Dans de ce travail de recherche nous essayons d'étudier la relation de causalité et de cointégration entre la consommation d'énergie et la croissance économique et Sénégal et puis dans l’espace de la CEDEAO, d’une part, et de déterminer la direction de la causalité , d’autre part. En utilisant certains développements récents de l’économétrie des séries temporelles non stationnaires, notamment la théorie de la causalité et celle de la cointégration de Granger, de Sims et de Johansen. Ainsi pour corroborer les résultats classiques, nous utilisons une deuxième méthode, celle de la régression Gini à l'aide des modèles VAR. En effet, dans le but de suggérer des solutions et des recommandations sur la façon dont la question croissance /énergie pourrait être abordée à l'avenir au Sénégal et dans l'espace CEDEAO. / In this research we try to check the existence of a short and long-term relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in the space of ECOWAS, on one hand, and to determine the direction of causality, on the other. Using some recent developments in the econometrics of non-stationary time series, including the theory of causality and that of cointegration Granger, Sims and Gini. Indeed, in order to suggest solutions on how the energy issue could be addressed in the future in the region.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Economics

The thesis deals with the analysis of the development of the fast-paced debt growth of Polish and Czech economies in the years between 2000 and 2010. It focuses on the most debt-ridden sectors; those of households and government institutions. The thesis identifies the causes of the dynamic debt increase of these sectors in both economies. The outcome of the analysis is also the evaluation of the debt expansion influence on the growth of GDP. The evaluation is based on the available data from the databases of statistical offices and central banks. The cause behind the debt of households is a confluence of several factors both on the part of demand and offer. Apparently, the key factor is the relaxed monetary policy of the central bank. The cause of government institutions debt are predominantly the anually created state budget deficits, and thus maintained an expansive character of the fiscal policies. Debt therefore additionally stimulated the economies in what already was a period of growth.

Submitted by Adriana Martinez (amartinez@unoeste.br) on 2017-03-02T18:43:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cintia.pdf: 4199006 bytes, checksum: 4e35d5c6a5f98e1cadde3f54c7159a37 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-02T18:43:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cintia.pdf: 4199006 bytes, checksum: 4e35d5c6a5f98e1cadde3f54c7159a37 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-19 / In the last decades the cultivation of sugarcane has stood out in relation to the territorial expansion in the state of São Paulo. As a result, discussions about their effects on growth and economic development in the regions where it has a larger share of agricultural activity have become increasingly popular. Facing this context, the Pontal do Paranapanema region became a protagonist and object of research in relation to the advance of sugarcane and its effects on growth and economic development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the expansion of sugarcane on the growth and economic development indicators of UGRHI-22 in the period from 2004 to 2016. For this purpose, the Internal Product Total Gross GDP, Gross Domestic Product - Agricultural GDP and as indicators of economic development were considered the Municipal Human Development Index - IDHM and the Paulista Index of Social Responsibility - IPRS. Pearson's multiple correlation and Pearson correlation statistical techniques were used as methods for data analysis. As results, it was obtained that the cultivation of sugarcane in the UGRHI-22 occurred in an increasing form, with advance of 408%. Through statistical analyzes of multiple comparison, it was observed that the indicators of cultivation of sugarcane, Total GDP, Agro GDP and IPRS showed different behaviors in the analyzed period. However, the HDI showed the same behavior in the years 1991, 2000 and 2010, whose periods presented different levels of sugarcane cultivation, indicating that the evolution of the crop did not influence the evolution of the economic development of the region studied. Pearson's statistical analysis of linear correlation resulted in the absence of a significant correlation between the indicators Total GDP, Agro GDP and sugarcane cultivation for the years 2008, 2010 and 2012, however, There was a negative correlation between Total GDP and IPRS, indicating that economic growth did not accompany economic development, considering that for development there is a need to think beyond financial well-being but in social welfare and human development. In the analysis of Pearson's linear correlation between the Total GDP, Agro GDP and sugarcane cultivation performed between 2004 and 2013, a strong correlation was only found between the indicators Agro GDP and sugar cane cultivation , Indicating that the cultivation of sugarcane influenced only the economic growth of Agropecuária. Therefore, it is concluded that the advance of the sugarcane cultivation interfered in the economic growth of the sectors belonging to Agriculture, but did not generate positive impacts in the same proportion in the economic development of the UGRHI-22. In this sense, it is observed the need to develop and implement public policies with the purpose of making economic growth allied to economic development and thus provide well-being of the population from a financial, human and social point of view. / Nas últimas décadas o cultivo da cana-de-açúcar apresentou destaque em relação à expansão territorial no estado de São Paulo. Com isso, tornaram-se crescentes as discussões acerca de seus efeitos em função do crescimento e do desenvolvimento econômico nas regiões em que apresenta maior participação na atividade agrícola. Frente a este contexto, a região do Pontal do Paranapanema tornou-se protagonista e objeto de investigação em relação ao avanço da cana-de-açúcar e seus efeitos no crescimento e no desenvolvimento econômico. Para tanto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da expansão da cana-de-açúcar nos indicadores de crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico da UGRHI-22 no período de 2004 a 2016. Para isso, foram considerados como indicadores de crescimento econômico o Produto Interno Bruto Total - PIB Total, o Produto Interno Bruto Agropecuária - PIB Agro e como indicadores de desenvolvimento econômico foram considerados o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal - IDHM e o Índice Paulista de Responsabilidade Social - IPRS. Como métodos para a análise dos dados foram aplicadas técnicas estatísticas de comparação múltipla e correlação linear de Pearson. Como resultados, obteve-se que o cultivo da cana-de-açúcar na UGRHI-22 ocorreu de forma crescente, com avanço de 408%. Através das análises estatísticas de comparação múltipla, observou-se que os indicadores de cultivo da cana-de-açúcar, PIB Total, PIB Agro e IPRS apresentaram comportamentos distintos no período analisado. Entretanto, o IDHM demonstrou o mesmo comportamento nos anos de 1991, 2000 e 2010, cujos períodos apresentaram diferentes níveis de cultivo da cana-de-açúcar, indicando que a evolução da cultura não influenciou na evolução do desenvolvimento econômico da região estudada. Através das análises estatísticas de correlação linear de Pearson obteve-se como resultado a ausência de correlação significativa entre os indicadores PIB Total, PIB Agro e cultivo da cana-de-açúcar para os anos de 2008, 2010 e 2012, no entanto, obteve-se uma correlação negativa entre o PIB Total e o IPRS, indicando que o crescimento econômico não veio acompanhamento de desenvolvimento econômico, tendo em vista que para que haja desenvolvimento é necessário pensar além do bem estar financeiro, mas no bem estar social e no desenvolvimento humano. Nas análises de correlação linear de Pearson entre os indicadores PIB Total, PIB Agro e cultivo da cana-de-açúcar realizada no período de 2004 a 2013, obteve-se correlação forte apenas entre os indicadores PIB Agro e cultivo da cana-de-açúcar, indicando que o cultivo da cana-de-açúcar influenciou apenas no crescimento econômico da Agropecuária. Portanto, conclui-se que o avanço do cultivo da cana-de-açúcar interferiu no crescimento econômico dos setores pertencentes à Agropecuária, entretanto, não gerou impactos positivos na mesma proporção no desenvolvimento econômico da UGRHI-22. Neste sentido, observa-se a necessidade do desenvolvimento e implantação de políticas públicas com a finalidade de tornar o crescimento econômico aliado ao desenvolvimento econômico e assim proporcionar bem estar da população do ponto de vista financeiro, humano e social.

