The trends of present design in electronic systems are towards high speed, small size, and lower voltage levels. Due to these trends, the influence of ESD becomes a more serious problem for an EMC designer. How to precisely evaluate the effect of ESD by measurement and simulation, and try to solve these questions quickly is the most important topic at present. In this thesis we introduce several measurement approaches to ESD. We try to find the equivalent circuit model of the ESD gun operated in our lab, and construct the simulation model by Agilent ADS software. Good agreement between simulation and measurement demonstrates the correctness of the model for this ESD gun. By combining the simulation model of ESD gun with equivalent circuit of DUT extracted by Ansoft Q3D software, it is found this method can evaluate the ESD phenomena of DUT fast and precisely. In addition, with this method some phenomena restricted by measurement can be studied. Finally two real products including a PDA (floating system) and the mainboard in the desktop computer system (grounding system) are discussed in detail.

In the trends of high clock rate, lower voltage, small volume, and portable requirement for present electric products, the noise immunity of high speed digital circuit becomes a critical factor for system designer. ESD problem becomes more and more important for electric products because of the triboelectricity caused by human body and synthetic material. It¡¦s an important issue for designer to understand the ESD phenomena in grounding and floating system accurately. In this thesis, a reliable setup for the ESD measurement is proposed both in grounding and floating systems. ESD behavior and protection devices are studied in detail and a corresponding SPICE model is built up for simulation validation.

Το θέμα της παρούσας διπλωματικής είναι η μελέτη των βηματικών τάσεων σε ένα σύστημα γείωσης, με το ισοδύναμο ανθρώπινο κύκλωμα, μέσω της εξομοίωσής του με το λογισμικό EMTP-ATP, έχοντας συμπεριλάβει στους υπολογισμούς και το φαινόμενο του ιονισμού. Αρχικά, στα δύο πρώτα κεφάλαιο δίνονται ορισμοί και βασικές έννοιες για τις γειώσεις, τις μεθόδους γείωσης που υπάρχουν καθώς και για την επίδραση του ηλεκτρικού ρεύματος στον ανθρώπινο οργανισμό και την ηλεκτροπληξία. Έπειτα, στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο περιγράφεται αναλυτικά το φαινόμενο του ιονισμού και η προσέγγιση του μέσα από τα αντίστοιχα μοντέλα που έχουν αναπτυχθεί και των κριτηρίων υπολογισμού ακτίνας του ηλεκτροδίου του αγωγού γείωσης σε σχέση με το πεδίο ιονισμού του εδάφους E0. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται εκτενής ανάλυση των μοντέλων των συστημάτων γείωσης που έχουν αναπτυχθεί, παραθέτοντας και αυτά που χρησιμοποιούνταν κατά το παρελθόν, αλλά και τα επικρατέστερα σύγχρονα. Τέλος , επιλέγοντας το μοντέλο της εξομοίωσης, χρησιμοποιώντας το λογισμικό EMTP-ATP, γίνεται σύγκριση των αποτελεσμάτων των βηματικών τάσεων με θεωρητικές επιτρεπτές βηματικές τάσεις και παρατίθενται τα συμπεράσματα και οι επιπτώσεις που έχουν τα αποτελέσματα στον άνθρωπο. Ακολουθεί μια σύντομη περιγραφή των κεφαλαίων Στο Κεφάλαιο 1 αναφέρεται η έννοια και ο ρόλος της γείωσης, καθώς και σε διάφορα είδη γειωτών και υπολογισμό των παραμέτρων τους. Στο Κεφάλαιο 2 δίνονται οι ορισμοί των βηματικών τάσεων και τάσεων επαφής και αναλύονται οι διάφορες επιπτώσεις του ηλεκτρικού ρεύματος στον ανθρώπινο οργανισμό. Στο Κεφάλαιο 3 παρουσιάζεται το φαινόμενο του ιονισμού του εδάφους, οι μηχανισμοί διάσπασης του και τα διάφορα μοντέλα που προτείνονται για την περιγραφή του. Στο Κεφάλαιο 4 παρατίθεται μια ανασκόπηση των διάφορων μοντέλων εξομοίωσης ενός συστήματος γείωσης. Στο Κεφάλαιο 5 γίνεται αρχικά η επιλογή του μοντέλου προσομοίωσης, παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα και συγκρινόμενα με θεωρητικές και πρακτικές τιμές στο τέλος παρουσιάζονται και τα συμπεράσματα. / The subject of the present diploma thesis is the study of step voltages in a grounding system, with the aid of a human equivalent circuit, by means of simulation using the EMTP-ATP software, considering in the calculations the phenomenon of soil ionization. In the two first chapters basic terms and concepts are defined regarding grounding systems, available grounding methods and the effects of electrical current and electrocution on the human body. In the third chapter the ionization phenomenon is analytically described and its approach through the corresponding models, which have been developed and the criteria for the calculation of the radius of the grounding conductor in accordance to the soil ionization field Eo. In chapter four there is an extended analysis of grounding systems models which have been developed, quoting those which have been used in the past but also the most dominate modern models. Finally, choosing a simulation model by utilizing EMTP-ATP software, there is a comparison of the results regarding step voltages and considering the allowable theoretical step voltage thresholds and introducing the conclusions and the effects on the human body. A brief description of the thesis chapters: Chapter 1: The concept and the role of grounding are presented, also including the different grounding systems and their parameter calculations. Chapter 2: The definitions of step voltages and contact voltages are presented while the effects of electric current on the human body are analyzed. Chapter 3: The soil ionization phenomenon is presented, including soil rupture mechanisms and the various models which are proposed to describe the phenomenon. Chapter 4: A review of the various simulation models of grounding systems is presented. Chapter 5: Initially a simulation model choice is described. The calculated results are presented and are compared with theoretical and experimental values. Finally conclusions are presented.

