The Newer Granites of the Eastern Grampians form a distinctive suite of predominantly pink biotite granites, although white hornblende-bearing granites are also found. All of the plutons in the study area are composite bodies, although internal boundaries are rarely seen. They have been emplaced by stoping at crustal levels between 4.6 km, and are all currently exposed close to their roof zones. Biotite is the only mineral to show significant compositional variation, and does so in response to increasing subsolidus interaction with the fluid phase. All the pink granites are highly oxidised, and equilibrated at an fO2 of approximately 10-18 bars and temperature less than 400o C. The pink granites are highly chemically evolved, with marked enrichment in K, Si, Rb and HFS elements. The evolution of the fluid phase has played a dominant role in their geochemical evolution. The pink granites represent limited partial melts of depleted granulite, whereas the white (hornblende-bearing) granites have evolved from a melt of gabbroic lower crustal material. The granites were all emplaced between 419 and 404 Ma, and represent the transition between late, subduction-generated high-K magmas to melts generated by volatile degassing and heat focussing of a mantle source at pre-Caledonian basement lineaments.

No description available.

There have been major changes to the farming practices across Canterbury in the past 50 years, with the biggest changes seen in the previous two decades. These changes in farming practices, namely dairy farming and irrigation, have lead to declining water quality in the region. The changes that have been experienced on the Canterbury plains are now being seen in the hill and high country settings, such as the Hakataramea Valley. This study found that the waterways in the Hakataramea Valley are susceptible to nutrient enrichment following a rainfall event that caused soil runoff. Wind erosion also occurrs in the valley and was believed to be the major source of nutrient transport in the waterways, however, this was proven to be not as significant as soil runoff. The valley showed a range in water quality, with the river generally being of a higher quality than the tributaries. One tributary in particular stood out as being lower in quality than the others, this was Rocky Point stream. It was identified that the tributary catchments that had extensive farming systems and no irrigation present (Grampians Stream and Rocky Point Stream) were of a lower quality than the tributary that had irrigation (Padkins Stream). This was due to the fact that waterways in this catchment were fenced, and on farm stockwater systems were in place, stopping stock from accessing the waterway. The OVERSEER modelling of the future scenarios presented showed that if the agriculture in the valley was to continue to develop and intensify, the water quality would decline. If the valley became completely irrigated this decline could potentially be large enough to result in a level that would become unsafe for recreational use and human and animal consumption. The future of the Hakataramea Valley and its waterways depends on improved management processes that focus on specific areas of the catchment and the catchment as a whole.

The ultimate intention of this thesis is to propose the meta-theory of toponymic attachment, which is comprised of toponymic identity and dependence, and to explore ways in which it is related to , but distinct from, existing widely-published theories on place attachment. / Doctorate of Philosophy