Class of 2016 Abstract / Objectives: The purpose of this experiment is to compare NUC1234 expression levels from E. coli cultures by manipulating cell cultures according to the optical density (OD595) at which protein expression is induced, and the harvest time after induction. Methods: E. coli BL21(DE3) cells transformed with DNA to produce NUC1234 were plated and then grown in minimal media for protein expression. They were induced at a variety of optical densities and harvested at different times post-induction. Protein quantities from each sample were then compared using a protein determination assay and an SDS-PAGE gel. Results: The sample induced at an OD595 of 0.5 yielded a lower concentration of protein (0.874409mg/ml) compared to other samples; however, it visualized as a stronger band in the SDS-PAGE gel. The sample harvested at 6 hours yielded the largest protein concentration (1.347215mg/ml) among all active samples and appeared as bold as, or bolder than, those harvested at other times. Conclusions: The results of the protein assay study and gel visualization suggest that the optimal conditions for the production of NUC1234 are growth to an OD595 of 0.5 before induction of protein expression and a harvest time of 6 hours after induction.

The Candida albicans cell wall provides an architecture that allows for the organism to survive environmental stress as well as interaction with host tissues. Previous work has focused on growing C. albicans on media such as Sabouraud or YPD at 30 °C. Because C. albicans normally colonizes a host, we hypothesized that cultivation on blood or serum at 37 °C would result in structural changes in cell wall mannan. C. albicans SC5314 was inoculated onto YPD, 5% blood, or 5% serum agar media three successive times at 30 °C and 37 °C, then cultivated overnight at 30 °C in YPD. The mannan was extracted and characterized using 1D and 2D 1H NMR techniques. At 30 °C cells grown in blood and serum contain less acid-stable terminal β-(1→2)-linked d-mannose and α-(1→2)-linked d-mannose-containing side chains, while the acid-labile side chains of mannan grown in blood and serum contain fewer β-Man-(1→2)-α-Man- (1→ side chains. The decrement in acid-stable mannan side chains is greater at 37 °C than at 30 °C. Cells grown on blood at 37 °C show fewer →6)-α-Man-(1→ structural motifs in the acid-stable polymer backbone. The data indicate that C. albicans, grown on media containing host-derived components, produces less complex mannan. This is accentuated when the cells are cultured at 37 °C. This study demonstrates that the C. albicans cell wall is a dynamic and adaptive organelle, which alters its structural phenotype in response to growth in host-derived media at physiological temperature.

Photobacterium profundum SS9 is a γ-proteobacterium which grows optimally at 15°C and 28 MPa (a psychrophilic piezophile) and can grow over a range of temperatures (2-20oC) and pressures (0.1-90 MPa). Previous research had demonstrated that P. profundum SS9 adapts its membrane proteins and phospholipids in response to growth conditions. In this study, methodology was developed for growing P. profundum SS9 under cold temperatures and high pressures in both liquid and solid cultures. The effect of changing growth conditions on cell envelope polysaccharides was then investigated. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) profile of a rifampicin resistant P. profundum SS9 derivative, SS9R, was shown to change at 0.1 MPa with respect to temperature and at 15°C with respect to pressure. Compositional analysis showed that the LPS was almost entirely composed of glucose. This provides evidence that, under these conditions, the major polysaccharide produced by P. profundum SS9 is a glucan. Two putative polysaccharide mutants, FL26 & FL9, were previously isolated from a screen for cold-sensitive mutants of P. profundum SS9R. Both mutants displayed an increased sensitivity to cold temperatures on solid medium and were unaffected in their growth at high pressure. FL26 was found to exhibit an LPS alteration similar to previously published O-antigen ligase mutants, providing evidence that this mutant is likely to lack O-antigen ligase. Interestingly, FL26 was also shown to have a reduced ability to form biofilms and had increased swimming motility. This suggests that there are a number of changes which occur in FL26 in the absence of O-antigen. FL9 was found to have an altered LPS and capsular polysaccharide (CPS), similar to an E. coli wzc mutant. In E. coli, Wzc is involved in the polymerisation and transport of CPS, disruption of which can also lead to LPS alterations. The LPS and CPS alterations may lead to the cold-sensitivity phenotype, either individually or in combination. In conclusion, alterations in the cell envelope polysaccharides were shown to affect cold temperature sensitivity on solid agar. Cold-sensitivity is most likely directly related to the LPS alterations and stability of the membrane under cold temperatures. Exopolysaccharides (EPS) have previously been shown to affect desiccation and freezethaw resistance, making it is possible that the CPS plays a similar role in this case.

Aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) catalyzes the first committed step in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. Bacterial ATCases have been divided into three classes, class A, B, and C, based on their molecular weight, holoenzyme architecture, and enzyme kinetics. Moraxella bovis is a fastidious organism, the etiologic agent of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). The M. bovis ATCase was purified and characterized for the first time. It is a class A enzyme with a molecular mass of 480 to 520 kDa. It has a pH optimum of 9.5 and is stable at high temperatures. The ATCase holoenzyme is inhibited by CTP > ATP > UTP. The Km for aspartate is 1.8 mM and the Vmax 1.04 µmol per min, where the Km for carbamoylphosphate is 1.05 mM and the Vmax 1.74 µmol per min.

Une question fondamentale de la biologie évolutive porte sur la compréhension des mécanismes sous-tendant les processus évolutifs et l’évolution des compromis entre les traits d’histoire de vie. Parmi ces mécanismes, les télomères suscitent un intérêt particulier. Les télomères sont localisés à l’extrémité des chromosomes eucaryotes et participent à la sénescence cellulaire et au vieillissement des individus. La longueur des télomères est susceptible de donner des indications sur le mode de vie et l’état physiologique des organismes. Le but de cette thèse a été de comprendre quels sont les facteurs déterminant la longueur des télomères et leur implication dans les compromis évolutifs, ceci en établissant : si la taille des télomères est-elle héritable? Le taux de perte des télomères est-il affecté par des facteurs environnementaux? Quel lien entre les télomères, la maintenance individuelle et la qualité des individus? Il résulte de ce travail que la longueur des télomères est partiellement déterminée par les facteurs génétiques, elle semble aussi influencée par les facteurs environnementaux. En effet, le coût de la reproduction, ainsi que la modification des trajectoires de croissance, ont des effets néfastes sur la longueur des télomères. L’effet de la manipulation expérimentale de l’activité télomérase indique un lien entre les télomères et la maintenance individuelle, suggérant que les télomères sont susceptibles de donner des indications sur la qualité des individus. Ce travail de thèse montre que la dynamique des télomères est un mécanisme sous-jacent des compromis évolutifs, et présente un intérêt considérable pour la compréhension des processus évolutifs. / Evolutionary pathways through which life histories may have evolved are numerous. Consequently identifying the underlying mechanisms of those processes is crucial for our overall comprehension of the origin of life diversity. Thus, there is clearly a great potential in the study of repetitive DNA sequences that cap eukaryotic chromosomes, the telomeres. Telomeres are structures involved in cell senescence and determine the rate of ageing. They are thought to reflect more than just the effects ofage and to play an important role in linking life conditions and senescence. Indeed, telomeres could act as markers of life style and of past-historical levels of stress and inform on individuals’ current physiological quality. This thesis aims to determine whether telomeres could act as a mechanism underlying life history trade-offs by establishing the pattern of heritability of telomere length; characterising telomere length’s determinants; testing the nature of the relationship between telomerelength and individual maintenance, and ultimately with individual quality. The present work shows that telomere dynamics is determined by genetic factors, but is probably predominantly affected by lifestyle factors. As such, environmental conditions experienced during the growth period, as well as during adulthood (i.e. level of reproductive effort) have a strong impact on individuals’ telomere length. Experimental manipulation of telomerase activity showed that telomere length could be linked to individual maintenance and thus might be indicative of individual quality. Altogether, these results highlight that telomere dynamics might provide a functional link between life history traits.