporal e das penas em relação às leves, essa aves são semelhantes quanto à proporção de proteína e matéria mineral depositada na carcaça e divergem no desenvolvimento dos ossos quanto ao peso e deposição de água e proteína no fêmur.

Submitted by WARLEY JUNIOR ALVES null (warleyjunioralves@hotmail.com) on 2018-02-28T00:23:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Warley Júnior Alves_com certificado.pdf: 3853155 bytes, checksum: ac4674ee80875ac89692e21cc0a679b7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-02-28T13:12:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_wj_me_jabo.pdf: 3853155 bytes, checksum: ac4674ee80875ac89692e21cc0a679b7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-28T13:12:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_wj_me_jabo.pdf: 3853155 bytes, checksum: ac4674ee80875ac89692e21cc0a679b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A eficácia de um programa nutricional depende do conhecimento a respeito do potencial genético de crescimento da ave, por ser esta a forma racional de calcular as exigências nutricionais e predizer o consumo de alimento. Neste sentido, os modelos fatoriais integrados as curvas de crescimento de aves auxilia no estabelecimento ou avaliação de programas alimentares específicos. Por serem modelos dinâmicos, possibilitam calcular a ingestão de acordo com o padrão de crescimento da linhagem ao longo do tempo. Tradicionalmente, a avaliação da composição corporal é feita por abate comparativo que impossibilita o acesso rápido às informações e inviabiliza o estudo das variações das caraterísticas estudadas no decorrer do tempo no mesmo animal. Uma alternativa é a técnica de absorciometria por duplo feixe de raios-X (DXA) que permite avaliar in vivo a composição corporal das aves em tempo real sem a necessidade de sacrifica-la, conciliando interesses sociais e científicos. Com base nisso, objetivou-se neste trabalho descrever o potencial de crescimento do corpo e componentes corporais de poedeiras Dekalb e Lohmann (White e Brown) meio da função Gompertz, com a composição corporal tomado pela técnica DXA nas mesmas aves no decorrer do crescimento. Foram utilizadas 360 poedeiras das linhagens Lohmann e Dekalb distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos (linhagens) e seis repetições com 15 aves. As aves foram alojadas em galpão experimental dotado de gaiolas em sistema piramidal, controle de temperatura automatizado, comedouro tipo calha e bebedouro nipple. O programa alimentar adotado foi ad libitum composto por cinco dietas segundo a idade formuladas de forma a atender as exigências nutricionais das linhagens, garantindo que não houvesse nenhum nutriente limitante. Para descrição do crescimento uma ave por unidade experimental foi tomada aleatoriamente, identificada, e avaliadas do 1º ao 126º dia de idade, nas idades 1, 14, 28, 56, 70, 77, 84, 98, 112 e 126 dias, foram escaneadas para estimar o conteúdo mineral ósseo, tecido magro e gordo, por meio da absorciometria por duplo feixe de Raios X (DXA), usando modelo Hologic-QDR®. Concomitantemente, fez-se um estudo para relacionar dados de composição obtidos pelo DXA e por análise química do corpo livre de penas (CLP), Esses dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA), sendo constatadas diferenças na quantificação da composição corporal pelas diferentes técnicas. Devido à essas diferenças, foram ajustadas regressões para cada componente químico do corpo, assim foram gerados equações de correção dos dados obtidos pelo DXA em referencia ao método químico, usando para isso aves Dekalb Brown, seguindo as mesmas idades e procedimentos do estudo de crescimento. A função Gompertz foi utilizada para descrever o crescimento do corpo e componentes químicos para cada linhagem. A mensuração da composição corporal nas mesmas aves ao longo do tempo pelo DXA auxiliou na redução do erro na avaliação do crescimento de poedeiras. As linhagens avaliadas neste estudo apresentaram diferenças no crescimento do corpo, penas e componentes entre se. E os parâmetros de crescimento aqui descritos condizem com os encontrados na literatura, e auxiliará no aperfeiçoamento de modelos de calculo de exigências nutricionais, melhorando a eficácia de programas alimentares. / The efficacy of a nutritional program depends on knowledge about the bird's genetic potential for growth, since this is the rational way of calculating nutritional requirements and predicting food consumption. In this sense, the factorial models integrated the growth curves of birds assists in the establishment or evaluation of specific food programs. Because they are dynamic models, they make it possible to calculate the feed intake according to the growth pattern of the lineage over time. Traditionally the evaluation of the body composition is made by comparative slaughter, impossibility the quick access to the information and to study the variations of the characteristics studied in the course of time in the same animal. An alternative is the X-ray absorptiometry technique (DXA) that allows in vivo evaluation of the body composition of the birds without the need to sacrifice them reconciling social and scientific interests. Based on this, the objective of this work was to describe the growth potential of the body and body components of laying hens Dekalb and Lohmann (White and Brown) through of the Gompertz function, with the body composition taken by the DXA technique in the same birds during the growth. A total of 360 laying hens of the Lohmann and Dekalb strains were used in a completely randomized design, with four treatments (strains) and six replicates of 15 birds. The birds were housed in experimental shed with cages in pyramidal system and with automated temperature control. Diets were provides ad libitum and composed of five diets according to age formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of the strains, ensuring that there was no limiting nutrient. To describe the growth, one bird per experimental unit was randomly identified and evaluated from 1 to 126 days of age. In the ages 0, 14, 28, 56, 70, 77, 84, 98, 112 and 126 days, birds were scanned to estimate bone mineral content, lean and fat tissue by means of dual beam X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) using Hologic-QDR® model. At the same time, a study was performed to correlate composition data obtained by DXA and by chemical analysis of the feather free body (FFB). These data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), being verified differences in the quantification of the body composition by the different techniques. Due to these differences, regressions were adjusted for each chemical component of the body, thus generating correction equations of the data obtained by DXA in reference to the chemical method, using Dekalb Brown birds, following the same ages and procedures of the growth study. The Gompertz function was used to describe the growth of the body and chemical components for each strain. The measurement of body composition in the same birds over time by DXA assisted in the reduction of error in the evaluation of the growth of laying hens. The strains evaluated in this study showed differences in body growth, feathers and components among themselves. And the growth parameters described here are consistent with those found in the literature, and will aid in the improvement of models for calculating nutritional requirements, improving the effectiveness of feeding programs.