The object of this thesis is to present a comprehensive analysis of the phrase structure and the properties of the subject in spoken French and Japanese. Consulting histories, grammars, and a corpus of transcribed speech from each language, a comparative examination of the oral codes of both languages is conducted, which highlights not only the significant distinctions between the two but also the similarities. These distinctions are not just the result of structural differences between the two languages, but are more that of a distinct classification of our experiences. By pointing out the distinguishing characteristics of the oral codes of the two languages, this study attempts to bring us to a better understanding of the two languages and equally of the cultures from which they are inseparable.

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This diploma thesis is focusing on the application of the French text analysis method in history teaching in the Czech Republic. The objective of this thesis is to introduce the French method not only theoretically, but also to create specific lessons based on it. The terminology uses the term method for the translation of the French term méthode. The basis for this thesis is mainly drown from the French history textbooks, the interviews with the teachers and the history lessons in French. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part deals with the introduction of history teaching in France, including the textbooks used at both primary and secondary schools. Furthermore, it presents the individual methods of working in history lessons according to the French method. In the practice part, this thesis presents the lessons prepared for history lessons in Czech, which were realized during the school year 2018/2019 at the bilingual section of the Jan Neruda Grammar School in Prague. These lessons were created for the purpose of this work based on the French method or were translated from French history textbooks. Lessons are devoted to both Czech and world history from antiquity to the 18th century. Written and pictorial sources are used. This thesis has shown that...

Cette thèse sur le métalangage de la grammaire du français s’inscrit dans un cadre élargi qui concerne les champs de la linguistique (morphosyntaxique), de l’acquisition, de la didactique et de la pédagogie. Du point de vue didactique, nous choisissons une perspective socioconstructiviste adaptée à un travail sur la métacognition. Au niveau pédagogique, notre objet consiste, d’une part, à analyser les verbalisations métalangagières des élèves du collège tunisien dans leur analyse de la fonction complément. Notre option de recherche, étant moins les opérations d’étayage avec les élèves que les interactions de la classe de grammaire et la dynamique de coconstruction et de négociation métalangagières, se veut une étude des problèmes que pose l’articulation complexe des métalangages issus des grammaires scolaires (de référence) et pédagogiques (des manuels et de l’enseignant) avec ceux de la grammaire interne, inconsciente et hétérogène de l’élève tunisien. Autrement, l’articulation entre la grammaire de sa première langue de scolarisation, en l’occurrence, l’arabe L1- sujet aux mêmes problèmes- et la grammaire du français langue2, conséquemment, son interlangue.Au final, notre travail qui vise la construction de concepts grammaticaux négociés avec les élèves pour une verbalisation (biméta)langagière efficace et effective procède de la manière suivante : partir d’un corpus qui s’appuie sur des questionnaires et des observations de classe qui portent sur l’exploitation, par les enseignants, des séquences de grammaire insérées dans les modules d’apprentissage qui font office de grammaire pédagogique ; une phase diagnostique envisage de déceler, ensuite, les traces d’une grammaire en construction, notamment, en partant des erreurs des élèves à travers des tests préparés à cet effet et des échanges entre pairs et avec l’enseignante qui visent à déterminer les profils métalangagier et métacognitif des élèves.Une seconde phase met en place le dispositif de négociation du concept de complément en termes d’évolution des stratégies utilisées. L’analyse repose sur une comparaison de la complémentation en arabe et en français à travers laquelle sont analysées les interactions bimétalangagières et la négociation des termes et des règles. / The present thesis about the metalanguage of the grammar of French falls into a wide framework which concerns the fields of morphosyntactic linguistics, acquisition, didactics and pedagogy. From the didactic point of view, we selected a socioconstructive perspective which is then adapted to a work on metacognition. As for the pedagogical level, our objective is to analyse the metalinguistic verbalizations of the pupils of Tunisian middle school in their analysis of the function Complement. Our research option being mainly the interactions in a class of grammar and the dynamics of coconstruction and metalinguistic negotiations rather than the operations of propping up with pupils, aims to be a study of the problems generated by the complex articulation of metalanguages which stem from schools of grammar of reference and educational grammar from textbooks and instructors and those of the internal, unconscious and heterogenous grammar of the Tunisian pupil. Otherwise, the articulation overlaps between the grammar ofhis first language of schooling, in this particular case Arabic Lg 1 (subject to the same problems) and the grammar of French Lg 2, consistently his interlanguage. In the end, our work which aims at the construction of grammatical concepts negotiated with pupils for an effective and efficient linguistic verbalization (biméta) proceeds in the following way: we use a corpus which is based on questionnaires and class observation in which teachers use sequences of grammar inserted into learning modules and which contain educational gramma A diagnostic phase intends to reveal, then, the tracks of a grammar under construction mainly by focussing on pupils' mistakes through tests prepared for that purpose and peer and teacher exchanges which aim at determining the metalinguistic and metacognitive profiles of pupils. A second phase sets up the device of negotiation of the concept of complement in terms of evolution of the used strategies. The analysis is based on a comparison of the complementation in Arabic and in French through which the interactions bimétalanguagieres and the negotiation of the terms and the rules are analysed.