Mémoire (M.Sc.T.) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1987. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

The Grenville Province represents a complex, highly metamorphosed orogenic belt at the southeastern margin of the Canadian Shield that is composed of different lithotectonic domains of various ages that have all been affected by the 1.0 Ga Grenville Orogeny. The present study focuses on one of the youngest regions, the Quebecia terrane, and through reconnaissance neodymium isotope mapping, investigates the extent of an old crustal block that predates the Grenville Orogeny. The Quebecia Terrane is found within Central Quebec and is a Mesoproterozoic arc terrane that was constructed around 1.5 Ga. Utilizing the Samarium-Neodymium dating method, previous research had identified a few isolated neodymium signatures of older crustal ages, and through reconnaissance mapping, several of these Paleoproterozoic crustal blocks are suggested to represent a single fragmented crustal panel. The study focused on more detailed mapping of these blocks in the areas of Baie Comeau, Forestville, Labrieville and Pipmuacan in Central Quebec. The full extent and connection between the fragments has been mapped as a series of Paleoproterozoic crustal blocks extending longitudinally through the Quebecia terrane. These blocks are embedded within the younger terrane, suggesting that the old panel was incorporated sometime during the accretion of Quebecia to Laurentia. It is possible that the old panel broke off from older Laurentian crust and reattached during the accretion of the Quebecia terrane via strike slip tectonics, implying that the Quebecia terrane itself consists of more than one accreted unit. The present study found that the older neodymium isotope signatures were consistent with the Berthe Terrane in the Manicouagan region to the north, providing evidence for the origin of the older panel within Quebecia. However, by invoking a division of Quebecia into a north and south segment, this implies a Composite Arc Belt model for the Central Grenville Province. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

The largest structural trend of the major lithotectonic boundaries in the Grenville Province is located in Ontario where all lithotectonic belts are deflected around Georgian Bay, termed the Big Bend. The thesis will explore some questions related to the formation of this structural feature such as; how the geometry of Grenville aged thrusting contributed to the Big Bend and what conditions led to the formation of the pre-Grenvillian Central Metasedimentary Belt whose geometrical shape may have controlled the development of the Big Bend. First, the geometrical properties of the major lithotectonic boundaries are explored using a three-dimensional model in SketchUp. SketchUp was designed to visualize three-dimensional 1:1 scale real-world structures in Cartesian space. By utilizing refined isotope and geologic surface boundaries accompanied with seismic surveys a three-dimensional tectonic framework of the SW Grenville Province has been constructed. The three-dimensional model of the Grenville Front, Allochthon Boundary Thrust and Central Metasedimentary Belt boundary provides a visual understanding of how the thrust geometry was superimposed from the top-down, eventually producing the Big Bend. Second, 60 new Nd isotope analyses are presented for plutonic orthogneisses from the Central Metasedimentary Belt (CMB), Grenville Province. The CMB has been identified as a back-arc aulacogen with blocks of rifted crustal basement (>1.35GaTDM) in a juvenile matrix of lavas, intrusions and supracrustal sequences (1.35GaTDM). The Grimsthorpe domain is located in the center of the CMB in Ontario and contains large batholiths that exhibit older crustal formation ages known as the Weslemkoon and Elzevir batholiths. The presented Nd isotope analyses identify domains with older crustal formation ages separated by thin salients with younger crustal formation ages inside the Weslemkoon batholith. The intricate geometry of the isotope boundaries within the Weslemkoon batholith suggest that the Laurentian crustal basement was incorporated in the rift and later broken-up by rift related transtension. Continental rift and rifted-arc settings of the Danakil Depression and Gulf of California are explored as modern analogues along with rifted continental fragments known as the Danakil block and Isla Tiburon respectively. Last, the Queensborough mafic-ultramafic complex (QC) is reviewed. The QC is located at the southern end of the Elzevir batholith. The QC was interpreted as a back-arc ophiolite based on REE ratios and MORB normalized spidergrams which were argued to be comparable to modern back-arc basalts. Upon review of the published major and trace element ratios there is a mantle component that is problematical to explain with a back-arc tectonic scenario. The geochemistry suggests that the QC could be partially derived from a mantle plume. The current tectonic models contend this part of Laurentia formed only from subduction related magmatism but based on the trace element data a plume may have been involved as well. The evidence presented supports the identification of the CMB as a failed continental rift and that the failed continental rift created an embayment in Laurentia which governed ductile deformation during Grenvillian orogenic events leading to the formation of the Big Bend. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

