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Orientador: Antonio Accioly / Banca: José Geraldo Pereira / Banca: José Wadih Maluf / Banca: Ilya Lvovich Shapiro / Banca: João Barcelos Neto / Resumo: A gravitação quadrática em (2 + 1)D, ao contrário da gravitação tridimensional de Einstein, é localmente não trivial e possui um potencial extremamente bem comportado. Analisa-se esta teoria neste trabalho. Obtém-se a solução geral das equações de campo linearizadas numa versão tridimensional do gauge de Teyssandier, e a partir desta encontra-se a solução geral no caso de uma fonte pontual estática. Esta métrica se assemelha à métrica quadridimensional relativa a uma corda cósmica reta com simetria de gauge do tipo U(1). Existe uma força gravitacional atuando sobre uma partícula teste movendo-se em baixa velocidade, o que não acontece no contexto da relatividade geral em (2 + 1)D, e raios luminosos sofrem deflexão gravitacional. Considera-se também as mudanças que ocorrem quando um termo topológico de Chern-Simons é adicionado à gravitação quadrática em (2 + 1)D. Acha-se que o inofensivo modo escalar massivo da última, dá origem a um problemático ghost massivo de spin O, enquanto que o ghost massivo de spin 2 é substituído por duas partículas físicas massivas, ambas de spin 2 / Abstract: Quadratic gravity in (2 +1)D, unlike three-dimensional Einstein's gravity, is locally nontrivial and has an extremely well-behaved potential. Here we consider this theory. The general solution of the linearized field equations in a three-dimensional version of the Teyssandier gauge is obtained, and from that the solution for a static pointlike source is found. This metric greatly resembles the four-dimensional metric of a straight U(1)-gauge cosmic string in the framework of linearized quadratic gravity. It is found that a gravitational force is exerted on a slowly moving test particle, a feature not present in general relativity in (2 + 1)D. The deflection of light rays is analyzed as well. We also consider the changes that occur when a topological Chern-Simons term is added to quadratic gravity in (2 + 1)D. It is found that the harmless massive scalar mode of the latter gives rise to a troublesome massive spin-0 ghost, while the massive apin-2 ghost is replaced by two massive particles both of spin-2 / Doutor

Orientador: Antonio Accioly / Resumo: Calcula-se a seção de choque para o espalhamento de fótons pelo campo gravitacional do Sol, tratado como campo externo, no contexto da teoria de gravitação R + R2. Encontra-se um valor para o ângulo de deflexão de um fóton que passa nas vizinhanças da superfície do Sol que é exatamente o mesmo que aquele fornecido pela relatividade geral. Discute-se o porquê da coincidência desses resultados. / Abstract: The cross-section for the scattering of a photon by the Sun's gravitational field, treated as an external field, is computed in the framework of R+R2 gravity. It is found a value for the deflection angle of a photon passing near to the Sun which is exactly the same as that given by general relativity. An explanation for this strange coincidence is provided. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1998-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:07:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 azeredo_ad_me_ift.pdf: 389884 bytes, checksum: 93b71d332a5a01bd111ea739addce9d2 (MD5) / Calcula-se a seção de choque para o espalhamento de fótons pelo campo gravitacional do Sol, tratado como campo externo, no contexto da teoria de gravitação R + R2. Encontra-se um valor para o ângulo de deflexão de um fóton que passa nas vizinhanças da superfície do Sol que é exatamente o mesmo que aquele fornecido pela relatividade geral. Discute-se o porquê da coincidência desses resultados. / The cross-section for the scattering of a photon by the Sun's gravitational field, treated as an external field, is computed in the framework of R+R2 gravity. It is found a value for the deflection angle of a photon passing near to the Sun which is exactly the same as that given by general relativity. An explanation for this strange coincidence is provided.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:42:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 azeredo_ad_dr_ift.pdf: 316259 bytes, checksum: b4ba597ae1ef380cae2698c4e75b0737 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A gravitação quadrática em (2 + 1)D, ao contrário da gravitação tridimensional de Einstein, é localmente não trivial e possui um potencial extremamente bem comportado. Analisa-se esta teoria neste trabalho. Obtém-se a solução geral das equações de campo linearizadas numa versão tridimensional do gauge de Teyssandier, e a partir desta encontra-se a solução geral no caso de uma fonte pontual estática. Esta métrica se assemelha à métrica quadridimensional relativa a uma corda cósmica reta com simetria de gauge do tipo U(1). Existe uma força gravitacional atuando sobre uma partícula teste movendo-se em baixa velocidade, o que não acontece no contexto da relatividade geral em (2 + 1)D, e raios luminosos sofrem deflexão gravitacional. Considera-se também as mudanças que ocorrem quando um termo topológico de Chern-Simons é adicionado à gravitação quadrática em (2 + 1)D. Acha-se que o inofensivo modo escalar massivo da última, dá origem a um problemático ghost massivo de spin O, enquanto que o ghost massivo de spin 2 é substituído por duas partículas físicas massivas, ambas de spin 2 / Quadratic gravity in (2 +1)D, unlike three-dimensional Einstein's gravity, is locally nontrivial and has an extremely well-behaved potential. Here we consider this theory. The general solution of the linearized field equations in a three-dimensional version of the Teyssandier gauge is obtained, and from that the solution for a static pointlike source is found. This metric greatly resembles the four-dimensional metric of a straight U(1)-gauge cosmic string in the framework of linearized quadratic gravity. It is found that a gravitational force is exerted on a slowly moving test particle, a feature not present in general relativity in (2 + 1)D. The deflection of light rays is analyzed as well. We also consider the changes that occur when a topological Chern-Simons term is added to quadratic gravity in (2 + 1)D. It is found that the harmless massive scalar mode of the latter gives rise to a troublesome massive spin-0 ghost, while the massive apin-2 ghost is replaced by two massive particles both of spin-2

