In rural areas, access to electricity is required for better living standard, enhance income options and reduce population migration. In last decades, steady progress has been made but the status of electrification significantly varies across countries. In developing countries, about 1.6 billion people live without electricity and another 2 billion have access but to an unreliable extent. Large population also live in remote areas where extension of grid is not feasible, where people continuing to live under distress conditions. International projections reveal that number of un-electrified people will remain same by the year 2030 if similar pace of electrification is continued in future.From this perspective, the study describes what bigger countries such as India, China and Brazil are doing and where rural electrification stands in priority in a poor country like Ethiopia. Is off-grid technologies show an option for such remote locations" The two case studies of Vietnam and South Africa reveal that work carried out through external support in the absence of national policies. As a result, people have experienced the benefits of technologies but unable to retain them in long term. Electricity has given various advantages but poor affordability of the people hinders the acceptance of technologies in rural areas.The study shows the need of a framework to achieve the long-term support for rural electrification. A framework that could direct the national priorities, understands social, economic and environmental aspects of off-grid technologies, identify key areas to be strengthen, allocates the roles and responsibilities at different working levels, maintains a consistent flow of adequate finance, pursue regular monitoring process and incorporate the monitoring results, or, critical success factors into the national policies to make them more effective. Both macro- as well as micro- level approaches have been suggested in this study.

Daugėjant informacijos ir paslaugų kiekiui internete tradicinės elektroninio mokymo architektūros vis sunkiau patenkina iškylančius integracijos, išplėtimo, resursų valdymo poreikius. Nauja paslaugom orientuota architektūra, įgyvendinama žiniatinklio paslaugų technologijomis bei Grid aplinka yra tinkamas būdas efektyviam ir kokybiškam e-mokymui užtikrinti. Šiame darbe nagrinėjama kokias naujas galimybes e-mokymo srityje atveria paslaugom orientuota Grid architektūra. Tam kad būtų galima pasinaudoti naujomis galimybėmis turimą sistemą reikia modifikuoti. Pateikiamos rekomendacijos egzistuojančios interaktyvios e-mokymo taikomosios programos adaptacijai Grid paslaugų architektūrai. Šios rekomendacijos realizuoja esamą sistemą kaip paslaugą ar paslaugų rinkinį. Sudarytos rekomendacijos praktiškai išbandomos pritaikant realią nuotolinę testavimo sistemą Grid paslaugų aplinkai. Eksperimentinėje dalyje yra įvertinta nauda, kurią suteikia sistemos realizavimas Grid paslaugomis išplečiamumo, lankstumo bei pakartotinio panaudojimo požiūriu. / The increasing amount of information and services on the internet continues to grow, traditional e-learning architectures are unable to satisfy the need of integration, flexibility and resource management. The new service oriented architecture based on web services technologies and Grid environment is the effective and valuable way to develop e-learning. In this master thesis new e-learning opportunities based on service oriented Grid architecture are analyzed. In order to use new approaches the existing system has to be modified. Recommendations for the existing interactive e-learning applications adaptation for the service oriented Grid environment are presented. These recommendations implement the current systems as a service or set of services. The proposed recommendations are tested practically adapting the real distant assessment system for Grid service environment. The added value of this new approach is evaluated taking into consideration scalability, flexibility and reusability of Grid services in the experimentation part.

Smart grid technologies are starting to be the future of electric power systems. These systems are giving the utilities detailed information about their systems in real time. One of the most challenging things of implementing smart grid applications is employing the communications into the systems. Understanding the available communications can help ease the transition to these smart grid applications. Many of the utility personnel are spending too much time trying to figure out which communication is better for their application or applications. So this thesis presents the different communication types available with discussing the different attributes in which these communication types are going to offer to the utility. Then these communication types are looked such that utilities can quickly understand how to approach the difficult task of obtaining the information from the different smart grid applications by the use of different communication options.