Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study is an integral part of a multidisciplinary research project concerning the effects of soil and climate on wine quality. The motive, which led to the setting up of this project, was that producers could not determine beforehand whether a specific location would yield wines of high or low quality. If a specific cultivar were to be planted at the wrong location, then it was likely that wine of table quality would result, rather than the export quality wine that was intended. The long term objectives of this multidisciplinary project were the compilation of guidelines by means of which different sites may be classified according to their potential for the production of high quality wines, and the identification of the most important climatic and soil factors responsible for differences in wine quality and character. In this multidisciplinary project, measurements (soil water, leaf water potential, cane mass and yield) were made under dry land conditions in Sauvignon blanc vineyards at six different localities: five in the Stellenbosch district (Simonsberg, Kuils River, Helshoogte, Papegaaiberg and Devon Valley) and one in Durbanville. Each vineyard was owned by a private commercial producer. The vines were approximately 10 years old in all cases, and were trained on a hedge system. Measurements were made in plots, each of which contained 20 vines. Two different soil types were identified at each locality. Vine growth and wine quality differed markedly on these contrasting soils, even though they were located in close physical proximity. The measurements that were made at high and low production plots at each locality during this study were obtained from points which were not more than 60 m metres apart. An automatic weather station was erected halfway between the two, contrasting, experimental plots. Within the overall scope of the multidisciplinary project, the study which forms the subject of this thesis, concentrated on the effects of soil parent material as a soil forming parameter and as a possible predetermining character with regard to vine growth and wine character. From literature it was clear at the outset of this work that the geology of the coastal wine region is very complex and varies over short distances. The geological history indicates different types of rock formation and rock forming process (sedimentary, igneous as well as metamorphic), plate tectonic activity, mountain building, erosion and weathering, over a period of approximately 1 000 million years. The present landscape includes a coastal plane, hills, and eroding mountains. Statistical analyses indicated that the soils from the different localities could mainly be characterised in terms of differences in their sand size fractions. Soils from Durbanville are dominated by fine sand and correlates with the underlying phyllitic shales. Soils from Kuils River contain significantly more coarse sand when compared with the other sites. This appears to be a reflection of the underlying coarse granitic material, and implies that in situ weathering played an important role in soil development. .The data did not, however, prove that the Kuils River soils formed solely from underlying rocks. The gravel and stone fraction for the Kuils River soils were nevertheless correlated with those of the underlying parent material. Soils from Helshoogte and Simonsberg (both of which are underlain by granites), Papegaaiberg and Devon Valley (both underlain by hornfels) were not significantly dominated by any particular sand fraction. Soils from these localities therefore did not only reflect the underlying material as a source of soil parent material. This implied mixing of parent material and/or the incursion of eolian sand at Helshoogte, Simonsberg and Devon Valley. A marine incursion may have affected the soil parent material at Papegaaiberg. In order to obtain more information concerning the origins and possible mixing of parent materials prior to and during soil formation, samples from the different soil horizons in each profile were subjected to a chemical analysis. Particular emphasis was placed on potassium, which is an extremely important nutrient mineral element, from the viewpoints of vine growth and wine quality. Because the soils used in this study were all located in production vineyards, the probability that fertiliser residues would have contaminated the soils was high. The lower soil horizons were considered to be least affected by this contamination and therefore most likely to be indicative of the natural soil chemical composition. However, the lower horizon K content of the soils in this study could not be reliably correlated with any known or predicted characteristic that might link the soil parent material with local rock types. At Durbanville, both soils contained small quantities of K in the lower horizons, reflecting the underlying phyllitic shales, but at Devon Valley and Papegaaiberg, the lower horizons contained more K than expected. The soils at these localities are situated on hornfels, containing low quantities of K. The large quantities of K in the soils may have indicated that these soils are situated close to a granite/Malmesbury contact zone. Soils from Kuils River, Simonsberg and Helshoogte are situated on K-rich porhyritic granites and it was expected that these soils would contain relatively large quantities of K in the lower horizons. This, however, was not the case. It was therefore concluded that dilution with K-poor material had taken place. Such material could have been derived from higher-lying sandstones, or from eolian processes during the Cenozoic. Alternatively, the K content of the soil might have been depleted by long continued leaching. A semi-quantitative analysis of the minerals in the soil clay fractions was also carried out. The objective was to identify the clay minerals that were present in the different soil horizons and to relate the minerals to weathering conditions. Evidence linking the minerals in the clay fractions of the soil samples with the mineralogical composition of the soil parent materials was sought. The clay fraction mineralogy data indicated that all soils in the study area are in an advanced stage of weathering and are dominated by kaolinite, and in certain soils quartz. It was difficult to relate these minerals directly with soil parent material because the primary minerals originating from the soil parent materials have been extensively broken down. The simultaneous presence of quartz and gibbsite in the clay fraction of both soils at Simonsberg, Helshoogte and Durbanville as well as one soil form from bath Kuils River and Simonsberg, indicated non-uniform distribution of clay fraction minerals, indicating that different stages of weathering were present during soil formation. This could have been a result of mixing of parent materials, but may also reflect different periods of weathering of the same material. Both soils at Papegaaiberg, both soils at Devon Valley and other soils at Simonsberg and Kuils River indicated uniform clay fraction mineralogy distribution, mainly because the absence of gibbsite is related to the presence of quartz in the clay fraction. The soil characteristics, as determined in this study, were also compared with vine growth, wine quality and wine character, as obtained in the broader multidisciplinary research project. For most soils in this study, an increase in clay fraction kaolinite was associated with a reduction in vegetative growth, overall wine quality, and fresh vegetative character. An increase in clay fraction quartz was associated with higher overall wine quality. Increased shoot growth also affected fresh vegetative character positively. Better growth occurred on higher altitudes and this resulted, for Sauvignon blanc, in higher wine quality. Wines produced from vines situated on both phyllitic shales and porhyritic granites showed high quality (Durbanville and Helshoogte), but both were related to low clay fraction kaolinite content and high altitude. It was not possible to relate parent material directly with vine growth, wine quality and/or wine character. The lowest quality wines, however, were produced from vines situated on hornfels (Papegaaiberg and Devon Valley), both containing high quantities of clay fraction kaolinite and situated on low altitudes. High levels of K in soils containing high levels of clay fraction kaolinite may have been partly responsible for low wine quality obtained on such soils. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie vorm 'n integrale deel van 'n multi-dissiplinêre navorsingsprojek oor die effek van grond en klimaat op wynkwaliteit. Die motivering wat gelei het tot die beplanning van hierdie projek, was dat produsente nie vooraf kon bepaal of 'n spesifieke lokaliteit wyne kan produseer van hoë of lae kwaliteit nie. Indien 'n spesifieke kultivar op die verkeerde lokaliteit geplant word, sou dit waarskynlik tot In gewone tafelwyn lei, instede van 'n wyn van uitvoergehalte. Die langtermyn doelwitte van die multi-dissiplinêre projek was om riglyne te ontwikkel om verskillende lokaliteite te klassifiseer na aanleiding van·hul potensiaal om hoë kwaliteit wyne te produseer, asook om die belangrikste klimaats- en grondfaktore verantwoordelik vir die produksie van hoê kwalitiet wyne te identifiseer. In hierdie multidissiplinêre projek was metings (plant beskikbare water, blaarwater potensiaal, lootmassa en oes) onder droêland toestande bepaal in Sauvignon blanc wingerde by ses verskillende lokaliteite: vyf in die Stellenbosch distrik (Simonsberg, Kuilsrivier, Helshoogte, Papegaaiberg and Devon Valley) en een in Durbanville. Elke wingerd is besit deur 'n kommersiêle privaatprodusent. Die stokke was ongeveer 10 jaar oud in alle gevalle en opgelei op 'n heining sisteem. Metings was in eksperimentele blokke van 20 stokke elk uitgevoer. Twee verskillende grondtipes is by elke lokaliteit identifiseer. Lootgroei en wynkwaliteit het merkbaar verskilop die kontrasterende gronde, selfs waar gronde nabyaanmekaar was. Die metings is Liitgevoer op hoë- en lae produksie eksperimentele blokke waar gronde by spesifieke lokaliteite nie verder as 60 meter was nie. 'n Outomatiese weerstasie was halfpad tussen die twee kontrasterende grondtipes by elk van die ses lokaliteite opgerig. Binne die algemene omvang van die multi-clissiplinêre projek, het die studie wat die onderwerp van hierdie tesis is, gekonsentreer op die effek van moedermateriaal as grondvormende parameter asook as moontlike voorspeller van wingerdgroei en wynkarakter. Dit was duidelik uit die literatuur dat die geologie van die Wynkusstreek baie kompleks is en oor kort afstande varieer. Die geologiese geskiedenis dui daarop dat verskillende tipes gesteentes en verskillende prosesse van gesteente-vorming (sedimentêr, stollings- en metamorfe), plaattektoniese aktiwiteit, orogenese, erosie en verwering, oor 'n periode van ongeveer 1 000 miljoen jaar plaasgevind het. Die huidige landskap sluit kusvlaktes, heuwels en geêrodeerde berge in. Statistiese analises het aangetoon dat die gronde van die verskillende lokaliteite hoofsaaklik in terme van verskille in sandgrootte fraksies onderskei kon word. Gronde van Durbanville is gedomineer deur fyn sand en korreleer met onderliggende fillietiese skalies. Gronde van Kuilsrivier bevat betekenisvol meer growwe sand wanneer dit vergelyk word met die ander lokaliteite. Dit is waarskynlik afkomstig vanaf die onderliggende growwe granitiese materiaal en impliseer dat in situ verwering 'n belangrike rol gespeel het in grondontwikkeling. Die data het egter nie bewys dat die gronde van Kuilsrivier slegs uit die onderliggende graniete gevorm het nie. Die gruisfraksies in die gronde by Kuilsrivier was tog vergelykbaar met die onderliggende materiaal. Gronde vanaf Helshoogte and Simonsberg (beide onderlê deur graniete), Papegaaiberg and Devon Valley (beide onderlê deur hornfels) was nie betekenisvol gedomineer deur 'n spesifieke sandfraksie nie. Gronde vanaf hierdie lokaliteite het dus nie slegs die onderliggende gesteentes verteenwoordig nie. Dit dui op vermenging van moedermateriaal en/of eoliese prosesse by Helshoogte, Simonsberg and Devon Valley. 'n Styging in seevlak kon die moedermateriaal by Papegaaiberg beïnvloed het. Om meer inligting omtrent die oorsprong en moontlike vermening van moedermateriaal voor grondvorming te verkry, is die verskillende grondmonsters chemies ontleed. Kalium is In uiters belangrike voedingselement wat lootgroei en wynkwaliteit kan beïnvloed. Aangesien die gronde in hierdie studie in bestaande produksieblokke voorkom, was daar 'n goeie kans dat bemestingstowwe die chemiese samestelling kon beïnvloed. Die C horisonte van die verskillende gronde was beskou as dié wat die minste deur bemesting beYnvloedsou word en die naaste aanduiding van natuurlike grondchemiese samestelling. Die C horison K-inhoude van die gronde in die studie het egter nie gekorreleer met enige eienskap wat die moedermateriaal van die gronde met die lokale gesteentetipe kon verbind nie. By Durbanville, het beide gronde klein hoeveelhede K in die C horisonte bevat, wat die onderliggende fillietiese skalies reflekteer, maar by Devon Valley en Papegaaiberg, het die C horisonte meer K bevat as wat verwag is. Die gronde by hierdie lokaliteite word onderlê deur hornfels, wat lae hoeveelhede K bevat. Die groot hoeveelhede K in hierdie gronde dui moontlik op 'n kontaksone tussen graniet en Malmesbury gesteentes in die area. Gronde vanaf Kuilsrivier, Simonsberg en Helshoogte word onderlê deur K-ryke porfiritiese graniete wat groot hoeveelhede K in die ondergronde sou bevat. Dit was egter nie die geval nie en dit was aanvaar dat verdunning van K-arme materiaal plaasgevind het. Die oorsprong van Karme materiaal was waarskynlik vanaf hoêr-liggende sandstene, of vanaf eoliese prosesse gedurende die Cenozoikum. Alternatiewelik is K inhoude van die gronde verlaag deur lang en aanhoudende loging. 'n Semi-kwantitatiewe analise van minerale in die kleifraksie was uitgevoer om te bepaal watter minerale in die kleifraksie van die verskillende gronde teenwoordig is en om die minerale met stadia van verwering te vergelyk. Dan kon die mineralogiese samestelling in verband met moedermateriaal gebring word. Resultate het aangetoon dat al die gronde in die studie in 'n gevorderde stadium van verwering is en gedomineer word deur kaoliniet, en in sekere gronde, klei fraksie kwarts. Aangesien die primêre minerale in 'n groot mate afgebreek is, was dit moeilik om die minerale in die kleifraksie direk in verband met moedermateriaal te bring. Die voorkoms van kwarts en gibbsiet in die kleifraksie in beide gronde van Simonsberg, Helshoogte en Durbanville asook een grondvorm vanaf beide Kuilsrivier en Simonsberg, het aangetoon dat verskillende stadia van verwering gedurende grondvorming in hierdie gronde voorgekom het. Dit kan die gevolg wees van vermenging van verskillende moedermateriaal, maar kan ook verskillende periodes van verwering van dieselfde materiaal aandui. Beide gronde by Papegaaiberg, beide gronde van Devon Valley die ander gronde by Simonsberg en Kuilsrivier het slegs een fase van verwering tydens grondvorming aangedui, hoofsaaklik as gevolg van die afwesigheid van gibbsiet wanneer kwarts voorkom. Grondeienskappe, soos bepaal in hierdie studie, was ook vergelyk met lootgroei, wynkwaliteit en wynkarakter, soos verkry uit die resultate van die multi-dissiplinêre projek. Vir die meeste gronde in die studie was 'n toename in kleifraksie kaoliniet geassosieer met afname in vegetatiewe groei, algemene wynkwaliteit, asook vars vegetatiewe wynkarakter. 'n Toename in kleifraksie kwarts was geassosieer met hoër algehele wynkwaliteit. 'n Toeneme in vegetatiewe groei het ook die vars vegetatiewe karakter van die wyn positief beïnvloed. Beter vegetatiewe groei het op hoër hoogtes voorgekom en dit het gelei tot hoër wynkwaliteit vir Sauvignon blanc. Wyne afkomstig van wingerde op beide fillietiese skalies en porfiritiese graniete, was van hoër kwaliteit (Durbanville and Helshoogte), maar beide was geassosieer met lae kleifraksie kaoliniet en hoë ligging. Dit was nie moontlik om moedermateriaal direk met vegetatiewe groei, wynkwaliteit en/of wynkarakter te vergelyk nie. Wyne met die laagste kwaliteit kom egter voor op hornfels (Papegaaiberg and Devon Valley), wat beide groot hoeveelhede kleifraksie kaoliniet bevat en geleê is op lae hoogtes. Hoê vlakke van K in gronde wat groot hoeveelhede kleifraksie kaoliniet bevat kan gedeeltelik verantwoordelik wees vir lae kwaliteit wyne op sulke gronde.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 1973. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: no abstract available / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: geen opsomming