Σε αυτή την διδακτορική διατριβή μελετήσαμε την ευστάθεια δέσμιων καταστάσεων κουάρκ και δυονίων εντός της αντιστοιχίας AdS/CFT. Το κίνητρο για την μελέτη μας ήταν το ότι τα δυναμικά των δέσμιων αυτών καταστάσεων όπως αυτά υπολογίζονται εντός της αντιστοιχίας έχουν μερικές φορές συμπεριφορές οι οποίες είναι σε αντίθεση με τα προσδοκώμενα αποτελέσματα από την θεωρία πεδίου. Συγκεκριμένα συναντούμε: Πλειότιμα δυναμικά, Δυναμικά του οποίου το μήκος θωράκισης εξαρτάται ισχυρώς από τον προσανατολισμό της χορδής σε σχέση με τον άξονα του ζεύγους και Συμπεριφορές εγκλωβισμού κουάρκ στην N=4 SYM και διάφορες άλλες περιπτώσεις. Η ανάλυση της ευστάθειας των κλασσικών λύσεων επιλύει αυτές τις αντιφάσεις, αποδεικνύοντας ότι οι αυτές οι διατάξεις είναι ασταθείς και κατά συνέπεια είναι φυσικώς απαράδεκτες. / In this PhD thesis we studied the stabilty of quarks and dyons bound states within the AdS/CFT Correspondence. The motivation for our study was the fact that bound states potentials as these are calculated within AdS/CFT have in various cases behaviors which contradict the field theory expectations. In particular we find: Multivalued potentials, Potentials whose scrrening length heavily depends on the orientation of the string and quark confinment in N=4 SYM. Stability analysis of the classical solutions resolves these ambiguities between field theory expectations and their dual gravity description, proving that these configurations are unstable and thus they should be disgarded as unphysical.

Cette thèse est composée de deux parties qui sont relativement indépendantes l’un de l’autre. Dans la première partie,une autre théorie de la gravitation que l’on appelle la gravité de f(R), est étudiée. Une première analyse mathématique est discutée sur cette théorie, y compris la formulation mathématique du problème de Cauchy, la discussion sur le choix du couplage, et la formulation mathématique des équations différentielles. Ce système des équations différentielles est de quatrième ordre et très impliqué. Pour pouvoir établir l’existence locale, une série de transformations et reformulation et introduites. Elles nous amènent à une formulation que l’on l’appelle la formulation conforme augmenté. Avec cette formulation, l’existence locale est établie. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l’analyse d’un type de système non-linéaire composé des équations d’onde et équations de Klein-Gordon. Ce type de système apparaît naturellement dans de nombreux modèles physiques: le plus important, l’équation d’Einstein couplé avec un champ scalaire réel du massif et le système de la formulation conforme augmentée de la théorie de f(R). La difficulté principale est le manque de la symétrie: un des champs de vecteur de Killing conforme de l’opérateur d’onde, le champ de vecteur de scaling S := t∂ t +r∂ r, n’est pas un champ de vecteur de Killing conforme de l’opérateur de Klein Gordon. Pour franchir cette difficulté, un nouveau cadre, appelé la méthode de feuilletage hyperboloïdal, est introduit. Avec ce cadre, nous pouvons encadrer les équations d’onde et les équations de Klein-Gordon dans le même cadre. Cela nous permet d’établir un résultat d’existence globale pour les données initiales petites et localisées dans un compact. / This these is composed by two parts which are relatively independent to each other. In the first part an alternative theory of the gravitation, the so-called f(R) gravity, is studied. A first mathematical analysis is discussed on this theory, including the mathematical formulation of the Cauchy problem, the discussion on the choice of coupling, the mathematical formulation of the differential system. This system is four-order and highly involved. To establish the local well-posedness result, a series of transformations ans re-formulations is introduced and we finally arrived at a formulation, called the augmented conformal formulation with which we have managed to establish the local well-poseness theory.The second part is devoted to the analysis of a type of coupled wave and Klein-Gordon system. This kind of system arises naturally in many physical model, especially in the Einstein equation coupled with a real massive scalar field and the augmented conformal formulation of the f(R) gravity. The main difficulty to treat this type of system is the lack of symmetry: one of the conformal Killing vector filed of the linear wave operator, the scaling vector field S := t∂t+r∂r is not a conformal Killing vector field of the linear Klein-Gordon operator. To overpass this difficult, a new framework, called the hyperboloidal foliation method is introduced. With this framework we can encompass the wave equations and the Klein-Gordon equations in the same framework. This allowed us to establish a global well-posedness result for compactly supported, small amplitude initial data.