As a result of ground water pumping in the Střeleč quarry there has been developed a depression in ground water surface during recent 30 years impacting an area of approx. 10 km2 . Due to the existence of steep hydraulic gradient in the quarry surroundings subsurface erosion occurs resulting in a development of underground channels. The biggest one developed in the years 2000 - 2002. Its length was 300 m reaching in some place the height of 17 m. During field works in the quarry in the years 2009 - 2010 the only accessible channel was mapped. In the channel two main types of cracks were discovered. On the crossing of these cracks slumping of the sandstone occurs which causes difficulties for the mining company. A hydraulic gradient higher than 5% was determined to be critical for sand transport in the channels and widening the initial conduits into channels. The channel development and releasing of static ground water reserves also influenced chemical composition of ground water emerging in the quarry. In the period of the most intensive channel development in 2001 the ratio of ground water from static reserves on the total amount pumped was 56%. Also in this period the concentration of sulphates in the ground water of the streams in the quarry decreased significantly. In the year 2010 there were...

Orientador: Nelson Eduardo Duran Caballero / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T05:06:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Donaire_PatriciaPulciniRosvald_D.pdf: 1368968 bytes, checksum: 36ddc25863076b787c4847f7b99b272a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O presente trabalho trata do desenvolvimento de um reator tubular fotocatalítico aplicado ao tratamento de águas superficiais e subterrâneas contaminadas com compostos orgânicos voláteis, mais especificamente benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e xileno (BTEX). O reator opera com recirculação da amostra e é constituído por dois catalisadores semicondutores, o dióxido de titânio e o dióxido de zircônio (TiO2/ZrO2). Estes catalisadores foram depositados sobre substratos de vidro na forma de filme misto e ativados com luz artificial proveniente de 2 lâmpadas de luz negra de 15 W cada, representando uma intensidade luminosa total de 3,6 mW cm. Os resultados demonstraram a viabilidade da utilização da fotocatálise heterogênea através da deposição de 15 camadas do filme misto sobre a matriz de vidro. A irradiação de água deionizada contaminada com 10 mg L de BTEX resultou em 95,9% de remoção destes compostos em pH 6,6 e vazão de recirculação de 280 mL min , onde somente o benzeno não alcançou o limite permitido pela legislação. A quantificação dos analitos foi realizada utilizando-se microextração em fase sólida (SPME). Observou-se uma cinética de pseudo-primeira ordem sendo a concentração inicial um fator limitante na taxa de degradação. A acetofenona foi a espécie intermediária detectada durante o processo fotocatalítico. No experimento de toxicidade utilizando Daphnia similis como organismo teste, a remoção de toxicidade foi atingida após 30 min de tratamento de água contaminada com gasolina onde o CE50-48 h inicial médio foi de 14,1% atingindo um CE50-48 h final médio de 84,3% / Abstract: The present work deals with the development of a photocatalytic tubular reactor to treat superficial and groundwaters contaminated with organic volatile compounds, more specifically benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX). The reactor was operated with sample recirculation and it was constituted by two semiconductors catalysts, the titanium dioxide and the zirconium dioxide (TiO2/ZrO2). These catalysts were deposited over glass substrate in the form of mixed film and activated with artificial light originated from two 15 W black light lamps representing an average light intensity of 3.6 mW cm. The results showed the viability of heterogeneous photocatalysis using a deposition of 15 mixed film layers over the glass matrix. The photodegradation of deionized water contaminated with 10 mg L of BTEX gave a 95.9% of BTEX removal at pH 6.6 with a recirculation flow of 280 mL min . Among the other components of BTEX, only the benzene did not reach the permitted limit by legislation. The analytes were quantified by solid phase microextraction (SPME). The kinetic of pseudo-first order was observed and being the initial concentration a limiting factor in the degradation rate. The acetophenone was the intermediate species detected during photocatalytic process. In the toxicity experiment using Daphnia similis as organism test, the toxicity removal was reached after 30 min of treatment of contaminated water with gasoline where the initial average CE50-48 h was 14.1 % and reaching a final average CE50-48 h of the 84.3% / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Quimica