<p>In this mini-thesis, I explore the New Partnership for Africa&rsquo / s Development&rsquo / s (NEPAD) Economic and Corporate Governance Initiative (ECGI). I argue that although this initiative is not the only means to, nor the end of determining whether the NEPAD is being implemented, the ECGI can be used as a good indicator of whether one important dimension of the NEPAD is implemented. I establish whether, through an analysis of the ECGI, that dimension of the NEPAD is being implemented by looking at the countries where the ECGI was implemented. I maintain the position that through the NEPAD, good governance in African countries is promoted and that is why the authors of the NEPAD document created the ECGI.</p>

<p>In this mini-thesis, I explore the New Partnership for Africa&rsquo / s Development&rsquo / s (NEPAD) Economic and Corporate Governance Initiative (ECGI). I argue that although this initiative is not the only means to, nor the end of determining whether the NEPAD is being implemented, the ECGI can be used as a good indicator of whether one important dimension of the NEPAD is implemented. I establish whether, through an analysis of the ECGI, that dimension of the NEPAD is being implemented by looking at the countries where the ECGI was implemented. I maintain the position that through the NEPAD, good governance in African countries is promoted and that is why the authors of the NEPAD document created the ECGI.</p>

This diploma thesis is focused on the competitive advantage of the Czech republic in the global world of nowadays. First, it is important to explain the expression a "knowledge economy" or a "knowledge society". In my thesis, I will introduce the theories of human capital, knowledge economy, innovation, economic growth and divers sources of appropriate informations. After the introduction of these theories, I will follow up with the introduction of the Lisbon strategy and its analysis. Here, I will do a comparison of the EU, Czech Republic and the global economy. The reason of this thesis is to show a possible ways of development and economic growth of the Czech Republic. The Lisbon strategy reflects the complexity of this issue. Thus, the next chapters will be about the analysis of Finland's economic transformation and its current state. Following with the short introduction and analysis of the american and french education, science and research systém and shape. Thus, those acquired knowledge will serve me to make an outline of the possible solutions for the Czech Republic because our current situation enables us to inspire ourselves in the whole diversity and uniqueness of their economic and social systems and to apply their know-how in the broader context of the Czech republic.

