Magíster en Gestión y Políticas Públicas / Guatemala ha logrado una estabilidad económica y, paradójicamente, no ha logrado mejorar la calidad de vida de sus habitantes. Se requiere analizar qué hacer para aumentar la posibilidad de que los seres humanos salgan adelante y este estudio se enfoca en la educación, específicamente la educación superior, como una propuesta para esa movilidad social. Para ello se basa en dos interrogantes: ¿cuál es la razón principal por la que un joven de entre 18 y 25 años, graduado de secundaria, decide no seguir su formación en la universidad? Y, ¿una política pública, que consiste en ayuda financiera no reembolsable, podría superar esas barreras de ingreso y coadyuvar a que el joven graduado de secundaria decida inscribirse en la educación superior? En este trabajo se hace un recorrido por las dificultades del sistema educativo guatemalteco que limita el acceso a los jóvenes a ingresar a la universidad y por las condiciones y los costos que implica ingresar a las diversas universidades del país. Asimismo, se presenta la caracterización de los jóvenes en edad de acceder a la universidad y se evidencia la principal variable que determina la decisión de ingresar o no a la educación superior, ya sea a la pública o privada. El Estado de Guatemala no cuenta con una política pública de financiamiento no reembolsable de la educación superior del país, tanto de becas como de subsidios de matrícula. Además, se carece de una rectoría del sistema de educación superior con una orientación estratégica para la universidad estatal y las privadas, que permita optimizar los escasos recursos con que se cuenta. El subsidio del Estado para la educación superior dado a la universidad estatal es altamente regresivo al recibirlo los no-pobres en un 94% y solo el 6% se distribuye a los pobres que logran acceder a la universidad, beneficiando al quintil superior de la población. Finalmente y a partir de los datos analizados, se arrojan lineamientos de una política pública nacional en financiamiento no reembolsable, destinado a los quintiles inferiores de la población juvenil guatemalteca. Focalizar becas a estudiantes de pocos recursos que logran completar la secundaria, es importante desde el punto de vista de políticas públicas, ya que la falta de acceso a los recursos puede cambiar la decisión de los estudiantes que, aunque tengan mucha capacidad, deciden no continuar su formación superior dado que se les dificulta cubrir los costos directos e indirectos asociados a la misma.

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Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka prevalensen av pinguecula och pterygium hos synhjälpsökande i Guatemala under en resa med Vision For All. Har kön, ålder och arbetsmiljö något samband med förekomsten av de här ögonförändringarna? Metod: Mätningarna genomfördes i åtta olika städer i Guatemala under en resa i skiftet mars/april månad år 2013. Det deltog 391 personer i studien varav 153 var män och 238 var kvinnor. Medelåldern på deltagarna var 45,8±18,8 år. Mätningar gjordes på alla åldrar och åldersspridningen var mellan 7-90 år. Pinguecula och pterygium undersöktes med hjälp av ett oftalmoskop. Patienten ombads följa ett finger med blicken åt både höger och vänster, vartefter konjunktiva och kornea undersöktes. Resultat: Prevalensen av pinguecula var totalt 32,0% där medelåldern för de personer som hade förändringen var 51,4±14,4 år. Prevalensen hos män var 36,6% och 29,0% hos kvinnor, där skillnaden mellan könen inte var statistiskt signifikant. Ingen association kunde påvisas mellan pinguecula och ökande ålder eller utomhusarbete. Pingueculans placering var vanligast nasalt, då den här placeringen utgör 85,0%. Prevalensen av pterygium var totalt 20,7% där medelåldern för de personer som drabbats av förändringen var 55,7±14,6 år. Prevalensen hos män var 19,6% respektive 21,4% hos kvinnor, där skillnaden mellan könen inte var statistiskt signifikant. Pterygium kunde vidare associeras med ökande ålder och har en låg statistisk signifikans för ökad risk vid utomhusarbetet. Pterygiums placering var vanligast nasalt, då den här placeringen utgör 94,0%. Slutsats: Studien visade en prevalens av pinguecula på 32,0% och pterygium på 20,7%. Pinguecula kunde inte associeras med ökande ålder eller utomhusarbete. Pterygium kunde däremot associeras med båda de faktorerna. Ingen av förändringarna hade någon statistiskt signifikant skillnad i prevalens mellan män och kvinnor. Både pinguecula och pterygium var vanligast förekommande nasalt.

Purpose: To grade cataract changes in a Guatemala population with direct ophthalmoscopy and a grading system based on the grading system used by V. Mehra and D. C. Minassian in 1988. Methods: A population from Guatemala who attended field clinics conducted by Vision For All were included in this study. The sample consisted of 352 participants, 219 women and 133 men, from 9-90 years old. Mean age of the participants was 47.9 ± 17.8 years old. Binocular VA and subjective refraction was obtained with trial lenses and a Snellen E-chart at 5 meters. A 2 mm pinhole was used monocularly with the subjective refraction and whether participants felt any improvement in VA was documented.  The opacities in the red reflex in the crystalline lens were graded using a handheld direct ophthalmoscope. The grading was made in an angle of 25o nasal and at approximately 33 cm from the participant’s undilated eye. Results: The prevalence of cataract was 28.6% and 68% had some form of opacity in the red reflex. There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) between the grade of lens opacities in right and left eye. Mean grade of lens opacities in right eye was 1.64 ± 1.46 and 1.63 ± 1.43 in left eye. The analysis showed a highly significant correlation between age and grade of lens opacities in right eye (y = 0.0657x -1.5106; r = 0.8; p < 0.001) and left eye (r = 0.78; p < 0.001). Lens opacities start to develop at an average age of 38.5 years in this population. There was a significant correlation between aided VA and grade of lens opacities for right eye (r = 0.52; p < 0.05) and left eye (r = 0.49; p < 0.05). 72 participants (20.5%) who had grading 3-5 in one or both eyes felt an improvement in their vision with the pinhole. Conclusions: The prevalence of cataract was 28.6% and this population had an earlier development of cataract compared to previous studies. This could be due to the UV-radiation, the temperature and nutrition and antioxidant insufficiency. Also this study showed a highly significant correlation between age and grade of lens opacities and a low, but significant, correlation between aided VA and grade of lens opacities.

