Orientador: Eduardo Carlos Bianchi / Banca: Carlos Eiji Hirata Ventura / Banca: Manoel Cleber de Sampaio Alves / Banca: Dayse Iara dos Santos / Banca: Rafael Plana Simões / Resumo: Atualmente, vários setores industriais têm buscado um desenvolvimento sustentável para os seus projetos. Dentre estes setores está a usinagem por abrasão, devido ao enrijecimento das leis ambientais e em virtude da necessidade de diminuição dos custos envolvidos na produção. A partir desse contexto, o presente trabalho buscou explorar as potencialidades da técnica de lubri-refrigeração de Mínima Quantidade de Lubrificação (MQL) em função da diluição de três diferentes fluidos de corte comparada à técnica lubri-refrigeração convencional no processo de retificação cilíndrica do aço ABNT 4340, temperado e revenido, com o rebolo de nitreto cúbico de boro (CBN). A influência das proporções da diluição dos fluidos utilizados na técnica de lubri-refrigeração MQL sem limpeza e com limpeza da superfície do rebolo, por um jato de ar comprimido, respectivamente, foram estudados através das análises de: rugosidade, desvio de circularidade, desgaste diametral do rebolo ou relação G, microdureza, potência, emissão acústica e vibração. Os resultados demonstraram que o aumento da proporção de água utilizada na diluição dos fluidos testados promoveu uma diminuição dos valores da rugosidade, do desvio de circularidade, do desgaste do rebolo, da emissão acústica e da vibração. No entanto, essa mesma proporção de diluição dos fluidos contribuiu para que potência consumida durante o processo sofresse aumento. Fazendo uma avaliação global dos dados conclui-se que o processo de retificação do aço A... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Currently, several industrial sectors have been looking for a sustainable development to your projects. The process by machining abrasion needs to be optimized due to environmental laws and to the production costs. In this study, the potentialities of the Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) technique using dilution of three different cutting fluids were compared to the conventional lubrication-cooling technique. The grinding process was analyzed using a cylindrical steel grinding process ABNT 4340, with cubic boron nitride (CBN) wheel. The influence of the dilution proportions of the fluids used in the MQL technique without cleaning and with the cleaning of the wheel surface by a jet of compressed air respectively. The study was realized following output variables: roughness, roundness errors, diametrical wheel wear or G ratio, microhardness, power, acoustic emission, and vibration. The results showed that the increase in the proportion of water used in the dilution of the tested fluids promoted a decrease in the values of roughness, roundness errors, diametrical wheel wear, acoustic emission, and vibration. However, this same proportion of dilution of the fluids contributed to the increase in power consumed during the process. Making an overall assessment of the data concludes that the grinding process of ABNT 4340 steel through the MQL technique with wheel surface cleaning and application of diluted fluid in the 1:10 ratio proved to be efficient in obtaining parts with a sur... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted in fulfillment of requirements of the degree of Master in Health Sciences: Dental Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016. / Pumice is used in the polishing of dental appliances to remove surface irregularities. It is usually used in a slurry form that is pumice powder mixed with water. In Nigeria, the increased cost of pumice as a result of its limited supply into the country has encouraged dental technicians to re-use pumice slurry for longer periods than advocated when polishing acrylic dentures, whether new or old dentures which have been worn in the mouth. Consequently, this is likely to increase cross-infection of communicable diseases in the dental technology laboratory. Although materials such as white sand, black sand and porcelnite can be used, literature documents that these materials are less effective in the polishing of acrylic dentures (Areeg 2011). The focus of this study was to use eggshells, a natural waste product, to develop and test the quality of an alternative material to reduce the surface roughness of heat-cured acrylic resins. A quantitative research paradigm and an experimental research strategy were adopted. The research design included two phases. In phase one of this study, different characterisation techniques such as Brunnae-Emmer Teller (BET); Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR); X-ray Diffraction (XRD); Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM); Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM); Laser Scattering Particle Size Distribution Analyser (PSA); Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA); and Induction-Coupling-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) were used to assess the suitability of the new abrasive material (NAM). In addition, the level of microbial contamination of the NAM was assessed in line with the specified microbial limits for cosmetic products. In contrast, phase two investigated the product-based quality of the NAM as an abrasive material for removable dental appliances. There were two sample groups, that is, the NAM (test group) and Pumice (control), and each sample group had 50 PMMA acrylic specimens. The surface roughness (Ra) was measured using a Talysurf profilometer. An Independent Tukey test was used to analyse the Ra values (p=0.05). A Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Optical Microscope (OEM) were