The Grenville Province and adjacent Makkovik Province represent two long-lived ancient orogenic belts that contain remnants of Paleoproterozoic crust accreted to the southeastern Laurentian margin during the Great Proterozoic Accretionary Orogen (GPAO). However, the addition of juvenile Paleoproterozoic crust to the Archean craton during this period was followed by a span of intermittent ensialic arc magmatism and high-grade metamorphism that overprinted much of the early- to mid- Proterozoic geologic history of the region. As a result, these ancient orogenic belts contain cryptic terrane boundaries that require extensive geochronologic mapping in order to reconstruct the accretionary and collisional growth of the southeastern Canadian Shield. Accreted Proterozoic terranes in the Grenville and Makkovik Provinces have been previously mapped using Nd isotopes in order to determine their crustal formation ages and the boundaries between them. Since the U-Pb isotope system has completely different chemical behaviour to the Sm-Nd system, whole-rock Pb isotope analysis provides an independent method to test the results of Nd isotope analysis. Likewise, Pb isotope mapping acts as a useful tool for determining the exhumation of highly metamorphosed crust, as uranium is preferentially transported from lower crustal levels into the upper crust during regional metamorphism. Therefore, whole-rock Pb isotope analysis was performed on over 200 Archean and Proterozoic gneisses from the SW Grenville Province and Makkovik Province in order to 1) differentiate areas of accreted Paleoproterozoic crust from the reworked Archean margin, 2) test the location of the Archean-Proterozoic suture previously mapped in both regions by Nd model ages, and 3) investigate the variable degrees of crustal burial-uplift within the Archean foreland of the SW Grenville Province that was exhumed during the Grenville orogeny. In the Makkovik Province, whole-rock Pb isotope data from the Cape Harrison domain are comparable with published Pb data from the central Ketilidian mobile belt of southern Greenland. The similarity in Pb signatures between the two belts points to a crustal component in the Cape Harrison domain that was derived from a Proterozoic mantle-derived source with minimal input from older Archean crust. This is largely different from published Pb signatures for the Aillik domain in southeastern Labrador and border zone in southern Greenland that suggests a crustal component comprised of reworked Archean crust analogous to the pre-Makkovikian Laurentian foreland. Comparison of new and published Pb data from the Makkovik Province and southern Greenland in turn helps to constrain a revised single arc accretionary model for the Makkovik Province. Previous Nd isotope mapping in the SW Grenville Province revels a break in model ages inferred by authors as a cryptic collisional suture between the reworked Archean foreland and an accreted Paleoproterozoic arc. However, some workers have suggested that this terrane actually consists of Archean crust that was magmatically reworked in the Mesoproterozoic. Whole-rock Pb isotope data presented in this study points to a crustal component south of the proposed suture in Ontario that was derived from a Paleoproterozoic mantle source and subsequently reworked by ensialic arc magmatism during the Mesoproterozoic. North of the suture, Pb data reveals an Archean crustal component analogous to reworked Superior basement that was exhumed from different crustal levels during the Grenville orogeny. Here, regions of anomalously radiogenic and unradiogenic Pb signatures differentiate the Archean-Proterozoic suture in Ontario from a tectonic duplex in western Quebec. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

No description available.