Thesis (MCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: “Within the context of the current market conditions, SCF may be one of the most attractive tools for companies to diversify funding basis, enrich and solidify their relationships with suppliers and their core banks.” – Michiel Steeman (Executive Director – Supply Chain Finance Community). (ING Group, 2013b). Insufficient cash flow is one of the major reasons for business failure in the current business environment. The spotlight is on collaboration between supply chain management and finance to release tied up cash in supply chains. Supply Chain Finance is a financial tool to help improve cash flow and optimise working capital to operate more efficiently. South Africa is one of the leading fruit exporters in the world with complex supply chains and even more complex financial arrangements. The need for Supply Chain Finance is aggravated by the long distances to overseas markets, and thus the long delay in payments after goods have been shipped. Supply Chain Finance is beneficial to the supplier, buyer and the financial service provider, creating a win-win-win situation. During this research the table grape export supply chain of Denau Farming is investigated to develop an explorative case study to implement Supply Chain Finance into their business model. During the research the problem of late payment received by buyers is explored by means of interviews and existing literature. A Concept Model is developed by adapting the Supply Chain Operations Reference Model (SCOR®) and the Management for Supply Chains (M4SC™) framework to identify the supply chain strategy during the current as-is physical and financial flow and to identify the gap in the supply chain. Two Supply Chain Finance solutions are identified based on Denau Farming’s financial needs in order to develop the to-be physical and financial supply chains and the resource changes required to facilitate the respective implementation. The final result determines how the proposed Supply Chain Finance solutions affect the expected cash-to-cash cycle time and the expected Economic Value Added (EVA®) in the case study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: “Within the context of the current market conditions, SCF may be one of the most attractive tools for companies to diversify funding basis, enrich and solidify their relationships with suppliers and their core banks.” – Michiel Steeman (Executive Director – Supply Chain Finance Community). (ING Group, 2013b). Onvoldoende kontantvloei is een van die vernaamste redes waarom besighede in die huidige sakeomgewing misluk. Die kollig val op samewerking tussen voorsieningskettingbestuur en finansiering om kontant wat vasgevang is in voorsieningskettings te kan vrystel. Voorsieningsketting-finansiering is ‘n finansiële instrument wat kan help om kontantvloei verbeter en bedryfskapitaal te optimeer om meer doeltreffend te bedryf. Suid Afrika is een van die voorste vrugte-uitvoerders in die wêreld met komplekse voorsieningskettings en nog meer komplekse finansiële reëlings. Die behoefte vir voorsieningskettingbestuur-finansiering word vererger deur die lang afstande na oorsese markte, en dus die lang vertraging vir betaling nadat goedere reeds verskeep is. Voorsieningsketting-finansiering is voordelig vir die verskaffer, koper, en die finansiële diensverskaffer deur die skep van ‘n wen-wenwen situasie. As deel van hierdie navorsing is die tafeldruif-uitvoer voorsieningsketting van Denau Boerdery ondersoek as deel van die ontwikkeling van ‘n verkennende gevallestudie om sodoende voorsieningsketting-finansiering in hul sake-model te implementeer. Tydens die navorsing is die problem van laat betaling ontvang vanaf kopers in oorsese markte verder ondersoek deur middel van onderhoude en bestaande literatuur. ‘n Konsep model is ontwikkel deur die toepassing en aanpassing van die Supply Chain Operations Reference Model (SCOR®) en die Management for Supply Chains (M4SC™) raamwerk beginnende met die identifisering van ‘n voorsieningskettingstrategie tydens die huidige fisiese en finansiële vloei en die begin van ‘n gapings-identifisering vir die voorsieningsketting. Twee voorsieningsketting-finansiering oplossings is geidentifiseer gebaseer op Denau Boerdery se finansiële behoeftes en die ontwikkeling van ‘n verwagte toekomstige fisiese en finansiële voorsieningsketting asook die hulpbronveranderinge benodig wat die onderskeie implementerings kan help fasiliteer. Die finale navorsingsresultate bepaal tot watter mate die voorgestelde voorsieningsketting-finansiering oplossings die verwagte kontant-tot-kontant siklustyd asook die verwagte Ekonomiese Waarde Toevoeging (EVA®) in die gevallestudie beïnvloed.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: After the deregulation of the South African deciduous fruit industry in 1997 an unregulated grape marketing environment replaced the single channel marketing system. Many new South African grape exporters were now involved in an uncoordinated and uncooperative marketing environment. Each marketing organisation implemented their own marketing plans resulting in an increase in competition among South African suppliers. The South African grape supplies originate from various production areas, each with their unique characteristics and qualities, making it a very competitive environment. South African grapes also share the various markets with other competing Southern Hemisphere grape suppliers. This level of competition makes it very important for the South African grape industry to have a uniform marketing strategy. To achieve a uniform industry marketing strategy the industry has to develop a common vision - to be the preferred table grape supplier in our target markets - that forms the basis of developing a generic South African table grape marketing strategy. A single vision gives the competitive export companies a common marketing objective. This study includes recommendations to industry stakeholders that will enable them to formulate their own marketing strategy, all within the guidelines of the common vision that is adjusted to the specific needs of their respective target markets. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Na die deregulering van die Suid-Afrikaanse sagtevrugtebedryf in 1997 het 'n ongereguleerde bemarkingsomgewing die enkelkanaalbemarking vervang. Verskeie nuwe Suid-Afrikaanse tafeldruifuitvoerders was nou betrokke by 'n ongekoërdineerde bemarkingsomgewing waar daar geen samewerking tussen uitvoerders was nie. Elke bemarkingsagent het sy eie bemarkingsplan gevolg wat gelei het tot 'n toename in kompetisie tussen Suid-Afrikaanse produsente. Die Suid-Afrikaanse tafeldruiwe word in verskillende produksieareas geoes, elk met hul unieke eienskappe en kwaliteite. Dit maak dit 'n baie kompeterende omgewing. Die Suid-Afrikaanse druiwe kompeteer ook in die mark met ander Suidelike Halfrond druiwe produsente. Met so 'n hoë vlak van kompetisie, is dit belangrik dat die Suid- Afrikaanse industrie 'n eenvormige bemarkingstrategie het. Om 'n eenvormige bemarkingstrategie vir die industrie te formuleer, moet die industrie visie - om die voorkeurverskaffer van tafeldruiwe in ons teikenmarkte te wees - die basis vorm vir die formulering van 'n generiese bemarkingstrategie vir Suid-Afrikaanse tafeldruiwe. 