Orientador: Anna Silvia Palcheco Peixoto / Co-orientador: Emília Carlos Prandi / Banca: Rodrigo Lilla Manzione / Banca: Ilza Machado Kaiser / Resumo: A crescente demanda por recursos subterrâneos nas Bacias Hidrográficas dos Rios Aguapaí e Peixe, localizadas no oeste do Estado de São Paulo e a presença cada vez maior de substâncias em condições de acesso e contaminação das águas em subsuperfície têm pressionado de forma negativa a disponibilidade hídrica nessas bacias. Neste contexto de degradação, esta Dissertação objetiva a caracterização e avaliação da vulnerabilidade natural e dos perigos de contanimação das unidades aquíferas aflorantes nas subunidades de gestão de recursos hídricos denominados Alto Aguapeí e Alto Peixe. A caracterização da Vulnerabilidade foi realizada com aplicação do método GOD (Foster & Hirata, 1988). O perigo de contaminação dos aquíferos foi avaliado mediante a interpolação da vulnerabilidade natural com as fontes potencias de contaminação, identificadas e classificadas quanto o seu potencial de gerar carga contaminante, a partir da aplicação do método POSH (FOSTER et al, 2006). Os procedimentos de geoprocessamento foram realizados com auxílio do SIG ArcMap TM 9.3. Os resultados demonstraram que vulnerabilidades de classificação Extrema estão restritas as planícies fluviais dos rios Aguapeí e Tibiriça, ocupando cerca de 2% da área de estudos, as classes de vulnerabilidade Alta e Alta Baixa ocupam 41,5% e 23,7% respectivamente, enquanto 28,4% da área correspondem à vulnerabilidade Média. Para o restante da área obteve-se a classificação Média e Média Baixa Vulnerabilidade. A correlação das vulnerabilidades com as fontes potenciais de contaminação demonstraram que independente da localização, os postos de combustível e os locais de disposição de resíduos sólidos apresentam Alto perigo de contaminação. As atividades da indústria, por sua vez, apresentam Alto perigo de contaminação para os distritos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The increasing demand for groundwater resources in the Watersheds of Aguapeí and Peixe Rivers, located in the western part of São Paulo province, and also the increasing presence of substances in access condition and water contamination in the subsurface have been pressuring negatively the water availability in both basins. In this degradation context, this dissertation aims to characterize and evaluate the natural vulnerability and contamination risks of aquifers outcropping units in the sub water resources management units called. Alto Aguapeí and Alto Peixe. The vulnerability characterization was made applying the GOD method (Foster & Hirata, 1988). The aquifers contamination risk was estimated by interpolation of the natural vulnerability and the potential contamination sources that was identified and classified by their potential to generate contaminant load, using the POSH method (Foster et al, 2006). The geoprocessing producers were performed with assisting of some tools from the GLS ArcMap TM 9.3. The results evidenced that extreme classification vulnerability are restricted just for river plaints of Aguapeí and Tibiriça rivers, occupying around 2% of the studied area. The High and High Low vulnerability classes occupy 41.5% and 23.7% respectively and average vulnerability 28.4%. For the rest of the area was obtained medium and low vulnerability classification. The correlation of vulnerabilities and potential sources of contamination demonstrated that regardless of location, gas stations and solid waste disposal spots have high risks of contamination. The industrial activities have a high risk of contamination due the industrial district of Garça and Marilia and moderate for units in the food sector, located outside these districts. Furthermore, it is evident the importance of introducing the territory management policies... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Sampling data of many surface water bodies in Broward County tend to reveal abnormal levels of bacterial concentrations for total coliform, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus. Given the presence of septic systems in geohydrologically sensitive areas throughout the County, several studies (Morin 2005 and Bocca 2007) suggested a correlation in the high bacterial densities and the septic sites. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Groundwater contamination by landfill generated leachate is a problem that is increasingly addressed for proposed and existing landfill sites.This thesis examines groundwater contamination movement from the abandoned Delaware County Municipal landfill. The site is located in the crest of a highly permeable sand and gravel glacial esker which allows for rapid movement of ground water and any contaminants introduced into it.The landfill site was originally investigated in the late 1970's by Ed Lusch, a graduate student at the Ball State University Geology Department. That study showed some indications of ground water contamination movement to about 400 feet west of the site, in the direction of ground water flow. This indicated position of a contamination plume suggested that leachate, generated from the landfill site, had moved to that position since (or possibly before) the closing of