Large depression cone in water table was formed due to mining in surroundings of Střeleč quarry. The concentrated inflow from conduits to quarry is up to 70 l/s. Large conduit systems are created by flowing water into the quarry. The biggest conduit system was at least 300 m long and 17 m high with maximum calculated volume of 22 thousands m3 . Evolution of these conduits usually takes several months to few years. Fast conduit evolution allows to study erosion processes in detail in situ. In the thesis I am describing conduits, character of flow and erosion processes. Measured flow velocities in conduits are up to 0,4 m/s with hydraulic gradient 1 to 5%. Flow velocities and hydraulic gradients are typical for piping erosion. Piping initially forms small protoconduits. The bigger conduits are formed as water is progressively drained from larger area. Conduits are following fracture surfaces, which are also limiting the conduit propagation to the sides. Above water table the conduits are enlarged mainly by mass wasting of undercut sandstone slabs. For distinguishing less and more erodible parts of sandstone, we adapted and partially developed a method for measuring erodability (REI) and drilling resistance (DR). Both are used to compare different types of sandstone surfaces. In lowermost part of the...

A disponibilidade por água direcionou e motivou o desenvolvimento das atividades e das ocupações territoriais na Bacia Hidrográfica do Alto Tietê (BAT). Nessa trajetória, a água subterrânea passou a ser uma das grandes reservas disponíveis para suprir a essa crescente demanda onde atualmente existem aproximadamente 12 mil poços fornecendo cerca de 10m³/s. Na BAT este cenário de dependência ao recurso hídrico subterrâneo se acentua, na medida em que a disponibilidade de água superficial diminui. Dessa forma, a intensa extração de água, concentrada na área urbana da bacia, tem causado rebaixamentos nos níveis dos aquíferos. A situação é agravada, pois parte da água fisicamente disponível torna-se qualitativamente indisponível por contaminações provenientes das atividades antrópicas mal operadas. Hoje na BAT são reconhecidas 2.018 áreas onde os aquíferos e os solos são contaminadas, ademais de existirem outras 53 mil atividades com potencial para gerar contaminação aos aquíferos. Nessa pesquisa foi realizado um mapeamento das áreas críticas integradas de qualidade e quantidade, onde a área da BAT foi dividida em células de 500x500m. De um total de 23.867 áreas em toda a BAT, foi possível identificar, 943 áreas de alta, 1876 áreas de média e 3120 áreas de baixa criticidade. Entretanto, essa situação é desconhecida pelos usuários dos recursos hídricos. Apesar desse cenário, a gestão das águas subterrâneas ainda é bastante incipiente na bacia. A limitação é ainda maior, pois a identificação dos poços é difícil e os problemas, quando detectados, não são de responsabilidade de apenas um, mas de um conjunto de usuários. Assim, como em outras regiões metropolitanas do Brasil, a BAT possui uma alta densidade de poços ilegais, onde a sua explotação acarreta em um rebaixamento excessivo nos níveis dos aquíferos, reduzindo a oferta de água, diminuindo assim, a segurança hídrica da bacia. Experiências recentes na gestão das águas subterrâneas têm indicado que o gerenciamento desse recurso terá mais sucesso quanto maior for a participação do usuário, portanto a gestão da água, aplicada nesse trabalho através da integração de informações relativas ao meio físico, uso e ocupação do solo, aspectos sócios econômicos, do balanço hídrico, e os aspectos hidrogeológicos torna-se fundamental para prover o conhecimento e as ferramentas gerenciais para a tomada de decisões e conscientização dos usuários, que levarão à proteção e ao uso controlado dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos. / The availability of water directed and motivated the development of activities and land occupations along the Alto Tiete Basin (BAT). In this way, groundwater has become one of the major reserves available to supply the growing demand, where there are currently approximately 12 thousand wells supplying almost 10m³/s. In the BAT, the scenery of groundwater