'n Eenvormige visie bied vir die kompeterende bemarkingsagente 'n gemene doelwit. Hierdie werkstuk sluit aanbevelings in wat vir rolspelers leiding sal gee om hul eie bemarkingstrategie te formuleer wat die doelwitte van 'n eenvormige visie onderskryf, maar nog steeds die behoeftes van die onderskeie teikenmarkte aanspreek.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / The South African table grape industry has a very fruitful history. The landscape of the South African table grape industry has changed at a rapid rate since deregulation in 1997. The sustainability of these changes was questioned and created the opportunity for this research. The orientation of this research report outlines the structure to this research. It indicates that the South African table grape industry is experiencing a strong trend of consolidation of the production and exporter base. Economically sustainable growers and marketing companies produce or attract more volumes of table grapes to export to global destinations. The environment provides the background to the South African table grape industry, since deregulation. Five major trends in this industry are important to mention and give perspective to the research question, namely: - The number of producers has declined at a rapid rate (about 52%) since deregulation. - Traditional production regions like the Berg and Hex River have become less important due to the timing of product supplied to the market. New geographic production regions have grown in importance, like the Orange River and Northern Province. - Production volumes of table grapes have slowed down over the last ten years and in certain regions have become stagnant. - The cultivar spectrum of table grapes has changed from seeded grape that is marginal to the market to a seedless product that earns premiums in the market. - There has been a shift in marketing of table grapes from Western countries like the UK and EU to Eastern countries. There are also certain factors that have a profound impact on the South African table grape industry, namely economic, environmental, political, social and global factors, which required further investigation. The evaluation of trends in the industry and the factors that affect the industry revealed the problem statement for this research and set the foundation for the research question. The research question of this study is: What are the distinguishable marketing models currently used by South African exporters and how sustainable is each model? The research methodology demonstrates that the South African table grapes industry is split into two dominant marketing models, which are the marketing agent and the grower-exporter model. A marketing model metrics was designed, based on literature and consultations with industry experts via a questionnaire, to evaluate the economic, social and environmental sustainability of these two marketing models. The method of data analysis was a qualitative investigation into the sustainability of marketing models that exist in the South African table grape industry. The structure of the holistic marketing dimension model which was used has the following four dimensions (Kotler & Keller, 2009:61): - Relationship marketing - Performance marketing - Integrated marketing - Internal marketing. Semi-structured interviews were held with six different marketing entities in the South African table grape industry, which represented 40 percent of the total population. The interviews were held by utilising a discussion guide that comprised of standard questions to all the interviewees. The information gathered from the interviews was used to design a conceptual marketing model, with the main objective of being sustainable on an economic, social and environmental level. This relevance and practicality of this conceptual marketing model was tested against a grower-exporter model in the South African table grape industry, called Angon Fruit. The findings of this research report focused on the triple bottom-line approach of building economic, social and environmental capital. The economic sustainability revealed the following factors to consider: - Grower-exporter model is a more sustainable marketing model, due to low cost operations. - Marketing agent model should have a definite competitive advantage, to justify relevance in the cost-chain. - Sustainable market share in volume of table grapes to export by a marketing company is five percent. - Prices paid to growers by a marketing company should keep track of inflation on inputs and a ten percent premium earned on top of the production cost is regarded as sustainable. - A sustainable commission percentage charged by marketing companies should not exceed five percent of free on board (FOB) value at Cape Town port. - Growers need to replace marginal seeded cultivars with premium seedless cultivars that are high in demand in global markets. - Marketing companies should supply table grapes at a split of 50 percent to Western countries and 50 percent to Eastern countries. - The sustainability of the Berg and Hex River production regions is at risk, due to global competitions from South American countries. The South African table grape industry revealed the following social sustainability findings: - A marketing company should have a social policy, which governs social responsibility projects (CSI). - The marketing company should be involved one major project instead of a few smaller projects. - Corporate social investment (CSI) projects should aim to provide the opportunity to improve education and training, improve health status and to develop sport among the youth. - The marketing company should not invest in CSI projects if the economic sustainability is at risk. The objective is to invest five percent of net profit in CSI projects, annually. Environmental sustainability revealed the following factors to consider: - A marketing company should have an environmental policy. - The company should measure its carbon and water footprint at least every two years, with the objective to reduce or optimise the level of use. - The company should embrace and implement green technology that utilises renewable energy to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels and coal-generated electricity. - The use of water should be optimised, through implementation of advanced technology. - The marketing company should adopt the practice of recycling. The conclusion to this research report is that the table grape industry is still economically sustainable, however more work can be done on the social and environmental sustainability. Finally, ten recommendations are made to the South African table grape industry to consider from a sustainability perspective. Companies can consider implementing these best practices into their marketing of table grapes.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 1963. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: no abstract available / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: geen opsomming

