• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Möjligheten att nyttja skogsindustriella rester för att kunna pelletera lagrat och färskt furuspån under samma förhållanden : En studie kring avbarkningsresters pelleteringsegenskaper och tillämpning för att bredda pelletbranschens råvarubas / The possibility of using forest industry residues to be able to pellet stored and fresh pine shavings under the same conditions : A study of the pelleting properties of debarking residues and application for broadening the pellet industry's raw material base

Nerman, Mikael, Håkansson, Pontus January 2021 (has links)
Idag när den globala uppvärmningen är ett faktum behöver en omställning ske ifrån fossila energikällor till förnybara energikällor. Biomassa kan ersätta fossila bränslen såsom kol och olja vid förbränningsprocesser. Ett sätt att hantera biomassa är genom pelletering till pellets. Pellets produceras till största del av sågspån som är en rest ifrån sågverk. Ett problem för producenter av pellets idag är att det finns svårigheter med att pelletera sågspån av olika träslag eller färskhet i samma utrustning.En annan rest ifrån sågverk och annan trähantering är en mix av avbarkningsrester. Användningsområdet för denna mix av rester är idag begränsat och eldas för det mesta upp. Mixen kan på grund av sin kemiska komposition potentiellt användas som inblandning vid pelletering.Studien syftar till att lösa svårigheterna med att pelletera sågspån av olika färskhet genom att utöka kunskapen kring pelleteringsegenskaper hos avbarkningsrester. Det huvudsakliga målet med studien är att en blandning av lagrat furuspån och avbarkningsmixen ska kunna pelleteras i samma matris som färskt furuspån med en pelletskvalité som uppfyller 97,5% hållfasthet. Även pelletens hårdhet ska utvärderas i huvudmålet. Som delmål ska pelleteringsegenskaperna kompressionsenergi, backpressure och friktionsenergi kartläggas vid olika fukthalter hos mixen, mixens olika barksorter samt lagrat och färskt furuspån, dessutom ska studien utvärdera om backpressure och friktionsenergi fungerar som uppskalningsparametrar från singelpellet press till labbpress.Studien genomfördes i två delar där den första delen bestod i att pelletera furubark, björkbark, granbark, mix av avbarkningsrester, färskt furuspån och lagrat furuspån vid olika fukthalter i en enpetarpress. Under pelleteringen mättes kompressionsenergi, backpressure och friktionsenergi. I andra delen utformades två testmatriser utifrån första delens resultat som sen testades i en labbpress. Pelletskvalitén hos pressade pellets i båda delarna utvärderades genom att testa hållfasthet och hårdhet.Resultaten av studien visar att mixen av avbarkningsrester kan blandas med lagrat furuspån och pelleteras i samma matris som färskt furuspån. Enligt enpetartesterna hade mixen låg kompressionsenergi, backpressure och friktionsenergi i förhållande till mixens beståndsdelar separat. Enpetartesterna visade också att den största skillnaden mellan färskt och lagrat furuspån ligger i kompressionsenergin. Vidare studier rekommenderas där användandet av kompressionsenergi som uppskalningsparameter från enpetarpress undersöks. 30% inblandning av mix resulterade i 95,5% hållfasthet vilket var högre än vid 20 och 40% inblandning som hade 77,3% respektive 94,7%.Backpressure fungerade inte som en uppskalningsparameter mellan enpetarpress och labbpress. Friktionsenergi fungerade som en uppskalningsparameter i den här studien men behöver verifieras av vidare studier. Ingen av de testade blandningarna av avbarkningsrester och lagrat furuspån uppnådde hållfasthets kravet på 97,5% men de kunde pelleteras i samma matris som färskt furuspån. / Today, when global warming is a fact, a shift needs to take place from fossil-based energy sources towards renewable energy sources. Biomass can replace fossil fuels such as coal and oil in combustion processes. One way to handle biomass is by pelletizing it into pellets. Pellets are mostly produced from sawdust, which is a residue from sawmills. A problem for pellet producers today is that there are difficulties in pelletizing sawdust of different types of wood or age of sawdust in the same equipment.Another residue from sawmills and other wood handling is a mix of debarking residues. The area of use for this mix of residues is today limited and is most often burnt to produce heat. Due to its chemical composition, the mix can potentially be used as an additive when pelletizing.The study aims to solve the difficulties of pelletizing sawdust of different freshness by expanding the knowledge about pelletizing properties of debarking residues. The main goal of the study is that a mixture of stored pine shavings and the debarking mix should be able to be pelletized in the same matrix as fresh pine shavings with a pellet quality that meets 97.5% strength. The hardness of the pellet will also be evaluated in the main target. As a sub-goal, the pelletizing properties compression energy, backpressure and friction energy will be mapped at different moisture contents of the mix, the mix's different bark types and stored and fresh pine shavings, in addition the study will evaluate whether backpressure and friction energy function as upscaling parameters from single pellet press to labpress.The study was carried out in two parts where the first part consisted of pelletizing pine bark, birch bark, spruce bark, mix of debarking residues, fresh pine shavings and stored pine shavings at different moisture contents in a single-press. During the pelletization, compression energy, backpressure and friction energy were measured. In the second part, two test matrices were designed based on the results of the first part, which were then tested in a lab press with the same die. The pellet quality of pressed pellets in both parts was evaluated by testing strength and hardness.The results of the study show that the mix of debarking residues can be mixed with stored pine shavings and pelleted in the same die as fresh pine shavings.According to the single-press tests, the mix of debarking residues had low compression energy, backpressure and frictional energy in relation to the components of the mix separately. The single-press tests also showed that the biggest difference between fresh and stored pine shavings lies in the compression energy. Further studies are recommended where the use of compression energy as a scaling parameter from a single-press is investigated. A blend with 30% mix resulted in 95.5% strength which was higher than with 20 and 40% mix which had 77.3% and 94.7% respectively.Backpressure did not work as an upscaling parameter. Friction energy served as an upscaling parameter in this study but needs to be verified by further studies. None of the tested mixtures of debarking residues and stored pine shavings achieved the strength requirement of 97.5%, but they could be pelletized in the same die as fresh pine shavings.
2