Les roches anorthositiques sont représentatives du Mésoprotérozoïque, puisque c'est le seul moment dans l'histoire de la Terre où on en retrouve en aussi grande quantité, principalement dans la Province de Grenville. La Suite anorthositique de Vallant (1148 Ma) se situe au nord de la ville de Baie-Comeau, sur la Côte-Nord du Québec. L'objectif de ce travail est de caractériser sa relation avec les roches qui lui sont adjacentes, en contexte de compression grenvillienne. Pour ce faire, une pétrographie détaillée, une description texturale, une analyse structurale, ainsi que de la géothermométrie ont été produites. Le contact nord de la Suite anorthositique de Vallant, avec le Complexe de Baie-Comeau présente des foliations principalement orientées est-ouest, dans le sens du contact et des linéations de type pendage. Les températures obtenues par le géothermomètre amphibole plagioclase se situent généralement entre 700°C et 800°C. On retrouve des évidences de fusion partielle au sein du Complexe de Baie-Comeau qui peuvent s'expliquer par l'empilement tectonique issu du chevauchement de la Suite anorthositique de Vallant sur ce dernier, avec un mouvement vers le nord. Au sud, la Suite anorthositique de Vallant est en contact avec la Suite plutonique de Varin. Les foliations sont aussi orientées grossièrement est-ouest à ENE-OSO, avec des linéations d'orientation moins bien définie qu'au niveau du contact nord, mais plusieurs sont de type pendage. Les températures obtenues à l'aide du géothermomètre amphibole plagioclase, de l'ordre de 850°C à 900°C, sont probablement magmatiques et représentatives de l'intrusion de la Suite plutonique de Varin dans la Suite anorthositique de Vallant, alors que les températures grenat-biotite sont métamorphiques et plutôt de l'ordre de 550°C à 625°C. Par ailleurs, la déformation locale de la Suite plutonique de Varin ainsi que l'apparition de fenêtres pinwariennes au contact suggère une exhumation tardi-grenvillienne par le coulissement en faille normale de la Suite anorthositique de Vallant vers le nord. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Province de Grenville, Moyenne Côte-Nord, mass ifs anorthositiques, géothermométrie