resource dependence increases whereas the availability of surface water decreases. In this way, the intense water extraction, concentrated in the urban area of the basin, has led downgrades in the levels of aquifers. The situation is exacerbated because the water physically available becomes qualitatively unavailable due to chemical contamination from chemicals used in productive activities and services. The BAT has serious quality problems in part of the aquifers, having 2.018 contaminated areas recognized by CETESB, furthermore there are other 53.000 activities with the potential to generate contamination to aquifers. In the BAT, 23.867 areas of 500x500m, it was identified by mapping of the integrated critical areas, 943 high critical areas, 1876 medium critical areas, and 3120 low critical areas. However, this scenario is unknown to users. . Despite this scenario, the management of groundwater is still incipient in the basin. The limitation is even greater, since identification of the wells is difficult and problems, when detected, are not the responsibility of just one, but a number of users. As well as in other metropolitan areas of Brazil, BAT has a high density of illegal wells, where the illegal exploitation may result in an excessive drawdown of groundwater levels, reducing the supply of water, thus reducing water security of the basin. Recent experiments in management of groundwater have indicated that the management of this resource will be more successful with greater user participation. Therefore, water management applied in this work through the integration of information relating to the environment, use and occupation of land, socio economics aspects, of the water balance and hydrogeological aspects becomes essential to provide the knowledge and managerial tools for making decisions and user awareness, which will lead to the protection and controlled use of groundwater resources.

A disponibilidade por água direcionou e motivou o desenvolvimento das atividades e das ocupações territoriais na Bacia Hidrográfica do Alto Tietê (BAT). Nessa trajetória, a água subterrânea passou a ser uma das grandes reservas disponíveis para suprir a essa crescente demanda onde atualmente existem aproximadamente 12 mil poços fornecendo cerca de 10m³/s. Na BAT este cenário de dependência ao recurso hídrico subterrâneo se acentua, na medida em que a disponibilidade de água superficial diminui. Dessa forma, a intensa extração de água, concentrada na área urbana da bacia, tem causado rebaixamentos nos níveis dos aquíferos. A situação é agravada, pois parte da água fisicamente disponível torna-se qualitativamente indisponível por contaminações provenientes das atividades antrópicas mal operadas. Hoje na BAT são reconhecidas 2.018 áreas onde os aquíferos e os solos são contaminadas, ademais de existirem outras 53 mil atividades com potencial para gerar contaminação aos aquíferos. Nessa pesquisa foi realizado um mapeamento das áreas críticas integradas de qualidade e quantidade, onde a área da BAT foi dividida em células de 500x500m. De um total de 23.867 áreas em toda a BAT, foi possível identificar, 943 áreas de alta, 1876 áreas de média e 3120 áreas de baixa criticidade. Entretanto, essa situação é desconhecida pelos usuários dos recursos hídricos. Apesar desse cenário, a gestão das águas subterrâneas ainda é bastante incipiente na bacia. A limitação é ainda maior, pois a identificação dos poços é difícil e os problemas, quando detectados, não são de responsabilidade de apenas um, mas de um conjunto de usuários. Assim, como em outras regiões metropolitanas do Brasil, a BAT possui uma alta densidade de poços ilegais, onde a sua explotação acarreta em um rebaixamento excessivo nos níveis dos aquíferos, reduzindo a oferta de água, diminuindo assim, a segurança hídrica da bacia. Experiências recentes na gestão das águas subterrâneas têm indicado que o gerenciamento desse recurso terá mais sucesso quanto maior for a participação do usuário, portanto a gestão da água, aplicada nesse trabalho através da integração de informações relativas ao meio físico, uso e ocupação do solo, aspectos sócios econômicos, do balanço hídrico, e os aspectos hidrogeológicos torna-se fundamental para prover o conhecimento e as ferramentas gerenciais para a tomada de decisões e conscientização dos usuários, que levarão à proteção e ao uso controlado dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos. / The availability of water directed and motivated the development of activities and land