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For 150 years after 1820, Oman and the littoral sheikhdoms of the Arabian Gulf were known respectively as Trucial Oman and the Trucial States. This reflected the series of agreements beginning in 1820 progressively extending British control of the external policies of the area, leaving domestic and internal affairs in the hands of the traditional rulers. The trucial system was imposed initially to put down piracy by the Qawasim whose depredations on British trade with India reached a climax at the beginning of the nineteenth century. For many years an accepted version, the allegations of piracy have recently been challenged; this thesis seeks to investigate the issue using archive material from the Bombay Presidency and from the Cairo Citadel, material not previously investigated. It is the writer's contention that the traditional justification for British intervention and control of the Gulf, namely piracy, does not take into account the influence of Wahhabism or Anglo-French rivalry dating from the Egyptian campaigns of Napoleon. Thus, the trucial system rested on a more varied and complex origin than has generally been accepted and reflects more pervasive British interests than a simple humanitarian motive.

This thesis is an attempt to provide a comprehensive overview of the British withdrawal from the Gulf in 1971, with special emphasis on the Trucial States before it became the United Arab Emirates in December 1971.The work commences with a review of the historical British connection with the Gulf from 1820 to the Kuwait operation of 1961. Then we look at various nationalist movements and the politicai upheaval around the Gulf, such as the Aden and Dhofar rebellions, and how that affected the British presence in the area. The British tried to curb such influence from reaching the Trucial States, especially those of Nasser and the Arab League, by introducing some economic development through the Trucial States Development Office. Furthermore, Britain gradually ceded various responsibilities such as legal and internal security to the rulers. At the same time the British companies working in the Emirates were encouraged to rely on their own resources without the protection of the British troops. The establishment of a federation between the nine emirates was Britain’s prime aim but when that failed in July 1971, the federation of the seven was established (Ras al-Khaimah entered the federation in February 1972). Furthermore, Britain worked hard to bring Saudi Arabia and Iran together in order to help to fill the vacuum that would occur after the withdrawal of the British troops. The latter policy changed Britain's stance on the territorial disputes from support for the rulers of the Trucial States to pressuring them to compromise with Iran over the Islands of Abu Musa and the Tunbs and with Saudi Arabia over Buraimi. The thesis concludes that all of these factors prepared the Emirates to stand on their own and consequently enabled the British withdrawal in December 1971.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Applied Mathematics, 1998? / Errata pasted onto front end paper. Bibliography: leaves 131-136.

Thesis--Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Ph. D. Geology). / Photocopy of typescript, Microfilm -- 1 reel ; 35 mm.

Thesis (M.A. in Securities Studies (Middle East, South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa))--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2010. / Thesis Advisor(s): Looney, Robert ; Second Reader: Kadhim, Abbas. "June 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on July 14, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Qatar, United Arab Emirates, UAE, branch campus, higher education, Arabian Gulf Includes bibliographical references (p. 113-121). Also available in print.

Master-Arbeit Univ. St. Gallen, 2007.

Thesis--Goldsmith's College, University of London, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-51).

archives@tulane.edu / The goal of this dissertation was to identify the large scale effects that seasonal hypoxia has on the benthic community, with a particular focus on groundfish, in the Gulf of Mexico (GOMEX) while also examining ecological and physiological factors that could explain how hypoxia alters benthic communities. Seasonal hypoxia is a rapidly growing threat, not just in the GOMEX, but globally. Hypoxic conditions are known to impact marine organisms at the individual level by altering behavior and reproductive physiology while also impacting marine communities by disrupting predator prey interactions, community biomass, community composition, and community spatial dynamics. Research into hypoxia in the GOMEX has historically been localized, focusing on specific sub-regions with temporally limited sampling. While this approach has produced findings of the highest quality and importance, it has also shown that the impacts of hypoxia can be variable making the overall impact of hypoxia on GOMEX benthic communities difficult to discern. In taking both a geographically and temporally broad approach in comparing the abundances of marine organisms between hypoxic sites and normoxic (normal levels of dissolved oxygen, not hypoxic) sites I found that hypoxic sites had significantly lower biodiversity compared to normoxic sites and that 102 out of 465 examined species had significantly lower abundances in hypoxic areas compared to normoxic areas. When I compared the diets of common groundfish species from hypoxic areas to the diets of the same species from normoxic areas a few key differences were noted for some species, while the diets of other species remained relatively unchanged. After comparing the reproductive condition and presence/absence of ovarian masculinization between hypoxic areas and normoxic areas in three species of groundfish, I found evidence of ovarian masculinization in all three species, and evidence of reproductive impairment in two species. In this dissertation I showed that hypoxia in the GOMEX alters the community composition and biodiversity of the benthic community, additionally finding evidence that hypoxic conditions alter the diets and reproductive biology of several fishes / 1 / Michael Vincent Cyrana

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