the landfill in 1971.The present study, using a combination of surface resistivity methods, on-site test wells, and chemical analyses of ground water, attempted to determine the degree of contamination movement from the site since the original study and the extent to which the local aquifer had been affected. Results of this investigation revealed an apparent slow movement of leachate from the landfill westward towards the Mississinewa River, also in the direction of ground water flow. Surface resistivity methods of this study revealed the plume of contamination (indicated by resistivity "low" area) to now exist at approximately the same location as indicated in the earlier study, but to have expanded laterally. This investigation also found indications of the contamination plume well into the underlying fractured dolostone.Chemical analyses of nearby residential wells also revealed slightly elevated amounts of chloride, ammonia and specific conductivity in the ground water of the glacial esker south of the abandoned landfill site. The presence of three other dump sites, including a sludge dump, along the esker south of the landfill, offers questions as to the source of ground water contamination.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

D. Tech. Water care. / Groundwater is the main source of drinking in most rural areas of South Africa and is supplied to the communities without prior treatment. However, the contamination of groundwater sources by pathogenic bacteria poses a public health concern to these communities. This study was aimed at developing and evaluating the effectiveness of filter materials coated with silver nanoparticles for the removal of pathogenic microorganisms from groundwater as well as the inhibition of biofilm formation in drinking water systems.

Metabolic were used to evaluate Enterococcus as an indicator of faecal pollution. Enterococci were isolated using m-Enterococcus agar and speciated using conventional biochemical tests. Forty percent of the isolates were identified and metabolically characterized by the automated Biolog system. The biochemical test scheme recognized 16 enterococcal species, while Biolog recognized nine. Both methods identified E. faecalis at the greatest frequency. Overall species frequencies varied between the two methods. Biolog was unable to identify 31% of the isolates; 7% of the isolates were unidentified by the biochemical test scheme. Of the identified isolates, metabolic profiling with Biolog achieved speciation with 60 substrates. Unique profiles were obtained for 89% of the isolates. Isolates also demonstrated inter-trial differntial metabolism of substrates. This and the large number of unidentified isolates suggest great diversity among enterococci. Diversity and inter-trial metabolic inconsistencies will complicate use of enterococcal metabolic profiles as a source-tracking tool. / xxiii, 264 leaves ; 29 cm.

A one-dimensional transient mathematical model which can predict simultaneous movement of water and reactive solutes through homogeneous soil systems under saturated/unsaturated conditions is developed. The physically-based numerical model, called PESTFADE, considers the interactive processes/mechanisms such as mass flow, plant uptake, adsorption/desorption, dispersion, volatilization, chemical/microbial degradation and runoff in the simulation. / The PESTFADE model employs SWACROP, a model developed in the Netherlands, to simulate transient water flow in the unsaturated zone; evaluates non-equilibrium sorption in macropores, analyzes soil heat flow to to model microbial degradation, calculates pesticide partitioning in runoff/sediment as affected by agricultural management practices, and describes first order degradation and sorption kinetics. The governing partial differential equation describing the various processes is solved numerically via the Numerical Method of Lines (NMOL) technique, and the computer programs are written in FORTRAN 77. The resulting computer code (PESTFADE), is run on a microcomputer and has been implemented for interactive simulation on IBM PC or compatible microcomputers. / The model was tested and validated using actual data measured from field plot experiments involving herbicide atrazine which was post-emergently applied in a corn field on a loam soil. Various analytical solutions were used to check the accuracy of the different components of PESTFADE, and parametric sensitivity analyses were performed to determine how the model output reacts to changes in some selected input parameters. / Results indicate that model predictions generally agreed with measured concentrations of atrazine and compared closely with the analytical solutions. Moreover, model performance tests showed that predicted values are within acceptable ranges of model accuracy and bound of experimental uncertainties. It was also found that the model is very sensitive to degradation rate constant (k), sorption coefficient (K$ sb{ rm d})$ and soil temperature and slightly sensitive to management practice (CN) and sorption site fraction (F). Finally, the various field scenarios and pathways for non-point source contamination evaluated in the study have demonstrated the wide applicability and flexibility of PESTFADE.