occupations along the Alto Tiete Basin (BAT). In this way, groundwater has become one of the major reserves available to supply the growing demand, where there are currently approximately 12 thousand wells supplying almost 10m³/s. In the BAT, the scenery of groundwater resource dependence increases whereas the availability of surface water decreases. In this way, the intense water extraction, concentrated in the urban area of the basin, has led downgrades in the levels of aquifers. The situation is exacerbated because the water physically available becomes qualitatively unavailable due to chemical contamination from chemicals used in productive activities and services. The BAT has serious quality problems in part of the aquifers, having 2.018 contaminated areas recognized by CETESB, furthermore there are other 53.000 activities with the potential to generate contamination to aquifers. In the BAT, 23.867 areas of 500x500m, it was identified by mapping of the integrated critical areas, 943 high critical areas, 1876 medium critical areas, and 3120 low critical areas. However, this scenario is unknown to users. . Despite this scenario, the management of groundwater is still incipient in the basin. The limitation is even greater, since identification of the wells is difficult and problems, when detected, are not the responsibility of just one, but a number of users. As well as in other metropolitan areas of Brazil, BAT has a high density of illegal wells, where the illegal exploitation may result in an excessive drawdown of groundwater levels, reducing the supply of water, thus reducing water security of the basin. Recent experiments in management of groundwater have indicated that the management of this resource will be more successful with greater user participation. Therefore, water management applied in this work through the integration of information relating to the environment, use and occupation of land, socio economics aspects, of the water balance and hydrogeological aspects becomes essential to provide the knowledge and managerial tools for making decisions and user awareness, which will lead to the protection and controlled use of groundwater resources.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Atualmente, uma das maiores preocupações da humanidade é com a disponibilidade e qualidade da água. A exploração inadequada das fontes acarreta a contaminação das águas superficiais e subterrâneas que se tornam um risco para a saúde pública. Dentre as fontes biológicas de contaminação da água, incluem-se as bactérias, que são responsáveis por inúmeras doenças, sendo frequentemente tratadas com antimicrobianos. O amplo uso de antimicrobianos na medicina humana e na produção animal tem resultado no aumento do número de bactérias comensais e patogênicas resistentes a agentes antimicrobianos, fato que nos últimos anos vem se tornando um dos principais problemas de saúde pública. O presente trabalho resulta do interesse pelo estudo da qualidade da água consumida pelos alunos de 20 escolas estaduais da rede pública de Boa Vista RR, bem como obter o perfil de resistência a antimicrobianos de bactérias isoladas a partir de diferentes amostras de águas, coletadas nessas escolas. No período de outubro de 2010 a abril de 2011, foram coletas 40 amostras de águas de torneiras das copas e 40 amostras de águas de bebedouros, as quais foram submetidas à avaliação microbiológica. A determinação dos coliformes totais e termotolerantes foi realizada por meio da técnica dos tubos múltiplos com 3 diluições e série de 5 tubos. Para a detecção de bactérias heterotróficas uso-se o método pour plate, de acordo com as normas preconizadas no Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastwater. O isolamento e a identificação dos isolados bacteriano foi realizada no LACEN-RR utilizando-se a série bioquímica. Para a avaliação da resistência aos antimicrobianos, utilizou-se a metodologia de difusão de disco, seguindo as normas estabelecidas pelo CLSI. Das amostras de águas que recebem tratamento completo, 10% apresentaram resultados positivos para coliformes totais e nas amostras de água clorada, 20% apresentaram resultados positivos para coliformes totais e 2,5% resultado positivo para coliformes termotolerantes, o que as tornam imprópria para o consumo humano. A contagem de bactérias heterotróficas variou de 1,4 x 10 a 3,6 x 102 UFC/mL de água, não ultrapassando o estabelecido pela Portaria 518/2004/MS. Foram identificadas as seguintes bactérias Gram-negativas (66,7%): Acinetobacter