further used to support the results of the profilometer in terms of the quality of surface finish and polish. Validity of the study was achieved following the ISO 20795-1 (2013) methods of preparation and fabrication of the acrylic specimens. The reliability was determined via reproducibility and repeatability of tests. The BET analysis showed that the NAM is predominantly a mesoporous powder. The FTIR and XRD analyses confirmed that the NAM is pure calcite with unique water absorbing characteristics, and is free of bacteria. The EDX and ICP-OES analyses revealed calcium, oxygen and carbon as the major elemental composition of the NAM. The SEM and TEM images revealed irregular shaped particles in the NAM. The PSA analysis of the particle distribution showed the NAM to be superfine (50nm to 0.3µm) and medium (44µm powder), respectively. The TGA analysis revealed a high-grade carbonate product in the NAM (>66.0 mass% of calcium carbonates). In addition, and in terms of in the qualities of the NAM in reducing the surface roughness of PMMA resins, the test group and the control group produced Ra values that were significant different (p<0.0001). The SEM and OEM analyses further confirmed the differences in the surfaces between the polished sample groups at different magnifications. Overall, the control showed the highest mean average (0.1056±0.03688µm), whereas the test group had the lowest Ra values (0.0476±0.01379). The lowest Ra values measured with the test group indicated that the NAM improves the surface smoothness of PMMA acrylic specimens. Notably, this study conclusively showed that the NAM effectively reduces the surface roughness to below the threshold limit value of 0.2µm. Significantly, and in associating the Ra values to the threshold limit value of 0.2µm, the NAM produced better results than pumice. Hence the use of the NAM as a polishing material for acrylic dentures is highly recommended. Finally and in line the NAM being a suitable alternative to pumice as it effectively reduces the surface roughness of PMMA specimens, future investigation into the use of eggshell nanoparticles to develop dental prophylaxes will be encouraged. / M

Orientador: Paulo Roberto de Aguiar / Co-orientador: Fabrício Guimarães Baptista / Banca: José Alfredo Covolan Ulson / Banca: Eduardo Carlos Bianchi / Banca: Rosemar Batista da Silva / Banca: Samuel da Silva / Resumo: O processo de retificação é considerado um dos últimos na cadeia de produção de peças de precisão, sendo, portanto, essencial ter um sistema de monitoramento confiável para avaliar a condição da superfície da peça. Neste trabalho é proposto o uso do método da impedância eletromecânica (EMI) para monitorar, em tempo real, o processo de retificação plana, especialmente no que diz respeito à condição da peça retificada. O método EMI se destaca por sua simplicidade e por utilizar componentes de baixo custo, tais como os transdutores piezelétricos de PZT (Pb-Lead Zirconate Titanate). A fim de avaliar a viabilidade do método EMI no processo de retificação, ensaios experimentais foram realizados numa máquina retificadora plana empregando-se rebolo CBN e peça de aço SAE 1020, com transdutores de PZT instalados na peça e no seu suporte. Durante o processo de retificação, a impedância elétrica do transdutor foi medida e índices de dano foram calculados e comparados com o desgaste dad peça. Os resultados experimentais indicam que o método EMI pode ser uma alternativa eficiente e de baixo custo para o monitoramento de peças de precisão no processo de retificação plana / Abstract: Grinding is considered one of the last processes in precision parts manufacturing, which makes it indispensable to have a reliable monitoring system to evaluate workpiece surface integrity. This paper proposes the use of the electromechanical impedance (EMI) method to monitor the surface grinding in real time, paritularly the surface integrity of the ground workpiece. The EMI method stands out for its simplicity and for using low-cost components such as PZT (lead zirconate titanate) piezoelectric transducers. In order to assess the feasibility of applying the EMI method to the grinding process, experimental tests were performed on a surface grinder using a CBN wheel and a SAE 1020 steel workpiece, with PZT transducers mounted on the workpiece and its holder. During the grinding process, the electrical impedance of the transducers was measured and damage indices were calculated and compared with workpiece wear. The experimental results indicate that the EMI method can be an efficient and cost effective alternative for monitoring precision workpieces during the surface grinding process / Doutor

Orientador: Eduardo Carlos Bianchi / Banca: Hamilton José de Mello / Banca: Carlos Elias da Silva Junior / Resumo: A retificação é um dos processos mais importantes quando deseja-se atribuir extrema precisão, acabamento e qualidade a superfície da peça, sendo amplamente utilizado na indústria, atribui-se suas características a um processo de usinagem que emprega um rebolo com grãos abrasivos girando em alta velocidade para remover material. Suas aplicações consistem especialmente no final da cadeia produtiva, onde a retificação normalmente representa o último processo por onde a peça irá passar. O rebolo é constituído de grãos abrasivos e poros, unidos por um material aglomerante (ligante), formando uma estrutura abrasiva. Todavia, os rebolos podem possuir diferentes propriedades, uma vez que a dureza dos grãos abrasivos, resistência à abrasão, estrutura cristalina, forma, tamanho e friabilidade podem afetar a durabilidade e o desempenho do abrasivo. Assim, se faz muito importante a escolha correta do rebolo, pois suas propriedades influenciarão diretamente na produtividade e na qualidade da peça que é possível se obter com a utilização deste, levando em consideração os parâmetros do processo e o material a ser retificado. A seleção do material do grão abrasivo mais apropriado para cada operação tem que ser embasada de acordo com o material a ser retificado, além de possuir uma relação custo-benefício aplicável industrialmente. Fluidos de corte lubrificam e refrigeram a zona de corte, porém são prejudiciais ao meio ambiente e aos seres humanos, adicionando custos à indústria. Atrelado a i... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Grinding is one of the most important processes when it is desired to assign extreme precision, finish and quality to the workpiece surface, being widely used in industry, its characteristics are attributed to a machining process that employs an abrasive grinding wheel spinning at high speed to remove material. Its applications consist especially at the end of the production chain, where grinding usually represents the last process through which the part will pass. The grinding wheel consists of abrasive grains and pores, joined by a binder material, forming an abrasive structure. However, the grinding wheels may have different properties, since abrasive grain hardness, abrasion resistance, crystalline structure, shape, size and friability can affect the durability and performance of the abrasive. Thus, it is very important to choose the correct grinding wheel because its properties will directly influence the productivity and quality of the part that can be obtained with the use of this one, taking into account the parameters of the process and the material to be grinding. The selection of the most suitable abrasive material for each operation has to be based on the material to be rectified, besides having an industrially applicable cost-benefit ratio. Cutting fluids lubricate and cool the cutting zone, however they are harmful to the environment and humans, adding costs to the industry. Linked to this, an effective and relatively inexpensive method of controlling corrosion ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Paulo Roberto de Aguiar / Banca: José Alfredo Covolan Ulson / Banca: Fabricio Guimarães Baptista / Banca: Arthur Alves Fiocchi / Banca: Alessandro Roger Rodrigues / Resumo: O processo de retificação é um processo amplamente utilizado para produzir formas complexas e tolerâncias precisas em peças que são necessárias especialmente para a fabricação de componentes de engenharia. A retificação é um processo de manufatura situado na parte final da cadeia de usinagem, consistindo em uma operação de remoção de material da superfície da peça usinada e utiliza como ferramenta de corte o rebolo. No decorrer do processo de retificação a ferramenta de corte sofre desgaste e com isso, torna-se necessária a realização do processo de dressagem, cuja finalidade é restaurar a eficiência de corte do rebolo. A grande dificuldade no processo de retificação consiste em identificar o momento correto para a realização da dressagem e, para isso torna-se necessária a realização do monitoramento da ferramenta de corte (rebolo). Neste contexto, no presente trabalho desenvolveu-se uma técnica inovadora de diagnóstico da integridade superficial do rebolo, durante o processo de dressagem, baseada em imagens acústicas obtidas por meio de diafragma piezelétrico. Para isso, foram realizadas marcas (falhas) em um rebolo e, posteriormente, realizados ensaios com várias profundidades de dressagem, coletando sinais por meio de um sensor de emissão acústica e de um diafragma piezelétrico. Com base nesses sinais, foram avaliadas bandas de frequência para a obtenção de imagens acústicas que representassem com maior fidelidade e nitidez as marcas impressas no rebolo. Por fim, ambos os ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The abrasive machining process is a widely used process for producing complex shapes in work pieces and for providing precise tolerances that are especially required for the production of engineering components. Grinding is a manufacturing process placed at the end of the machining chain, consisting of an operation to remove material from the surface of the machined part and uses grinding wheels as a cutting tool. During the grinding process the cutting tool suffers wear and tear, and thus, it is necessary to perform the dressing process, whose purpose is to restore the cutting efficiency of the grinding wheel. The great difficulty in the grinding process is to identify the correct moment to perform the dressing, and for that reason, it is necessary to perform the monitoring of the cutting tool (grinding wheel). In this context, the present work made possible the development of an innovative technique to diagnose the surface integrity of the grinding wheel, during the dressing process, based on acoustic maps obtained through the piezoelectric diaphragm. Therefore, some patterns (marks) on a grinding wheel were performed and, later, tests were carried out with several dressing depths, acquiring signals from a commercial acoustic emission sensor and a piezoelectric diaphragm. Based on these signals, frequency bands were evaluated to obtain acoustic maps that represented with more fidelity and sharpness the marks inserted in the grinding wheel. Finally, both sensors (acoustic em... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Analytical force and dynamic models for material removal processes such as end and face milling do not account for material and process related uncertainties such as tool wear, tool breakage and material inhomogeneity. Optimization of material removal processes thus requires not only optimal process planning using analytical models but also on-line monitoring of the process so that adjustments, if needed, can be initiated to maximize the productivity or to avoid damaging expensive parts. In this thesis, a Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) sensor based process monitoring method that is independent of the cutting conditions and workpiece material is developed for measuring the cutting forces and/or torque in milling. The research includes the development of methods and hardware for wireless acquisition of time-varying strain signals from PVDF sensor-instrumented milling tools rotating at high speeds and transformation of the strains into the measurand of interest using quantitative physics-based models of the measurement system. Very good agreement between the measurements from the low cost PVDF sensors and the current industry standard, piezoelectric dynamometer, has been achieved. Three PVDF sensor rosettes are proposed for measuring various strain components of interest and are shown to outperform their metal foil strain gauge counterparts with significantly higher sensitivity and signal to noise ratio. In addition, a computationally efficient algorithm for milling chatter recognition that can adapt to different cutting conditions and workpiece geometry variations based on the measured cutting forces/torque signals is proposed and evaluated. A novel complex exponential model based chatter frequency estimation algorithm is also developed and validated. The chatter detection algorithm can detect chatter before chatter marks appear on the workpiece and the chatter frequency estimation algorithm is shown to capture the chatter frequency with the same accuracy as the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The computational cost of the chatter detection algorithm increases linearly with data size and the chatter frequency estimation algorithm, with properly chosen parameters, is shown to perform 10 times faster than the FFT. Both the cutting forces/torque measurement methodology and the chatter detection algorithm have great potential for shop floor application. The cutting forces/torque measurement system can be integrated with adaptive feedback controllers for process optimization and can also be extended to the measurement of other physical phenomena.

A theory of the sub-ambient fluid pressure phenomenon observed during the wet sliding of a disk on a polymeric pad is presented. Two-dimensional fluid pressure mapping using membrane pressure sensors reveals a large, asymmetrical sub-ambient pressure region occupying about 70 percent of the disk-pad contact area. At the same time, a small positive pressure region exists near the trailing edge of the disk. This phenomenon is believed to be present during chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) and can contribute to the contact pressure, affecting the material removal rate and removal uniformity. Depending on the load and pad speed, the real contact pressure can be more than 2 times the nominal contact pressure due to the applied load. Tilt measurements of the disk carried out by a capacitive sensing technique indicate that the disk is tilted towards the leading edge and pad center when the pad is rotating. In addition, wafer bow is found to be less than 2 m and wafer tilt with respect to the wafer carrier is 5 to 7 m in the CMP configuration. A two-dimensional mixed-lubrication model based on the Reynolds equation is developed and solved using a finite differencing scheme. The pad is modeled as two layers: a top asperity layer described by the Greenwood and Williamson equation, and the bulk pad as linearly elastic. The orientation of the disk is determined by balancing the fluid and solid forces acting on it and solving using a modified Newtons method. It is found that the tilt of the disk and the pad topography play important roles in the distribution of fluid pressure through affecting the film thickness distribution. For a pad with severe topography, minimum and maximum fluid pressures of -90 kPa and +51 kPa respectively are detected. The model is able to recreate the experimental pressure maps. A material removal rate model based on mechanical abrasion and statistics has also been developed. Comparisons of model predictions and silicon oxide polishing results show agreement.

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In this study, the new predictive model for the micro-grinding process was developed by consolidating mechanical and thermal effects within the single grit interaction model at microscale material removal. The size effect of micro-machining was also included in the proposed model. In order to assess thermal effects, the heat partition ratio was experimentally calibrated and compared with the prediction of the Hahn model. Then, on the basis of this predictive model, a comparison between experimental data and analytical predictions was conducted in view of the overall micro-grinding forces in the x and y directions. Although there are deviations in the predicted micro-grinding forces at low depths of cut, these differences are reduced as the depth of cut increases. On the other hand, the optimization of micro machine tools was performed on the basis of the proposed design strategy. Individual mathematical modeling of key parameters such as volumetric error, machine working space, and static, thermal, and dynamic stiffness were conducted and supplemented with experimental analysis using a hammer impact test. These computations yield the optimal size of miniaturized machine tools with the technical information of other parameters.