Health scientists often rely on simulation models to reconstruct groundwater contaminant exposure data for retrospective epidemiologic studies. Due to the nature of historical reconstruction process, there are inevitably uncertainties associated with the input data and, therefore, with the final results of the simulation models, potentially adversely impacting related epidemiologic investigations. This study examines the uncertainties associated with the historically reconstructed contaminant fate and transport simulations for an epidemiologic study conducted at U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. To achieve an efficient uncertainty analysis, sensitivity analysis was first conducted to identify the critical uncertain variables, which were then adopted in the uncertainty analysis using an improved Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method. Particularly, uncertainties associated with the historical contaminant arrival time were evaluated. To quantify the uncertainties in an efficient manner, a procedure identified as Pumping Schedule Optimization System (PSOpS) was developed to obtain the extreme (i.e., earliest and latest) contaminant arrival times caused by pumping schedule variations. Two improved nonlinear programming methods Rank-and-Assign (RAA) and Improved Gradient (IG) are used in PSOpS to provide computational efficiency. Furthermore, a quantitative procedure named Pareto Dominance based Critical Realization Identification (PDCRI) was developed to screen out critical realizations for contaminant transport in subsurface system, so that the extreme contaminant arrival times under multi-parameter uncertainties could be evaluated efficiently.

[Truncated abstract] Pesticides are often transported to streams and/or groundwater as a result of the occurrence of rainfall events which trigger surface runoff or rapid preferential flow through the unsaturated zone. Much of the theory of solute transport has been derived assuming steady state or slowly varying upper boundary conditions and continuous, averaged process descriptions. However, a review of pesticide dynamics reveals that pesticides are episodically transported, predominantly through discrete flow pathways and this transport is often initiated as a near surface process, driven by naturally variable and intermittent rainfall intensities. The objective of the thesis is to better understand how the structure of natural variability of rainfall intensities impacts upon pesticide transport by these fast flow processes. We first conducted an analysis of a lysimeter leaching experiment that was aimed at identifying the rainfall controls on herbicide transport. Multivariate analyses revealed that average water balance behaviour at low temporal resolution controlled water and bromide transport while extreme rainfall events and rainfall event frequency controlled herbicide transport. A minimalist event based modelling approach was able to simulate the observed herbicide transport without or with only minor calibration. ... Finally we conduct a climate based regional risk assessment of pesticide leaching for the Wheatbelt region of the south-west of Western Australia. This is done for a suite of pesticides on a single soil to evaluate the impact of rainfall variability alone. Moderately sorbing, slowly degrading solutes have a greater regional potential for rapid leaching than both strongly and weakly sorbing solutes. High leaching potentials are found along the western and southern coast and in the far-east, with a band of low leaching potential through the central Wheatbelt. This is despite higher annual rainfall in the central areas compared to the east, and it is found that this occurs because of a change in the dominant fast flow triggers from frequent low intensity rainfall on the coasts to high intensity infrequent storms in the east. The coefficient of variation of annual leaching loads is similarly distributed. Spatial patterns of leaching potential depend upon chemical properties and application time. Peak loads of chemicals to fast flow pathways are found to converge to mid-winter, indicating periods of high loads of multiple pesticides may be an unavoidable consequence of the seasonality of storm properties.