Spruce bark biorefinery / Bioraffenaderi för granbark

Ahlström, Leon, Mattsson, Rebecca, Eurén, Hampus, Lidén, Alicia January 2021 (has links)
Spruce Bark contains several fundamental main substances; lignin, non-cellulose polysaccharides, cellulose and extractives. This undergraduate study focuses on developing a process to extract each of these components from spruce bark using a biorefinery concept, with a main focus on extracting lignin without degradation. The purpose of the Bark biorefinery concept is to contribute to a circular bioeconomy, by making use of natural resources. With extended research on the area, it will be possible to produce polymers, green chemicals and biofuel from the components in bark.  This report covers the extraction of the bark components with soxhlet extraction, Hot-water extraction, organosolv extraction and peracetic acid delignification. The extraction was made on two samples, matchstick-sized bark (MS) and 20 mesh-sized bark with a diameter of 0.8 mm (20M). The purpose was to be able to compare the efficiency of the extraction between the two samples. Afterwards, the characterisation of extracts and residue was executed with carbohydrate analysis, 2D HSQC-NMR and FTIR-analysis.  The results showed that a smaller particle size led to more efficient extractions of all components as well as more pure extract solutions. Lignin concentration determinations of samples at each step showed that a significant amount of lignin was lost prior to the organosolv extraction. Future research should look into ways to reduce this loss in order to increase the lignin yield. The findings in the FTIR and NMR analyses correlates with what could be seen in other reports, discussing similar subjects. For upscaling of this process, future research should go toward optimization of all extraction methods in order to make an upscaling of the process economically viable.

Page generated in 0.0212 seconds