spp., C. violacea, Cocobacilos spp., E. aerogenes, E. coli, K. ozaenae, Leptothrix ssp. e Bacilo Gram-negativo não fermentador de glicose, as bactérias Gram-positivas (33,3%), identificadas foram: B. subtilis, Micrococcus spp., S. aureus e Staphylococcus spp. Os resultados dos testes de sensibilidade aos antibióticos revelaram que a maioria das bactérias isoladas foi resistente a ampicilina (68,2%), 27,3% apresentaram resistência a oxacilina e 22,7% foram resistentes a eritromicina e meropenem. As cepas de S. aureus isoladas das amostras de águas apresentaram maior índice MAR (0,61) entre as bactérias Gram-positivas, enquanto que nas bactérias Gram-negativas, as cepas que apresentaram maior índice MAR foram as cepas de E. coli, com índice 0,61. Os resultados comprovam a ocorrência de instabilidade no padrão de qualidade da água fornecida a população de Boa Vista RR seja no tratamento, na distribuição ou no armazenamento da água. Além de constatar a presença de bactérias multirresistentes a antibióticos, o que representa risco à população. / One of the main concerns of humanity nowadays is water: its availability and its quality. An inadequate exploitation of the sources results in the contamination of both superficial and deep waters, which become a public health hazard. Bacteria are one of these biological sources of water contamination, responsible for countless diseases which are treated with antimicrobials. The widely spread use of antimicrobials in human medicine along with animal production had resulted in a steady increase in the number of pathogenic and commensal bacteria resistant to antimicrobial agents, which in recent years are becoming one of the main problems of public health. This paper is a result of an interest in studying the quality of water consumed by the students of 20 state schools of the public school system of Boa Vista RR, as well as trying to obtain a profile of antimicrobial resistance of the bacteria isolated in different water samples collected at these schools. Between October 2010 and April 2011, 40 water samples were collected from taps in lunchrooms, along with 40 samples from drinking wells, and all of them were submitted to microbiological examination. Using the multiple tubes technique, with 3 dilutions and a series of 5 tubes, we determined the total number of coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms. In agreement with the rules of the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, the pour plate method was used at the CBio UFRR to detect heterotrophic bacteria. Isolation and identification of microorganisms was done at LACEN RR, using the biochemical series. In evaluating the resistance to antimicrobials, disk diffusion methods were used, in agreement with the established rules of the CLSI. In water samples that receive full treatment, 10% tested positive for total coliforms and, in chlorinated water samples, 20% tested positive for total coliforms and 2,5% for thermo-tolerant coliforms, which makes them inadequate for human consume. The counting of heterotrophic bacteria went from 1,4 x 10 to 3,6 x 10 CFU/mL of water, not surpassing what is established in the ordinance 518/2004/MS. The following Gram-negative bacteria (66,7%) were identified: Acinetobacter spp., C. violacea, Cocobacilos spp., E. aerogenes, E. coli, K. ozaenae, Leptothrix ssp. and Gram-negative glucose non fermenting bacillus. The Gram-positive bacteria identified were: B. subtilis, Micrococcus spp., S. aureus and Staphylococcus spp. The results of antibiotic sensibility tests revealed that most of the isolated bacteria were resistant to ampicilin (68,2%), 22,3% showed resistance to oxacilin and 22,7% were resistant to both eritromicin and meropenem. In Gram-positive bacteria, the growths of S. aureus isolated from water samples showed the greatest MAR index (0,61), while E. coli growths were the ones who showed the greatest MAR index in Gram-negative bacteria (also 6,1%). Results prove a great instability in the quality of water provided to the Boa Vista - RR population, being in its treatment, distribution or containment, as well as showing the presence of bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics, which is a health hazard to the public.