No description available.

<p>In order to achieve better lightning protection and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements, the needs for a proper grounding system and the knowledge of its transient behaviour become crucial. </p><p>The present work is focused towards developing engineering models for transient analysis of grounding system with sufficient accuracy and simplicity for lightning studies. Firstly, the conventional uniform transmission line approach for a single grounding conductor is modified and extended to grounding grids. Secondly, in order to overcome the drawbacks of all the existing transmission line approaches, for the first time, a non-uniform transmission line approach is developed for modelling the transient behaviour of different types of grounding systems. The important feature of such an approach is in its capability to include the electromagnetic couplings between different parts of the grounding system using space and time dependent per-unit length parameters.</p><p>High voltages and currents induced in the grounding systems due to lightning always produce ionization in the soil. This phenomenon should be included during the transient analysis of grounding systems. In the present work, an improved soil ionization model including residual resistivity in ionization region is developed. The fact that there exists residual resistivity in ionization region (7 % of the original soil resistivity) can be proved by the experiments reported in the literature and the experiments carried out at the high voltage lab of Uppsala University. The advantage of including residual resistivity is that the beneficial influence of soil ionization in reducing the potential rise of grounding system will not be overestimated, especially in high resistivity soil.</p><p>Finally, the transmission line approaches are adopted for studying the response of grounding systems due to lightning for different applications. These are, influence of soil parameters on the transient behaviour of grounding systems, transient analysis of grounding structures in stratified soils, investigation of the validity of existing definitions for effective length/area of different grounding structures, current distribution in the shields of under ground cables associated with communication tower, and influence of insulator flashover and soil ionization around the pole footing on surge propagation in Swedish railway system.</p>

In order to achieve better lightning protection and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements, the needs for a proper grounding system and the knowledge of its transient behaviour become crucial. The present work is focused towards developing engineering models for transient analysis of grounding system with sufficient accuracy and simplicity for lightning studies. Firstly, the conventional uniform transmission line approach for a single grounding conductor is modified and extended to grounding grids. Secondly, in order to overcome the drawbacks of all the existing transmission line approaches, for the first time, a non-uniform transmission line approach is developed for modelling the transient behaviour of different types of grounding systems. The important feature of such an approach is in its capability to include the electromagnetic couplings between different parts of the grounding system using space and time dependent per-unit length parameters. High voltages and currents induced in the grounding systems due to lightning always produce ionization in the soil. This phenomenon should be included during the transient analysis of grounding systems. In the present work, an improved soil ionization model including residual resistivity in ionization region is developed. The fact that there exists residual resistivity in ionization region (7 % of the original soil resistivity) can be proved by the experiments reported in the literature and the experiments carried out at the high voltage lab of Uppsala University. The advantage of including residual resistivity is that the beneficial influence of soil ionization in reducing the potential rise of grounding system will not be overestimated, especially in high resistivity soil. Finally, the transmission line approaches are adopted for studying the response of grounding systems due to lightning for different applications. These are, influence of soil parameters on the transient behaviour of grounding systems, transient analysis of grounding structures in stratified soils, investigation of the validity of existing definitions for effective length/area of different grounding structures, current distribution in the shields of under ground cables associated with communication tower, and influence of insulator flashover and soil ionization around the pole footing on surge propagation in Swedish railway system.