Texte remanié de: Tesis doctoral--Departamento de historia moderna--Universidad autónoma de Madrid, 1999. / Bibliogr. p. 271-285.

Tesis doct.--Departamento de historia moderna--Madrid--Universidad autónoma, 1993. / La couv. porte en plus : "Facultad de filosofía y letras, historia moderna" Bibliogr. p. 539-570. Résumés en espagnol et en anglais.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Catholic Theological Union at Chicago, 2002. / Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 225-238).

The Temporary Agricultural Worker to Canada (TAWC) project was introduced in 2003 with the purpose of recruiting Guatemalan migrants to fill seasonal labour voids in Canada. Workers contracted through TAWC directives have received minimal scholarly attention, given the infancy of the program and the substantial focus on Mexican migrants recruited through the Canadian Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program. This dissertation illuminates the transnational political realities of Guatemalans by examining the impact that circular migration has on the subaltern migrant body. Fieldwork was conducted in two sites, the first St. Rémi in Québec, the second Santiago Sacatepéquez in Guatemala. Research findings underscore the transnational nature of the flow of hegemonic (discipline, insecurity, oppression, exploitation) and counter hegemonic (empowerment, liberation, collectiveness, security) political ideas and activities between the spaces traversed by migrants. The study engages a multi-faceted ethnographic design in order to explore the spatiality of political consciousness, assessing Guatemalan migrant responses to a range of ideas and activities imparted by agencies of power. These include both the Canadian and Guatemalan governments, the International Organization for Migration, and le Fondation des entreprises pour le recrutement de la main-d'oeuvre étrangère along with a range of transnational supporting allies. Nevertheless, the decision to (dis)engage in certain politicized conduct is largely dependent on the human agency of Guatemalan migrants, as they find the means to cope with the pressures of seasonal migration. A political economy perspective allows me to engage three debates that theoretically frame the transnational political identity of Guatemalan migrants. These are: (1) processes of political transnationalism; (2) neoliberal agenda and mindsets; and (3) migrant political consciousness, with a particular emphasis on Foucauldian concepts of governmentality and Gramscian notions of hegemony and consciousness. By engaging the (re)shaping of transnational political identity as a phenomenon influenced by agencies of power, and more importantly, the human agency of subaltern migrants, my dissertation emphasizes migrant (un)willingness to embrace and/or suppress certain resources that restructure political consciousness and political action. The versatility and fluidity of transmigrant political identity reveal that the distinct realities of individuals are constructed by travelling back and forth, as seasonal labourers, between Guatemala and Canada. / Thesis (Ph.D, Geography) -- Queen's University, 2012-01-02 21:30:20.445

In a literature review of adult education research, three characteristics were found in studies on illiterate adults' nonparticipation: a) information has been gathered from participants in literacy programs, b) participants were considered low-literate adults or those who did not finish high school, and c) participants were surveyed through a questionnaire or telephone interviews.This study, however, involved ten illiterate adults (2 women and 8 men) who had not attended school or participated in literacy programs. The research question was: Why do adults not participate in rural literacy programs in western Guatemala? Thirty-eight ethnographic interviews were conducted from November 1996 to January 1997 in Nimasac and Xecaracoj, two villages located in western Guatemala, Central America.Twelve reasons for nonparticipation in literacy programs were described by the informants: 1) / have to work to earn money, 2) / do not like to work [learn] in groups, 3) / do not go to literacy programs because of my personal necessities [obligations], 4) / have been left out, 5) going to school is a waste of time, 6) / fear going to a literacy program, 7) / have no time, 8) the reason is machismo, 9) literacy is not work fit does not produce income], 10) my age is the problem, 11) / got pregnant, and 12) / do not go to a literacy program because of my husband's irresponsibility.An underlying construct for the reasons for nonparticipation, however, showed that the twelve reasons were reinforced at four levels, 1) individual, 2) family, 3) community, and 4) national. A set of interwoven relationships among the four levels, helped to explain that reasons for nonparticipation were constructed by rural Guatemalans.Indigenous people's identities and the preservation of their traditional values such as their native languages, clothing, obedience, respect and submission were the major factors that reinforced rural illiterates nonparticipation in formal education in western Guatemala.Illiteracy was not strictly an educational, but cultural, social, economic and political problem. Generalizing that both literates and illiterates valued education and needed the same skills, knowledge and abilities to become the "standard functional literates" has denied the existence of illiterate adults' culture, context, and needs. / Department of Educational Leadership