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Table Mountain Group (TMG) Aquifer System is a regional fractured aquifer system with a large potential as a source of future water supplies in the Western and Eastern Cape. This system is currently under consideration for large-scale water abstraction. Many terrestrial ecosystems, however, are dependent on these groundwater resources for survival. Exploitation of ground water resources at a rate exceeding the rate of natural recharge would result in a lowering of the water table and the drying up of seeps. The main objective of this study was to determine if satellite remote sensing data can be used for the detection of groundwater-dependent wetlands, and secondly, to use multi-temporal imagery for estimating seasonal changes experienced in wetland communities in relation to surrounding vegetation. The Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve, situated approximately 30km to the east of Cape Point in the Western Cape, South Africa, was selected for investigation. To accomplish the objectives, three Landsat 7 ETM+ images (path/row: 175/84) captured on 22 September 2001, 18 May 2002 and 23 September 2002 were acquired. Image fusion of the multispectral bands (30m resolution) with the panchromatic band (15m resolution) provided 15m multispectral images for analysis purposes. Geometric correction, radiometric normalisation and atmospheric corrections was performed in order to ensure pixel-level comparability between images. Once comparability between images was guaranteed, vegetation indices and tasselled cap components were derived to provide threshold values of moisture stress indicators and productivity estimations of wetland communities in relation to surrounding non-wetland communities. Additionally, change vector analysis on these transformations provided the ability to detect and assess the seasonal changes experienced by these communities during an annual cycle. The results of these transformations were combined in a rule-based image classifier in order to assist in estimating the seasonal dependency of observed wetland communities. The ability to use Landsat 7 images and the abovementioned image processing procedures to identify wetland communities with a high probability of groundwater interaction was demonstrated with a high degree of accuracy (78%). It is recommended that future studies concentrate on increasing classification accuracies, while focusing on incorporating these techniques into a remote monitoring system for assessing the impacts of groundwater extraction on the groundwater-dependent wetland communities. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Tafelberg Groep (TBG) Akwifer is 'n regionale verskuiwingsakwifer sisteem met groot potensiaal as toekomstige waterbron vir die Wes- en Oos-Kaap. Grootskaalse grondwateronttrekking uit hierdie sisteem word tans ondersoek. Baie terrestriële ekosisteme is egter vir oorlewing van grondwaterbronne afhanklik. Grondwaterontginning teen 'n tempo hoër as die natuurlike aanvultempo sal die watertafel laat daal en syfersones laat opdroog. Die hoofdoel van die studie was om te bepaal of satellietbeelde gebruik kan word om grondwater-afhanklike vleilande waar te neem, en om 'n tydsreeks van beelde te gebruik om die seisoenale verandering in vleilandgemeenskappe relatief tot omliggende plantegroei te raam. Die Kogelberg Biosfeer Reservaat, ongeveer 30km oos van Kaappunt, is as studiegebied geïdentifiseer. Drie Landsat 7 beelde (baan/ry: 175/84) van 22 September 2001, 18 Mei 2002 en 23 September 2002 is ontleed. Die Landsat 7 multispektrale bande (30m resolusie) is met behulp van beeld-fusietegnieke met die panchromatiese band (15m resolusie) gekombineer om multispektrale beelde te lewer met 15m grondresolusie. Geometriese korreksie, radiometriese normalisering en atmosferiese korreksie is op elk van die beelde toegepas om beeld-selvlak vergelykings tussen beelde 'n moontlikheid te maak. Met beeldvergelykbaarheid verseker, is plantegroei-indekse en 'tassled cap' transformasies gebruik om afsnywaardes vir vleiland-identifikasie te bereken. Verder is veranderingsvektoranalises op die transformasies bereken om die seisoenale veranderinge oor die jaarsiklus in vleilande te bepaal. Die resultate hiervan is vervat in 'n reël-gebaseerde beeldklassifiseerder waarmee vleilande se seisoenale grondwater afhanklikheid geraam is. Die vermoë om vleilande met 'n hol! waarskynlikheid van grondwater interaksie uit Landsat 7 beelde te identifiseer is met 'n hol! vlak van totale akkuraatheid (78%) gedemonstreer. Die aanbeveling is dat toekomstige studies moet fokus op die verhoging van hierdie klassifikasie akkuraathede. Die tegnieke moet toegespits word op die ontwikkeling van 'n afstandswaarnemingstelsel om die