This dissertation investigates the financial health of municipalities in the United States, their margins of response to fiscal shocks, and their exposure and response to climate risk stemming from hurricanes. In Chapter 1, we construct a novel data set on the fiscal position of municipalities in the United States and document a secular decline in their financial health. Our data combines financial data from the Annual Comprehensive Financial Reports (ACFRs) of municipalities along with Census data of their revenue and expenditure cash flows. We find that a large share of municipalities operate with a negative net position---akin to a negative book equity position in the corporate context. We find that most of the decline originates from the accumulation of legacy obligations, i.e., pensions and other post-employment benefits (OPEBs); this is recognized by municipal bond markets through higher credit spreads. While accounting values from the ACFRs are informative, they are based on book valuations which potentially convey limited information about the economic value of assets and liabilities. Thus, we turn to the market valuation of local governments' equity by estimating an SDF that matches the valuation of a wide range of assets in the economy to prices future tax and expenditure claims. Using market prices for tax and expenditure claims, and market valuations of liability positions we find that the market values of equity are highly correlated with the book values. The negative equity position---in terms of book and market values---for some local governments suggests the presence of implicit insurance by the state and federal governments. The deteriorating fiscal position of municipalities across the United States raises questions about fiscal adjustment mechanisms municipalities have at their disposal and the general equilibrium effects of any adjustment taken. In Chapter 2, we utilize quasi-experimental variation in the year of property tax assessments in the state of Connecticut to provide causal evidence of the fiscal adjustment following a large decline in property values after the Great Financial Crisis. We find that local governments adjust tax rates to maintain stable tax revenues; there is no change in public employment levels and limited adjustments of public services. Our micro data on people's location further allows us to causally estimate the migration elasticity to a change in property tax rates. We find evidence of inter-state migration in response to an increase in property tax rates; and no statistically significant response of intra-state migration. Detailed property and location choice data reveal the elasticity of migration with regard to the property tax bill. An increase in the property tax bill by ten percent leads to an average increase in the migration propensity by about 1.5%. Finally, in Chapter 3, I investigate the investment component of local economic growth in municipalities after hurricanes. Using hand collected and web-scraped statutory property tax rate data in the U.S., I find that municipalities respond to hurricane impact by raising tax rates. I find the hike in tax rates is persistent for 3-4 years after hurricane impact. The response is four times larger for major hurricanes compared to minor hurricanes. However, the increase in tax rates is not expected to be large enough to cause significant out-migration after the average hurricane. I supplement these findings with a novel data set of firm facility-level hurricane impact. I find that firms initially decrease investment in the quarter following hurricane impact and increase it in the final quarters of the second year after impact. Taken together, this chapter presents a novel set of stylized facts on government and firm mitigation investment response to hurricane disasters. In particular, the precarious fiscal health of municipalities coupled with increasing costs of mitigating and managing climate risk poses serious questions about optimal policy in assisting local governments vulnerable to climate change.