Thesis (MScAgric) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The table grape industry is a major contributor to the South African economy, directly through foreign earnings from this predominantly export-based industry, as well as indirectly through the employment of thousands of people. It is a growing industry and consists of several production areas. The fastest growing table grape production area in South Africa is the Lower Orange River area, which produces some of the earliest grapes in the Southern Hemisphere. The biggest river in South Africa irrigates this area and it has an extreme climate characteristic of semi-desert areas. This area is considered to be optimal for the production of high quality, early, white seedless grapes. Previously, this area was predominantly planted to Sultanina vines for the purpose of raisin production. When seedless table grapes became a consumer preference, the producers very successfully converted their production practices to yield export quality seedless grapes from the established Sultanina vineyards. Extensive new plantings as well as re-plantings occurred in this area, also including newer cultivars from local and overseas breeding programmes. Being a viticultural and economical hot-spot, the Lower Orange River area is attracting much attention as a table grape production area and it also formed the backdrop to this study. The cultivar profile is changing in the area and it is projected that Sultana-, Regal-, Prime Seedless and Sugraone will be the four major early, white seedless cultivars in 2005. Based on this knowledge and prompted by a lack of information regarding production costs and general profitability of the new cultivars, this study was initiated in the form of a comparative analysis between the four mentioned cultivars spanning the early, middle and late regions of the Lower Orange River area. The approach used extracted information regarding cultural input costs (specifically labour as man-hours and the consequent costs) per manipulation performed in the vineyards. This approach is different from the more general method of obtaining input costs for a specific area based on combined mean values, often not distinguishing between cultivars. The specific aims of the study included a comparative analysis of input costs for production cultural practices per main manipulation action, as well as a comparative analysis taking into account productivity, value and extraordinary costs related to each of the four cultivars. To this end, 22 experimental plots were identified for use in the study. Collaboration of the production managers of each of the experimental plots were procured and information regarding production costs per manipulation and productivity of each cultivar and experimental plot were extracted from their own record keeping systems or from documents provided to the production managers. The value (price achieved) of the various cultivars for the 2001/2002 table grape season were put into perspective by using data from a survey which included information regarding payments for the various cultivars during the season in the Lower Orange River area. Information regarding fruit and vine royalties was obtained from the various plant breeders' rights holders of the various cultivars, where applicable. Primary descriptions of each experimental plot concerning general cultivation practices and information regarding the specific season were used to qualify results obtained from the various blocks. Several complicating factors impacted on the study and specifically the subsequent analyses of the results. Some of the factors were already identified as complicating factors in the planning stage of the study and were mostly linked to the recent introduction of two of the cultivars to the Orange River area. From the data gathered and the analyses performed it became clear that it would be difficult to discern significant differences (where significant is defined as PS0.10), but clear trends were observed and indications obtained. Based on the input cost analyses of this study it is proposed that mature Prime Seedless will have the highest labour input and cultural production cost of the four cultivars, followed by Sugraone. The labour input and the cost for the production cultural practices studied for young Prime Seedless vines were very high in comparison to the mature Sultana Seedless and Sugraone vines, especially for the canopy management and bunch manipulation actions. Prime Seedless was especially prone to the set of small and uneven berries, which lead to very high labour input requirements and subsequent cost for bunch manipulations. Sugraone is also known for the set of small and uneven berries in the Lower Orange River area, especially in difficult climatic seasons, also requiring high labour input for bunch manipulations. The initial indication is that mature Sultana- and Regal Seedless will require similar labour inputs for cultural production practices. The fact that Regal Seedless does not require expensive gibberellic acid (GA) applications, or girdling for thinning and berry enlargement purposes, is a tremendous advantage from a production cost point of view. Accordingly, initial indications are that Regal Seedless will have the lowest cultural production cost of the four cultivars. Regal Seedless was prone to the set of uneven berries during the year of study and accordingly it is suspected that this factor will ultimately determine the labour requirements and cultural production input cost, especially in difficult climatic seasons. The labour input and ultimately the cultural production cost for Sultana Seedless will be determined by the correct timing and concentration of the GA applications for thinning and berry sizing. Sultana Seedless and Sugraone produced high yields during the 2001/2002 table grape season in the Lower Orange River area. Yield information from the various experimental plots confirmed that there is little to choose between the two cultivars in terms of yield when cultivation conditions and practices are optimal. Large variation was observed in the yield results from the Regal- and Prime Seedless experimental plots. This is largely due to the recent introduction of the cultivars to the area and the consequent scarcity of blocks of these cultivars that are in full production. It was impossible to identify clear trends in terms of the future productivity of mature Regal- and Prime Seedless, but some indications of labour inputs could be extracted and qualified. Early maturing Prime Seedless and Sugraone performed very well in terms of price, especially in the harvest period prior to week 50. This advantage of high prices early in the season is, however, not always applicable to early cultivars in the later maturing regions of the Lower Orange River area. Later during the season, after week 50, when the supply of table grapes to the overseas markets has increased sharply, Sultana Seedless is usually the best performer in terms of price of the four cultivars. The ultimate price obtained by a cultivar is to a large extent determined by supply and demand, quality and acceptance of the specific cultivar. This study and its outcomes have a strong regional (Lower Orange River) and local (South Africa) impact and the specific results will undoubtedly be valuable to the producers, exporters and other role-players with vested interest in the cultivars studied or in table grape production per se. The methodology adopted in this study, however, is of broader interest and dearly shows the advantage of having detailed and qualified information regarding cultivation practices and bringing it in relation to the labour and consequent costs required per action. This should lead to more business intelligence and realistic planning on the producer side when decisions regarding the choice of a cultivar for a specific production area with a particular marketing scope have to be made. This study has also paved the way for similar studies, specifically with regard to the detailed description of the methodology that was established. Knowledge of the problems experienced in this study provides a useful reference for the planning and execution of similar studies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die tafeldruifindustrie dra grootskaals by tot die Suid- Afrikaanse ekonomie: regstreeks deur middel van buitelandse valuta vanaf hierdie hoofsaaklik uitvoer-gebaseerde industrie, asook indirek deur werkverskaffing aan duisende mense. Dit is 'n vinnig groeiende industrie en bestaan uit verskeie produksie-areas waarvan die Benede-Oranjerivierarea, waar van die vroegste druiwe in die suidelike halfrond geproduseer word, tans die meeste groei toon. Die grootste rivier in Suid-Afrika vloei deur hierdie gebied wat