Οι πύργοι ελέγχου αεροδρομίων αποτελούν βασικό συστατικό για την ομαλή και συνεχή εξυπηρέτηση των πτήσεων πολιτικών και στρατιωτικών αεροσκαφών. Βρίσκονται εγκατεστημένοι σε κάθε αεροδρόμιο και αποτελούν το υψηλότερο κτίριο στο περιβάλλοντα χώρο, πράγμα που δικαιολογεί και τον μεγάλο αριθμό κεραυνικών πληγμάτων που μπορούν να δεχτούν. Σκοπός αυτής της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η μελέτη ενός συστήματος αντικεραυνικής προστασίας που βρίσκεται εγκατεστημένο σε έναν πύργο ελέγχου αεροδρομίου. Η απόδοση του συστήματος αντικεραυνικής προστασίας διαδραματίζει σημαντικό ρόλο στην αποτελεσματική λειτουργία του πύργου ελέγχου και στη γενικότερη αποτελεσματική λειτουργία του αερολιμένα. Με τη χρήση του προγράμματος εξομοίωσης αναλογικών και ψηφιακών κυκλωμάτων Orcad-Pspice, προσομοιώνεται το σύστημα αντικεραυνικής προστασίας, με βάση τον πύργο ελέγχου που του διεθνούς αερολιμένα Ελ. Βενιζέλος, μετράται το δυναμικό στη βάση του πύργου ελέγχου και τα ρεύματα στους αγωγούς καθόδου, όταν κεραυνός πλήττει το σύστημα συλλεκτήριων αγωγών. / The airport traffic control towers are a key component for the smooth and continuous service flights for both political and military aircraft. They are located at each airport and are the highest building in the surroundings, which justifies the number of lightning strikes that accepts. The purpose of this thesis is the study of a lightning protection system which is installed in an airport control tower. The efficiency of the lightning protection system constitute an important role in the effective operation of the control tower and the overall efficient operation of the airport. Using the analog and digital circuits simulation program Orcad-Pspice, the lightning protection system simulated , based on the control tower to the International airport Eleftherios Venizelos , the measured potential at the base of the control tower and the currents in the downconductors , when lightning strikes the collectors system