Des contraintes temporelles sont nécessaires à la compréhension de l'évolution cinématique des ceintures de plis et de chevauchements, de même qu'à celle des systèmes de rift. Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur la géologie du domaine allochtone des Appalaches et du système de rift du Saint-Laurent. L'absence de contraintes géochronologiques portant sur les failles supracrustales de cette zone d'étude limite l'interprétation de l'évolution cinématique de la marge laurentienne. De nouvelles contraintes temporelles géologiquement significatives sont rapportées ici. Ces contraintes ont été obtenues en utilisant une approche méthodologique multidisciplinaire combinant l'analyse structurale, la cartographie régionale et détaillée. L'approche analytique inclut la minéralogie, la morphologie et l'analyse isotopique (K-Ar) de fractions riches en argiles (<0.2 µm et 1-2 µm) de roches de failles et de leurs lithologies hôtes. Le premier chapitre documente l'évolution structurale du domaine allochtone des Appalaches (zone externe de Humber) où sont rapportées des structures de chevauchement taconiennes. Ces structures sont datées pour la première fois à environ 490, 465 et 450 Ma, par la méthode K-Ar. On rapporte une première évidence claire de structures d'extension synchrones (410 Ma) au développement de rétro-chevauchements, qui sont associés à un rétro-métamorphisme au sein des nappes de la zone externe. Ce sont là les premières évidences de déformations post-taconniennes documentées au sein de la zone externe de Humber. Ces déformations sont contemporaines aux failles syn-sédimentaires de la ceinture de Gaspé et à l'âge de la faille Saint-Joseph le long de la ligne Baie Verte-Brompton. Cela témoigne d'une phase d'extension intra-cratonique jamais documentée auparavant dans cette portion des Appalaches. La présence de déformations acadiennes est mise en évidence pour la première fois au sein de la zone externe de Humber, permettant: 1) de redéfinir l'étendue de cette déformation appalachienne et 2) de mettre en évidence la progression de l'orogénèse acadienne au Dévonien tardif vers l'avant-pays. L'évolution tardive (360 Ma) de ces déformations (relaxation des contraintes acadiennes) est associée à une période d'extension et d'hydrothermalisme contemporain de cette déformation. Le deuxième chapitre démontre la réactivation répétée du système de rift du Saint-Laurent à 436 ± 45 Ma et 406 ± 22 Ma. Ces réactivations sont contemporaines des périodes de subsidence régionales liées, dans le premier cas, au développement de bassins détritiques dans l'avant-pays taconnien et dans le second cas, à une période d'extension intra-cratonique dans les Appalaches adjacentes. La localisation des failles associées au rift du Saint-Laurent présente un contrôle structural induit par la réactivation de structures de plis et de systèmes de joints préexistants dans le socle. Le troisième chapitre documente un nouvel événement tectono-thermal tardidévonien, décrit pour la première fois dans la zone externe de Humber ainsi que dans la province de Grenville. Ce chapitre documente un magmatisme alcalin synchrone de l'hydrothermalisme dévonien au sein de la zone externe de Humber. Les données K-Ar dans les failles normales associées à de l'hydrothermalisme de la zone externe de Humber, le magmatisme alcalin et des roches de faille dans la faille Saint-Laurent définissent ensemble une isochrone à 360 ± 4 Ma. Cet événement semble donc contemporain à la réactivation de la faille Saint-Laurent dans le socle protérozoïque ainsi qu'aux déformations et à l'hydrothermalisme tardi-dévonien de la zone externe de Humber. Ces données nous permettent donc de suivre l'extension du système de rift Saint-Laurent au sein de la zone externe de Humber des Appalaches. Une relecture des cartographies géologiques disponibles permet de proposer une distribution possible des failles liées à cet événement tectono-thermal au sein de la zone externe de Humber. Finalement, les données Pb-Pb disponibles permettent d'envisager que cet événement tectono-thermal (socle-couverture) partage un réservoir isotopique commun avec les intrusions dévoniennes dans les Appalaches. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Orogénèse acadienne, Orogénèse laconienne, Zone externe de Humber, Système de rift Saint-Laurent, Grenville, Dévonien tardif, Métallotecte, Magmatisme dévonien, Géochronologie K-Ar, ilIite, Failles supracrustale.

The Kiosk domain in the Central Gneiss Belt, southwestern Grenville Province, Ontario comprises ca.1655 Ma orthogneisses and volumetrically minor ca. 1480-1460 Ma parag- neisses that were affected by granulite-facies metamorphism between ca. 1480 and ca. 1000 Ma. The objectives of this study are: (i) to determine the protolith ages from the Kiosk domain and the underlying southern Bonfield Batholith; (ii) to determine the tim- ing of major tectonic episodes; (iii) to determine the pressure-temperature conditions of peak metamorphism; and (iv) to use these data to constrain the position of the Allochthon Boundary Thrust in the southwestern Grenville Province.