deur uiterste klimaatstoestande, soortgelyk aan die van semi-woestyngebiede, gekenmerk word. Hierdie gebied is baie gunstig vir die produksie van hoë-gehalte, vroeë, wit pitlose druiwe. In die verlede is hoofsaaklik Sultanina vir die produksie van rosyne in hierdie gebied verbou. Namate pitlose tafeldruiwe voorkeur begin geniet het onder verbruikers wêreldwyd, het produseerders in die area hul verbouingspraktyke suksesvol aangepas vir die produksie van uitvoergehalte tafeldruiwe vanaf die grootskaalse, reeds gevestigde Sultanina-wingerde. Uitgebreide aanplantings en heraanplantings, wat nuwe cultivars van plaaslike en oorsese teelprogramme ingesluit het, is in hierdie gebied gedoen. Die vinnige groei in tafeldruifaanplantings en -uitvoere, asook die ekonomiese impak van die industrie in die Benede-Oranjeriviergebied, het die afgelope aantal jaar sterk op die voorgrond getree en het gevolglik gedien as agtergrond vir hierdie studie. Die cultivarprofiel in dié area is besig om te verander en volgens vooruitskattings gaan Sultana, Regal, Prime Seedless en Sugraone die vier prominente vroeë, wit, pitlose tafeldruifcultivars in 2005 wees. Gebaseer op hierdie feit en na aanleiding van 'n behoefte aan meer inligting met betrekking tot produksiekostes en algemene winsgewendheid van die nuwe cultivars, is 'n vergelykende studie aangaande die vier genoemde cultivars in die Benede-Oranjeriviergebied geloods. Die benadering wat gedurende die studie gevolg is, het inligting aangaande produksie-insetkoste (spesifiek arbeid in man-ure en gevolglike koste) per manipulasie onttrek. Hierdie benadering verskil van die meer algemene metodiek om insetkoste-inligting van 'n spesifieke area van gekombineerde gemiddelde waardes te verkry. Met so 'n benadering word gewoonlik geen onderskeid tussen cultivars getref nie. Die spesifieke doelwitte van hierdie studie het 'n vergelykende analise aangaande die insetkoste van die produksiepraktyke per hoofmanipulasie/aksie ingesluit, asook 'n analise waar produktiwiteit, waarde en buitengewone koste van die vier cultivars in ag geneem is. In totaal is 22 eksperimentele persele gebruik in die studie. Samewerking van die produksiebestuurders van die onderskeie esperimentele persele is verkry ten opsigte van die verskaffing van inligting oor produksiekoste per manipulasie, en die produktiwiteit per cultivar en eksperimentele perseel. Die produksiebestuurders het die nodige dokumente ontvang om die inligting te onttrek, of kon die inligting verskaf soos dit in hul rekordhoudingsisteem voorgekom het. Die waarde (prys behaal) van die onderskeie cultivars vir die 2001/2002-seisoen is in perspektief gestel deur gebruik te maak van 'n opname wat in die Benede Oranjeriviergebied plaasgevind het. Hierdie opname het inligting oor die uitbetalings van die onderskeie cultivars in die area vir die 2001/2002- seisoen ingesluit. Inligting rakende die stok- en vrugproduksie-tantieme is vanaf die onderskeie plantttelersregtehouers van die cultivars verkry. Primêre beskywings van die algemene verbouingspraktyke van elke eksperimentele blok en inligting oor die spesifieke seisoen is gebruik om die data wat vanaf die esperimentele persele verkry is, in perskektief te stel. Verskeie kompliserende faktore het die studie en die ontleding van data beïnvloed. Verskeie van hierdie faktore is reeds geidentifiseer met die beplanning van die studie en was meestal gekoppel aan die onlangse bekendstelling van Regal en Prime Seedless aan die Benede-Oranjeriviergebied. Na aanleiding van die data wat ingesamel en ontleed is, was dit duidelik dat dit moeilik sou wees om betekenisvolle verskille (waar "betekenisvol" as PS0.10 gedifinieer is) tussen die cultivars uit te lig, maar dat dit egter wel moontlik sou wees om aanvanklike indikasies en tendense te kry. Gebaseer op die insetkoste-ontleding van die studie blyk dit dat volwasse Prime Seedless die hoogste arbeidsinsetle en produksiekoste van die vier cultivars gaan hê, gevolg deur Sugraone. Die arbeidsinsetle en koste van die produksie-aksies wat van jong Prime Seedless bestudeer is, was baie hoog in vergelyking met volwasse Sultana Seedless- en Sugraone-stokke, veral ten opsigte van lowerbestuur en trosmanipulasies. Prime Seedless was veral geneig tot die set van klein, oneweredige korrels, wat tot baie hoë arbeidsinsetle en gevolglik koste vir trosmanipulasies gelei het. Sugraone is ook daarvoor bekend dat dit geneig is tot die set van klein, oneweredige korrels in die Benede-Oranjeriviergebied (veral in moeilike klimaatseisoene), wat gevolglik tot hoë arbeidsinstle vir trosmanipulasie lei. Die aanvanklike aanduiding is dat volwasse Sultana en Regal Seedless min of meer die dieselfde arbeidsinsetle vir verbouing sal vereis. Die feit dat Regal Seedless nie duur gibberelliensuur (GS)-behandelings vir blomtrosuitdunning of korrelvergroting benodig nie, is 'n enorme voordeel in terme van produksiekoste. Gevolglik is die aanvanklike aanduiding dat Regal Seedless die laagste produksieskoste van die vier cultivars sal hê. In die studiejaar was Regal Seedless egter geneig tot die set van onweredige korrels en gevolglik word verwag dat hierdie faktor uiteindelik die arbeidsinsetle en produsiekoste van die cultivar sal bepaal, veral in moeilike klimaatseisoene. Die arbiedsinsetle en produksiekoste van Sultana Seedless sal bepaal word deur die korrekte tydsberekening en konsentrasie van die GS-behandelings vir uitdunning en korrelvergroting. Sultana Seedless en Sugraone het gedurende die 2001/2002-seisoen hoë opbrengste in die Benede-Oranjeriviergebied geproduseer. Oesdata inligting van die onderskeie esperimentele persele het bevestig dat daar min te kies is tussen die twee cultivars in terme van produktiwiteit wanneer verbouingstoestande en -praktyke optimaal is. Groot variasie is egter waargeneem in die opbrengsresultate van die Regal en Prime Seedless. Dit is hoofsaaklik as gevolg van die onlangse bekendstelling van die twee cultivars in die area en dus ook die beperkte aantal blokke van die cultivars wat reeds in vol produksie was. Dit was dus onmoontlik om duidelike tendense in terme van die toekomstige produksie van volwasse Regal en Prime Seedless te identifiseer. Indikasies van arbeidsinsette en produksiekoste kon egter wel verkry word. Vroeg rypwordende Prime Seedless en Sugraone vaar baie goed in terme van die prys wat dit behaal, veral in die oesperiode voor week 50. Hierdie voordeel van hoë pryse behaal vroeg in die seisoen is egter nie altyd van toepassing op vroeë cultivars in die later rypwordende areas van die Benede-Oranjeriviergebied nie. Later in die seisoen (na week 50), wanneer die aanbod van tafeldruiwe op oorsese markte skerp toegeneem het, is Sultana Seedless gewoonlik die beste presteerder in terme van prys van die vier cultivars. Die uiteindelike prys wat deur cultivars behaal word, word tot 'n groot mate bepaal deur vraag en aanbod, kwaliteit en aanvaarding van die cultivar deur die verbruiker. Die studie en die uitkomste daarvan het 'n sterk streeks (Benede-Oranjerivier) en plaaslike (Suid-Afrika) impak, en die spesifieke resultate salongetwyfeld van waarde wees vir produseerders, uitvoerders en ander rolspelers met bestaande belange in die cultivars of vir tafeldruifproduksie as sulks. Die metodiek wat in hierdie studie gebruik is, is egter van breêr belang en wys duidelik die voordele daarvan om gedetailleerde en gekwalifiseerde inligting aangaande produksiepraktyke te hê, wat dit ook in verband bring met arbeid en gevolglike koste per aksie. Dit behoort te lei tot meer besigheidsintelligensie en realistiese beplanning deur die produseerder met betrekking tot cultivarkeuse vir 'n spesifieke produksiearea met 'n spesifieke bemarkings geleentheid. Hierdie studie het ook die weg gebaan vir soortgelyke studies, spesifiek ten opsigte van die gedetailleerde beskrywing van die metodiek wat gevestig is. Kennis van die probleme wat in hierdie studie ondervind is, kan dien as nuttige verwysing vir die beplanning en uitvoer van soortgelyke studies.