Thesis (MAdmin)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Apartheid statutes like the former Group Areas Act created what is referred as "Apartheid Dormitory Cities". Khayelitsha is a typical creation of apartheid. As a result Khayelitsha faces many socio-economic challenges such as poverty, low standard of living characterised by low income distribution or no income, high rate of unemployment, illiteracy, education problems, housing problems, health problems and poor economic conditions. Attempts were made to create civic associations and development structures to deal with socio-economic challenges in Khayelitsha, but all those attempts never brought about development solutions. The Khayelitsha community tends to have a poor participatory planning role in development related issues. Khayelitsha as an apartheid legacy city will take a long time to dismantle in social, economic and purely practical terms. Rebuilding Khayelitsha equitably will be a tough exercise. The government strives to develop South Africa from a society of racially based compartmentalisation into a non-racial, developed country with equal opportunities, better education, health, housing and employment.These challenges are Khayelitsha's major problems which cannot be solved overnight. The problem faced is the re-integration of the separated zones of the former group areas. This makes it difficult to share the economic resources that are needed in Khayelitsha in order to solve its socio-economic problems. The integration of cities will only come about if the restructuring is in accordance with specific needs of the Khayelitsha community. People of Khayelitsha should be involved in the planning of their own city and be able to make informed decisions. The objective of this thesis is to analyse related development issues and challenges in Khayelitsha and to provide possible solutions contributing to development. Government and development agencies can draw lessons from the recommendations of this thesis and come up with sustainable and people-centred development-related strategies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Eertydse Apartheidswetgewing soos die herroepte Groepsgebiedewet as een van die wetgewende elemente van die Apartheidsperiode, was verantwoordelik vir die skepping van sogenaamde "apartheidslaapdorpe". Khayelitsha kan beskou word as 'n tipiese voorbeeld en skepping van so 'n "slaapdorp" as gevolg van Apartheid. As direkte resultaat hiervan ervaar Khayeltisha talle sosio-ekonomiese uitdagings soos armoede, lae lewenstandaarde gekenmerk deur huishoudings met lae inkomste verdelings en in sommige gevalle geen inkomstes, hoë werkloosheid, ongeletterdheid, onderwysprobleme, behuisingsprobleme, gesondheidsprobleme en algemene swak ekonomiese omstandighede. Pogings is wel in die verlede aangewend om burgerlike organisasies in Khayelitsha van stapel te stuur, maar hierdie pogings het daarin gefaal om werklike en meetbare ontwikkelingsoplossings te bewerkstellig. Die Khayelitsha gemeenskap vervul 'n beperkte deelnemende beplanningsrol in ontwikkelinggebaseerde aangeleenthede. In praktyk sal Khayelitsha, as apartheidstad, lank neem om volwaardig te ontluik in terme van sosiale-, ekonomiese-, en verwante aanwysers en sal die regverdige en verteenwoordigende heropbouingsproses nie sonder struikelblokke ervaar word nie. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Regering strewe daarna om die land te ontwikkel vanaf 'n samelewing gekenmerk deur rasgebaseerde kompartementalisering na 'n nie-rasgebonde gemeenskap met gelyke geleenthede in terme van onderwys, gesondheid, behuising en werksgeleenthede. Hierdie aangeleenthede vorm deel van die uitdagings wat Khayelitsha in die oog staar. Oplossings sal nie sommer oornag gevind word nie. Die probleem wat oorkom moet word is die herintegrasie van aparte sones as gevolg van eertydse geskepte groepsgebiede. As gevolg hiervan is dit moeilik om ekonomiese hulpbronne, wat dringend in Khayelitsha benodig word, te herverdeel en te versprei ten einde die omvangryke sosio-ekonomiese probleem te verlig. Die integrasie van stede en spesifiek Khayelitsha, sal alleenlik suksesvol wees indien die herstruktueringsproses plaasvind met inagneming van die spesifieke benodighede en tekortkominge van die gemeenskap. Die gemeenskap van Khayelitsha moet betrek word in die beplanning van hul eie stad en deurgaans deel vorm van effektiewe konsultasie ten einde ingeligde besluite te kan maak, iets wat tans ontbreek.

Organizzata in tre saggi, questa tesi si pone l’obiettivo di consentire una migliore comprensione del legame tra crescita e istituzioni, e dei meccanismi attraverso cui gli assetti istituzionali possono condizionare i sentieri economici. Riconoscendo, sulla base di considerazioni storiche, il potere esemplificativo delle ex Repubbliche Socialiste Sovietiche e della loro comune esperienza passata, questo lavoro fornisce, da un lato, una struttura empirica di riferimento per esaminare l’impatto sulla performance economica di un insieme di istituzioni, concretamente legate al funzionamento dell’attività economica; dall’altro, approfondisce lo studio degli effetti e delle determinanti delle azioni di policy. Il primo saggio offre una disamina della letteratura riguardante il legame crescita e istituzioni, fornendo un quadro esaustivo degli sviluppi teorici ed empirici, e illustra diversi aspetti che possono essere concepiti come obiettivi per la ricerca futura; il secondo, attraverso la costruzione di un modello statico e di un modello dinamico, quantifica l’impatto delle istituzioni economiche sui sentieri di crescita di questi paesi, impiegando e analizzando numerose tecniche di stima; il terzo saggio formula diverse specificazioni e affronta il tema rilevante del ruolo degli interventi di policy sullo sviluppo economico e dell’effetto delle istituzioni politiche su comportamenti e decisioni del governo. / Organized in three essays, this thesis aims at achieving a better understanding of the link between growth and institutions, and of the mechanisms through which the institutional arrangements affect the economic paths. Exploiting the past common experience of the Former Soviet Union economies, this work provides an empirical framework to examine the impact on the economic performance of a set of institutions concretely related to the “functioning” of the economic activity and offers a first attempt to include in this research program the study of the consequences of the government actions. The first essay offers a thorough review of the literature researching on the link between economic growth and institutions, and elucidates several issues that deserve further attention; the second develops a static and a dynamic approach to assess, using multiple estimation techniques, the impact of a set of economic institutions on the growth paths of these countries; the third essay, through several formal specifications, deals with the relevant issue of the role of policy measures and of the effect of the political institutions on the governments behaviour.