<p> Detailed Neodymium ( Nd ) and Lead ( Pb ) isotopic mapping was performed on gray gneisses from the Lac St. Jean region of Quebec, in the Central Grenville Province. The Nd model ages determined were based upon the Depleted Mantle Model of DePaolo ( 1981c ). The use of this model is justified by a Sm-Nd whole-rock isochron as well as common Pb-Pb whole-rock dating. </p> <p> The field area was divided up into three sections: Western, Central, and Eastern. The boundaries of these divisions corresponded to abrupt changes in Nd model ages. The Western section was located in the Parautochthonous Belt of Rivers et al., ( 1989 ) and almost exclusively consisted of tonalitic gray gneisses with Archean Nd model ages. Whole-rock Pb isotopic analyses produced a Transposed Palaeoisochron, implying that the rocks of the Western section were significantly affected by the Grenville event approximately 1.1 Ga ago. Major and trace element analyses indicate that the Western section represents an arc and may be the exhumed basement of the Abitibi Volcanic Belt to the north, consistent with previous work by Ciesielski ( 1992 ).</p> <p> In contrast to the Western section, the Central section which is separated from the Western section by the Allochthon Boundary Thrust of Rivers et al., ( 1989 ) has a very wide range of Nd model ages from 1.65 Ga to 2.35 Ga. The temporal and spatial range of Nd model ages, coupled with major and trace element analyses, indicates that the Central section represents an Andean style ensialic continental margin arc. The diapirs that reworked these rocks contain varying amounts of Archean material implied by the Early-Proterozoic Nd model ages of some samples, particularly in regions close to the Allochthon Boundary Thrust. Whole-rock Pb isotopic analyses produce a Transposed Palaeoisochron indicating significant U depletion caused by the Grenville orogeny.</p> <p> The Eastern section is composed almost exclusively of gneisses with Nd model ages of ca. 1.5 Ga. The boundary between the Central and Eastern sections is based solely on lithological differences and an isotopic age break form the variable Nd model ages of the Central section, to the consistent model ages of the Eastern section. A Sm-Nd isochron for all samples with ca. 1.5 Ga Nd model ages produces an age of 1.50 +/- 0.07 Ga, in close agreement with previous work ( Dickin and Higgins, 1992 ). The consistency of model ages ( > 100,000 Km^2 when combined with data from Dickin and Higgins, 1992 ) coupled with major and trace element analyses, indicates the presence of an island arc which formed at ca. 1.5 Ga and was sutured on to the Laurentian craton within 100 Ma of its formation.</p> <p> Whole-rock Pb isotope analyses indicate that the Eastern section was not affected by the Grenville event as much as the Central or Western sections were.</p> <p> Pb-Pb zircon dating for samples from the Central and Eastern sections failed to place a tight constraint between crystallization ages and Nd model ages because of excessive Pb loss.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

<p> The Grenville Province represents the remains of a collisional orogeny ca. 1.2 - 1.0 Ga and contains the Central Metasedimentary Belt (CMB). Generally thought to represent one or more accreted island arcs, the CMB is located between belts of highgrade gneisses and contains a number of identified structural terranes. Neodymium (Nd) model ages of the high-grade gneisses on either side of the CMB yield similar values (~1.5 Ga) while the average model age within the CMB is usually more juvenile (<1.3 Ga). This distinction, along with observations about the geometrical shape of the juvenile zone, has led to the creation of an alternative model for the development of the CMB in the Grenville Province as developed by Dickin and McNutt, (2007). The new model equates the CMB with an ensimatic rift zone with an en echelon morphology consisting of a series of segments with NNE trends, separated by one or more horsts of older crustal rock. The development of the CMB under these conditions implies that restricted access to seawater may have facilitated limestone deposition prior to major biogenic influences, and thus the morphology of the rift is defined in part by the extent of the Grenville marble outcrops. </p> <p> The present study tests this model through the use of 80 new Nd isotope analyses to map the NW boundary of the CMB, known as the Central Metasedimentary Belt Boundary Zone (CMBBZ), west of Bancroft, Ontario. Within this part of the CMBBZ, the age boundary between pre-Grenvillian and juvenile gneisses is relatively sharp (1 - 4 km wide) and this age boundary makes a near 90-degree tum from a NNE trend near Minden to an E-W trend near Haliburton. Two blocks of older material are located within the juvenile terranes of the CMB, which are interpreted as being blocks of older crust rifted from the walls of the older Muskoka domain to the north of the study region. These structures are analogous to similar horsts of older crustal material found in the Afar region of East Africa. Therefore, we suggest that the locus of the CMBBZ was constrained by older structures, representing a transition from the side of a rift zone segment south of Minden, to the truncated end of this rift segment between Haliburton and Bancroft. Hence, the detailed structure of the CMBBZ in this region provides further evidence in support of the rift zone model. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)