Thesis (MSc Agric.)--Stellenbosch University, 1987. / NO Abstract Available

Dissertation (PhD(Agric)) -- Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Due to increased consumer demand for products labelled by origin, and the requirement that these labels are a guarantee of both quality and product character, there is an increasing global focus on delimitation of denominations of origin. The integrity of denominations of origin and their defensibility can be ensured through the use of terroirs as a basis for delimitation. The aims of this study were to establish the dominant environmental criteria that affect the viticultural behaviour and wine character of two important cultivars (Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon blanc) in the Stellenbosch Wine of Origin District, to use an appropriate methodology to identify viticultural terroirs in this district based on these criteria and with the use of a geographic information system, and finally to use these viticultural terroirs to identify denominations of origin within the same area. A terroir can be defined as a grouping of homogenous environmental units, or natural terroir units, based on the typicality of the products obtained. Identification and characterisation of terroirs depends on knowledge of environmental parameters, the functioning of the grapevine and the characteristics of the final product. Field studies, resulting in point data, are necessary to investigate the functioning of the grapevine but in order for this information to be of use within zoning studies it must be placed in a spatial context. As a first phase in data acquisition, the Stellenbosch Wine of Origin District was characterised and natural terroir units were identified using existing digital data and a geographic information system. A natural terroir unit (NTU) can be defined as a unit of land that is characterised by relatively homogenous topography, climate, geological substrate and soil. A total of 1389 NTUs were identified in the Stellenbosch Wine of Origin District (84 537 ha). The identified NTUs were homogenous with respect to terrain morphological unit, altitude, aspect and soil type. Each of the identified units was further described with respect to the extent of the expected sea breeze effect and, for certain of the soil types, the associated parent material. As a second phase of data acquisition, a network of plots of Sauvignon blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon were delimited in commercial vineyards in proximity to weather stations and their viticultural and oenological response monitored for a period of seven years. Regression tree analyses were performed on the complete data set and the relative importance of the environmental and management related variables determined for each dependent variable. Excepting for scion clone, which had a high relative importance for bunch mass of Sauvignon blanc and yield to pruning mass index of Cabernet Sauvignon, no other non-environmental variable included in the analyses appeared to have a strong effect on grapevine performance and wine character. The performance of Cabernet Sauvignon was affected by the potassium content of the subsoil and the climate of the season. The performance of Sauvignon blanc appeared to be related to soil texture, wind exposure and temperature, both during the green berry growth stage and the month prior to ripening. From the results presented, it appears that environmental parameters have an overriding effect on the performance of both Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon blanc, but that these two cultivars react differently to environmental stimuli. A knowledge-driven model used the rules generated in the regression tree analyses to directly classify natural terroir units with respect to expected response of Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon blanc in the Stellenbosch Wine of Origin District. The natural terroir units were thus grouped into terroir units that were homogenous with respect to predicted viticultural and oenological response for each cultivar. The use of representative sites to determine the response of the grapevine to its environment is time consuming and costly and limits terroir studies to research related investigations. Vineyard managers were therefore surveyed with respect to the functioning of established Sauvignon blanc vineyards in the Stellenbosch Wine of Origin District in an attempt to obtain the necessary data. Comparison of the data generated with these questionnaires to measured data in commercial vineyards suggested that the vineyard managers were able to characterise the performance of vineyards with respect to vigour, signs of drought stress and yield. Each vineyard was mapped and the responses were linked to modelled environmental variables. Classification and regression trees were used to construct decision trees, which could be applied to environmental data in a geographic information system to determine viticultural terroirs for production of Sauvignon blanc. These terroirs, although fewer, were comparable to those generated using field data. Data gathered during terroir studies, and the identified viticultural terroirs for Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon blanc, were used to revisit the boundaries of the Stellenbosch Wine of Origin District and the Simonsberg-Stellenbosch ward. Modifications were proposed based on expected wine characteristics. Boundaries for two new wards in the Helderberg basin were proposed. It was also possible to identify vineyards within a ward for the production of terroir specific wines. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Toenemende verbruikersaanvraag vereis produkte waarvan die etikette nie net die oorsprong aandui nie, maar ook kan dien as ‘n waarborg vir die produk se kwaliteit en kenmerkendheid. Hierdie tendens verklaar die toenemende wereldwye fokus op afgebakende areas van oorsprong. Die integriteit van die afgebakende areas van oorsprong sowel as hul verdedigbaarheid kan gewaarborg word deur terroirs as basis vir afbakening te gebruik. Die doelstellings van die studie was om die oorheersende omgewingseienskappe wat wingerdprestasie en wynkarakter van twee belangrike cultivars, naamlik Cabernet Sauvignon en Sauvignon blanc, in die Stellenbosch Wyn van Oorsprongsdistrik bemvloed, te bepaal; tweedens om ‘n toepaslike metodologie te gebruik om terroirs in die die distrik te bepaal wat gebaseer is op die geidentifiseerde omgewingseienskappe met die gebruik van ‘n geografiese inligtingstelsel; en, ten slotte, om hierdie terroirs vir wingerbou te gebruik om afgebakende areas van oorsprong in dieselfde omgewing te identifiseer. ‘n Terroir kan gedefinieer word as ‘n samestelling van homogene omgewingseenhede, of natuurlike terroir-eenhede (NTE), wat gebaseer word op die kenmerkende eienskappe van die produkte wat daaruit verkry word. Identifisering en karakterisering van terroirs sal afhang van kennis van die omgewingsparameters, die funksionering van die wingerdstok en die eienskappe van die finale produk. Veldstudies waaruit puntdata verkry word, is noodsaaklik om die funksionering van die wingerdstok te ondersoek. Dit is egter noodsaaklik om eers hierdie inligting in ruimtelike konteks te plaas alvorens die inligting vir soneringstudies gebruik kan word. As 'n eerste fase van datagenerering, was die Stellenbosch Wyn van Oorsprongsdistrik gekarakteriseer en NTE’s geidentifiseer deur gebruik te maak van bestaande digitale data en ‘n geografiese inligtingstelsel. ‘n NTE kan gedefinieer word as ‘n landseenheid wat gekarakteriseer word deur ‘n relatiewe homogene topografie, klimaat, geologiese substraat en grondtipe. ‘n Totaal van 1389 NTE’s is geidentifiseer in die Stellenbosch Wyn van Oorsprongsdistrik (84 537 ha). Die geidentifiseerde NTE’s was homogeen met betrekking tot die terrein morfologiese eenheid, hoogte bo seespieSI, hellingsaspek en grondtipe. Elk van die geidentifiseerde eenhede was verder beskryf volgens die omvang van die seewindinvloed en, vir toepaslike grond tipes, die geassosieerde moedermateriaal. As ‘n tweede fase van datagenerering is ‘n netwerk van persele van Cabernet Sauvignon en Sauvignon blanc afgebaken binne bestaande kommersiele wingerde in die nabyheid van weerstasies. Hul wingerd- en wynkundige respons is vir ‘n periode van sewe jaar gemonitor. Regressieboomanalises is gebruik om die volledige stel data te analiseer en om die relatiewe belang van omgewings- en bestuurspraktykverbonde veranderlikes te bepaal. Die bostokkloon (wat 'n hoe relatiewe belang vir die trosmassa van Sauvignon blanc en die oes- tot snoeimassa verhouding van Cabernet Sauvignon het) is die enigste van die nie-omgewingsparameter wat ‘n sterk invloed op wingerdprestasie of wynkarakter blyk te he. Die prestasie van Cabernet Sauvignon is beTnvloed deur die kaliuminhoud van die ondergrond sowel as die seisoensklimaat. By Sauvignon blanc het dit voorgekom of die prestasie verband hou met