AssociaÃÃo TÃcnico-CientÃfica Eng. Paulo de Frontin / This paper presents the study and development of a voltage impulse generator using a cascaded boost converter topology operating in Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) which will be used for the inspection of grounding systems used by electric power companies. The output voltage of the converter is applied to the grounding system which behaves as a load. The signal applied to the ground was measured by the data acquisition system and analyzed by an intelligent algorithms software. The voltage has the characteristics of a double exponential waveform which is a mathematical model used for study of lightning. Furthermore, the impulse generator has the option to produce a square waveform output voltage. Unlike, the traditional impulse generator with spark gaps, which was disadvantages of poor lifetime and the need of external system to operating the same, the developed generator uses only semiconductor devices in its construction. A theoretical study was carried out through qualitative and quantitative analyzes moreover, the switching process and the losses in the converter components were studied. In this work was performed the design of a cascaded boost converter for evaluating grounding systems with approximated 156 W, input voltage of 110 Vac rms and an output peak voltage of approximately 880 VDC, which correspond to the sum each voltage capacitor of the boost converter, when they are connected in series. A prototype with the indicated specifications was implemented and experimentally tested in the laboratory and real conditions using four grounding systems configurations. Tests were performed considering that the grounding impedance is resistive. The obtained experimental and simulation results are used to validate the theoretical analysis and the designed converter. / Este trabalho apresenta o estudo e desenvolvimento de um gerador de impulsos de tensÃo usando a topologia de um conversor boost em cascata operando em Modo de ConduÃÃo DescontÃnua (MCD) que serà utilizado para inspeÃÃo de sistemas de aterramentos usados pelas concessionÃrias de energia elÃtrica. A tensÃo obtida na saÃda do conversor à aplicada ao sistema de aterramento que se comporta como uma carga. O sinal aplicado ao aterramento à medido pelo sistema de aquisiÃÃo de dados e analisado pelo software por algoritmos inteligentes. A tensÃo aplicada tem as caracterÃsticas de uma onda tipo dupla exponencial que à um modelo matemÃtico para estudo de descargas atmosfÃricas. AlÃm disso, o gerador poderà gerar tensÃes com caracterÃsticas de uma onda quadrada. O gerador de impulsos desenvolvido utiliza apenas dispositivos semicondutores na sua construÃÃo que apresentam as vantagens de possuir uma longa vida Ãtil, podem operar em altas frequÃncias, sÃo acionados com baixa tensÃo e possuem uma baixa queda de tensÃo ao contrÃrio dos tradicionais geradores de impulsos que utilizam os spark gaps para chaveamento que apresentam como desvantagens a baixa vida Ãtil e a necessidade de um sistema externo para funcionamento da mesma. Um estudo teÃrico foi realizado atravÃs das anÃlises qualitativa e quantitativa, alÃm das anÃlises do processo de comutaÃÃo e das perdas nos componentes do conversor. Neste trabalho foi realizado o projeto do conversor boost em cascata para inspeÃÃo de sistemas de aterramento com uma potÃncia aproximada de 156 W, tensÃo de entrada eficaz de 110 Vca e tensÃo de pico de aproximadamente 880 Vcc que corresponde à soma da tensÃo dos capacitores do conversor boost quando estÃo dispostos em sÃrie. Um protÃtipo com as especificaÃÃes indicadas foi construÃdo e testado experimentalmente em laboratÃrio e em campo utilizando quatro topologias de sistemas de aterramento. Foram realizados testes considerando que a impedÃncia de aterramento era puramente resistiva. Os resultados de simulaÃÃo e experimentais obtidos sÃo utilizados para validar a anÃlise teÃrica e o projeto realizado.

Le bâtiment quel qu'il soit (industrie, tertiaire, domestique), s'électrifie toujours plus pour répondre entre autre au besoin de l'efficacité énergétique. Ainsi de nombreux équipements, en particulier d'électronique de puissance ou encore d'actionneurs sont présents et produisent des perturbations électromagnétiques tant conduites que rayonnées véhiculées ou propagées par les câblages électriques et dispositifs de protection, dimensionnés pour 50Hz et non les hautes fréquences. Ceci est à l’origine de la problématique CEM dans le bâtiment. La méthodologie de modélisation proposée consiste à chercher un schéma équivalent pour chaque constituant ou composant d’une installation. L’accès aux paramètres localisés de chacun est un des points fort de la méthode, tout en permettant l’association avec d’autres composants (couplages). Les modèles ainsi générés sont implantés automatiquement dans un logiciel circuit, en l’occurrence Spice, permettant la résolution et l’association d’autres équipements électriques complexes. La modélisation des différents composants, principalement le circuit de mise à la terre, permet la simulation et l’analyse de plusieurs configurations qui devraient nous permettre de dicter des règles de conception pour rendre plus robuste le bâtiment moderne fortement électrifié. / In order to answer the need for energy efficiency, building, whatever it is (industrial, commercial, domestic), still electrifies more and more. Hence many equipment, in particular power electronic or actuators are introduced and produce conducted and radiated electromagnetic disturbances. They propagate via cabling and protection devices which have been sized for 50Hz and not for high frequencies generated by the equipment. This constitutes the EMC problematic for building.The proposed modeling methodology is to evaluate an electrical equivalent circuit for each installation’s component. Access to lumped parameters of each component is one of the highlights of this method, allowing the other components association (couplings). The generated models are implemented in a circuit software such as Spice, enabling the resolution and the association of other electrical components.The modeling of the components, mainly the grounding circuit, allows the simulation of different configurations. The analysis of several configurations should help the elaboration of design rules to make today buildings more efficient.