Providing clean water remains a challenge in many African countries. Ethiopia, with the second largest population in Africa is also faced with this predicament. Efforts to improve supply have focused on abstracting groundwater. Although relatively cheaper to utilize, groundwater is prone to contamination, from improperly disposed of waste, particularly urban areas with no appropriate sanitation services. The city of Addis Ababa is faced with this difficult situation. Currently about 75 % of the population of Addis Ababa has access to sanitation in the form of pit latrines, while 0.6 % has access to sewerage services. The rest of the population is considered to have no access. This proliferation of pit latrines in the city has enhanced the risk of groundwater contamination. This research was initiated with the objective of assessing the temporal and spatial extent of contamination of groundwater due to human waste. It attempted to review the quality of water in deep wells and springs. The data analyzed indicates that the temporal and spatial extent of contamination has increased over the past few decades. Over abstraction of groundwater has also been observed. Whilst contaminant levels such as nitrates and chlorides in many wells are below maximum permissible values, few wells in the centre of the city have exhibited higher values. This steady temporal increase may soon make some wells unsuitable for human consumption. Efforts to reduce this risk will need to focus on sewerage services provision, review of existing environmental policy, public awareness drive and sustainable groundwater management. / D.Phil. (Environmental Science)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-12-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:13:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 montero_rc_me_bauru.pdf: 2401420 bytes, checksum: edf8873c33a227bcb3f0d5bb72554719 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A crescente demanda por recursos subterrâneos nas Bacias Hidrográficas dos Rios Aguapaí e Peixe, localizadas no oeste do Estado de São Paulo e a presença cada vez maior de substâncias em condições de acesso e contaminação das águas em subsuperfície têm pressionado de forma negativa a disponibilidade hídrica nessas bacias. Neste contexto de degradação, esta Dissertação objetiva a caracterização e avaliação da vulnerabilidade natural e dos perigos de contanimação das unidades aquíferas aflorantes nas subunidades de gestão de recursos hídricos denominados Alto Aguapeí e Alto Peixe. A caracterização da Vulnerabilidade foi realizada com aplicação do método GOD (Foster & Hirata, 1988). O perigo de contaminação dos aquíferos foi avaliado mediante a interpolação da vulnerabilidade natural com as fontes potencias de contaminação, identificadas e classificadas quanto o seu potencial de gerar carga contaminante, a partir da aplicação do método POSH (FOSTER et al, 2006). Os procedimentos de geoprocessamento foram realizados com auxílio do SIG ArcMap TM 9.3. Os resultados demonstraram que vulnerabilidades de classificação Extrema estão restritas as planícies fluviais dos rios Aguapeí e Tibiriça, ocupando cerca de 2% da área de estudos, as classes de vulnerabilidade Alta e Alta Baixa ocupam 41,5% e 23,7% respectivamente, enquanto 28,4% da área correspondem à vulnerabilidade Média. Para o restante da área obteve-se a classificação Média e Média Baixa Vulnerabilidade. A correlação das vulnerabilidades com as fontes potenciais de contaminação demonstraram que independente da localização, os postos de combustível e os locais de disposição de resíduos sólidos apresentam Alto perigo de contaminação. As atividades da indústria, por sua vez, apresentam Alto perigo de contaminação para os distritos... / The increasing demand for groundwater resources in the Watersheds of Aguapeí and Peixe Rivers, located in the western part of São Paulo province, and also the increasing presence of substances in access condition and water contamination in the subsurface have been pressuring negatively the water availability in both basins. In this degradation context, this dissertation aims to characterize and evaluate the natural vulnerability and contamination risks of aquifers outcropping units in the sub water resources management units called. Alto Aguapeí and Alto Peixe. The vulnerability characterization was made applying the GOD method (Foster & Hirata, 1988). The aquifers contamination risk was estimated by interpolation of the natural vulnerability and the potential contamination sources that was identified and classified by their potential to generate contaminant load, using the POSH method (Foster et al, 2006). The geoprocessing producers were performed with assisting of some tools from the GLS ArcMap TM 9.3. The results evidenced that extreme classification vulnerability are restricted just for river plaints of Aguapeí and Tibiriça rivers, occupying around 2% of the studied area. The High and High Low vulnerability classes occupy 41.5% and 23.7% respectively and average vulnerability 28.4%. For the rest of the area was obtained medium and low vulnerability classification. The correlation of vulnerabilities and potential sources of contamination demonstrated that regardless of location, gas stations and solid waste disposal spots have high risks of contamination. The industrial activities have a high risk of contamination due the industrial district of Garça and Marilia and moderate for units in the food sector, located outside these districts. Furthermore, it is evident the importance of introducing the territory management policies... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)