grondtekstuur, windblootstelling en temperatuur tydens die groen fase van korrelgroei sowel as die maand voor rypwording. Alhoewel dit blyk uit die resultate dat omgewingsparameters 'n oorheersende invloed op die prestasie van beide Cabernet Sauvignon en Sauvignon blanc uitoefen, reageer die twee cultivars verskillend op omgewingsprikkels. ‘n Kennisgedrewe model waarvan die riglyne uit resultate van die regressieboomanalise saamgestel is, word gebruik om NTE direk te klassifiseer ten opsigte van die verwagte respons van Cabernet Sauvignon en Sauvignon blanc in die Stellenbosch Wyn van Oorsprongsdistrik. Die NTE is dus gegroepeer om terroir eenhede te vorm wat homogeen was ten opsigte van die verwagte wingerd- en wynkundige respons vir elke cultivar. Die gebruik van verwysingspersele om die respons van die wingerdstok teenoor sy onmiddelike omgewing te bepaal, is tydrowend en duur en beperk sodoende terroir studies tot navorsing. Gevolglik is ‘n opname onder wingerdbestuurders gemaak om inligting oor die prestasie van Sauvignon blanc in die Stellenbosch Wyn van Oorsprongsdistrik in te win en sodoende die nodige data te verkry. Na vergelyking van die ingewinde data, wat uit die opname verkry is, met gemete data vanaf kommersiele wingerde, kon afgelei word dat wingerdbestuurders by magte is om die prestasie van wingerde ten opsigte van groeikrag, tekens van droogtestres en opbrengs te karakteriseer. Elke wingerd is gekarteer en die respons is gekoppel aan die gemodeleerde omgewingsparamters. Klassifikasie en regressiebome is gebruik om besluitnemingsmodelle saam te stel wat toegepas kon word op omgewingsdata in ‘n geografiese inligtingstelsel om terroirs vir die produksie van Sauvignon blanc te bepaal. Hierdie terroirs, alhoewel minder, was vergelykbaar met die wat gegenereer was met behulp van veldstudies. Data verkry met terroirstudies, sowel as gei'dentifiseerde terroir-eenhede, was gebruik om die grense van die Stellenbosch Wyn van Oorsrongsdistrik en die Simonsberg-Stellenbosch wyk te herbepaal. Voorgestelde modifiserings was gebaseer op verwagte wyneienskappe. Grense vir twee nuwe wyke in die Helderbergkom is voorgestel. Dit was ook moontlik om wingerde binne ‘n wyk te identifiseer vir die produksie van terroir-spesifieke wyne.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The financial decision-making environment within which wine-grape producers function is challenging because of the complex interrelationships between yield, product price and input requirements. The complexity of farm systems is increased because production and financial decisions are necessarily made under uncertainty. Various issues influence the resilience of the wine industry. The goal of this study is to determine the financial implications of irrigation, integrated with canopy management practices on red wine cultivars in the Robertson area. Canopy management and irrigation cost play an important role within the multi-faceted farm system regarding yield, quality and input cost. This necessitates that research be carried out within the context of a systems approach. In this manner the interdependence among the various components of the farm system, and the associated synergies can be captured. Farm management, as a field of research, is dependent on other disciplines that present an alternative perspective to the research problem. Viticulture trials specifically focused on the impact of various irrigation and canopy management activities is being done on Wansbek farm. Nine treatments were tested at various combinations of soil water depletion levels and canopy management strategies. The farm is situated in Agterkliphoogte, an area in the Robertson valley. A multi-disciplinary group discussion was held to firstly obtain insight in the complex working of a farm. Secondly the group discussion was used to gain insight into the application of the Wansbek trial data and the setting of guidelines as to its application to determine the expected farm level financial implications of the treatments. Dealing with complexity necessitates insight form various areas of expertise, which is achieved time efficiently within expert group discussions. A quantitative method is required to reflect the interrelatedness and dynamics of a whole farm system in a user-friendly manner. Multi-period budget models present the ability to accommodate the complexity associated with a farm through a sequence of mathematical and accounting equations. The physical/biological interrelations and structure of the farm can be modelled while the financial performance of various irrigation and canopy management strategies can be determined. Farm-level profitability is especially sensitive to yield and price of farm products. The treatments that showed the highest expected profitability, return relatively high yields and prices at relatively low production costs. The sprawling canopy management treatment at c. 60% and c. 30% plant available water depletion levels returned the highest and second highest profitability at both gross margin per hectare and whole farm level. Scenarios were incorporated to illustrate the expected impact of key variables and the capability of the model. Key factors associated with the success of specific treatments could be identified. Results showed throughout that the balance between yield, price and input cost are the determining factor to profitability, rather than a focus on any particular one of these factors. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die finansiële besluitnemingsomgewing waarbinne wyndruifprodusente funksioneer, is uitdagend weens die komplekse verwantskappe tussen oesopbrengs en -kwaliteit en gepaardgaande insetbehoeftes. Die kompleksiteit van die boerderystelsels word verhoog deurdat produksie- en finansiële besluite noodwendig op grond van onvolmaakte inligting geneem word. Verskeie kwessies beïnvloed die voortbestaan van die wynbedryf. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die finansiële implikasies te bepaal van besproeiing, geïntegreer met lowerbestuur, vir rooi wyndruifverbouing in die Robertson-wynvallei. Lowerbestuur- en besproeiingkoste speel ʼn belangrike rol binne die multifasettigheid van ʼn boerderystelsel ten opsigte van opbrengs, kwaliteit en produksiekoste. Dit vereis dat die navorsing binne die konteks van die stelselsbenadering aangespreek word. Sodoende word die interafhanklikheid tussen die onderskeie boerderystelselkomponente, gekoppel aan die sinergistiese effek wat daarmee gepaardgaan, in ag geneem. Boerderybestuur as navorsingsveld, is gevolglik afhanklik van ander vakdissiplines wat ‘n alternatiewe perspektief verleen aan die navorsingsprobleem. Wingerdbouproewe wat spesifiek fokus op die impak van verskillende besproeiing- en lowerbestuursaksies word uitgevoer op die Wansbek-plaas. Die plaas is geleë te Agterkliphoogte, ʼn area in die Robertson-vallei. Nege behandelings is getoets teen verskillende kombinasies van plant beskikbare water (PBW)-onttrekkingspeile en lowerbestuurstrategieë. ʼn Groepsbespreking met multidissiplinêre deskundiges is gehou om eerstens, insig in die kompleksiteit van die werking van ʼn plaas te verkry. Tweedens, is die groep van multidissiplinêre deskundiges gebruik om insig te verwerf aangaande die hantering van die Wansbek-proefdata. Die groep het riglyne daargestel om die proefdata prakties aan te wend sodat die verwagte finansiële implikasies op plaasvlak geëvalueer kan word. Die hantering van kompleksiteit vereis insig vanuit verskeie gebiede van kundigheid wat tydsdoeltreffend binne ʼn groepsbespreking van multidissiplinêre deskundiges geakkommodeer kan word. ʼn Kwantitatiewe tegniek is nodig om die wisselwerking en dinamika van ʼn geheelboerderystelsel op ʼn gebruikersvriendelike en toepaslike manier te weerspieël. Multiperiode-begrotingsmodelle gee die vermoë om die kompleksiteit, wat met ʼn tipiese plaas geassosieer word, te akkommodeer deur die toepassing van basiese wiskundige en rekeningkundige beginsels. Die fisies-biologiese wisselwerking en struktuur van die plaas kan sodoende gemodelleer word, terwyl die finansiële prestasie van die kombinasies van verskillende besproeiing- en lowerbestuurstrategieë bepaal kan word. Die plaasvlakwinsgewendheid is veral sensitief vir die opbrengs en prys van produkte gelewer. Die behandelings wat die beste verwagte winsgewendheid getoon het, produseer teen ʼn relatiewe hoë produksie en prys en ’n relatiewe lae produksiekoste. Die oophanglowerbestuurbehandeling teen c. 60% en c. 30% plant beskikbare water-onttrekkingspeile is die mees en tweede mees winsgewende strategieë op per hektaar bruto marge en geheelplaasvlak. Die gebruik van scenario’s is geïnkorporeer om die impak van sleutelveranderlikes uit te wys en die vermoë van die model te illustreer. Sleutelfaktore tot die sukses wat aan sekere strategieë verbind word, kan sodoende uitgewys word. Deurgaans wys die resultate dat die balans tussen opbrengs, prys en produksiekoste belangriker is as die fokus op enige enkele een van die faktore.