Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Em diversos estados do Brasil, foram relatadas epidemias de infecções causadas por micobactérias de crescimento rápido (MCR) desde o ano 2000. A maioria dos casos foi principalmente associada ao clone BRA100 de Mycobacterium massiliense, recentemente renomeada para Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. bolletii, isolado de pacientes submetidos a procedimentos invasivos nos quais os instrumentos médicos não foram adequadamente esterilizados e/ou desinfetados. Sendo as quinolonas uma opção no tratamento de infecções por MCR e sugerida para esquemas terapêuticos para esses surtos, foram avaliadas nesse trabalho as atividades in vitro de quatro gerações de quinolonas para cepas clinicas e de referência de MCR através da microdiluição em caldo. Também foram analisadas as sequências peptídicas das regiões determinantes da resistência a quinolonas (RDRQ) das subunidades A e B da DNA gyrase (GyrA e GyrB) após o seqüenciamento de DNA seguido pela tradução da sequência de aminoácidos. Cinquenta e quatro cepas de M. abscessus subsp bolletii, incluindo o clone BRA100, isoladas em diferentes estados do Brasil, e 19 cepas de referência de MCR foram caracterizadas. Todas as 54 cepas clínicas de M. abscessus subsp. bolletii foram resistentes a todas as gerações de quinolonas e mostraram o mesmo resíduo nas RDRQ, incluindo Ala-83 em GyrA, Arg-447 e Asp-464 em GyrB, descritos como sendo responsáveis por gerar um baixo nível de resistência a quinolonas em micobactérias. Porém, outras espécies de MCR apresentaram diferentes susceptibilidade e padrões de mutações contrários aos classicamente já definidos, sugerindo que outros mecanismos de resistência, diferentes de mutações em gyrA e gyrB também possam estar envolvidos na alta resistência a quinolonas. / Several outbreaks of infections caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) have been reported in many Brazilian states since 2000. Most of the cases were mainly associated to Mycobacterium massiliense, recently renamed as Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. bolletii, BRA100 clone recovered from patients who had undergone invasive procedures, in which medical instruments have not been properly sterilized and / or disinfected. Since quinolones have represented an option for the treatment of general RGM infections and suggested for therapeutic schemes for these outbreaks, we evaluated the in vitro activities of four generations of quinolones for clinical and reference RGM by broth microdilution, and analysis of peptide sequences of the quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDR) of GyrA and GyrB after DNA sequencing followed by amino acid translation. Fifty four isolates of M. abscessus subsp bolletii, including clone BRA100, recovered in different states of Brazil, and 19 reference strains of RGM species were characterized. All 54 M. abscessus subsp. bolletii isolates were resistant to all generations of quinolones and showed the same amino acids in the QRDR including the Ala-83 in GyrA, Arg-447 and Asp-464 in GyrB, described as responsible for an intrinsic low level of resistance to quinolones in mycobacteria. But other RGM species presented distinct susceptibilities to this class of antimicrobials and patterns of mutations contrary to what has been traditionally defined, suggesting that other mechanisms of resistance, different from gyrA or gyrB mutations, may also be involved in resistance to high levels of quinolones.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Em diversos estados do Brasil, foram relatadas epidemias de infecções causadas por micobactérias de crescimento rápido (MCR) desde o ano 2000. A maioria dos casos foi principalmente associada ao clone BRA100 de Mycobacterium massiliense, recentemente renomeada para Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. bolletii, isolado de pacientes submetidos a procedimentos invasivos nos quais os instrumentos médicos não foram adequadamente esterilizados e/ou desinfetados. Sendo as quinolonas uma opção no tratamento de infecções por MCR e sugerida para esquemas terapêuticos para esses surtos, foram avaliadas nesse trabalho as atividades in vitro de quatro gerações de quinolonas para cepas clinicas e de referência de MCR através da microdiluição em caldo. Também foram analisadas as sequências peptídicas das regiões determinantes da resistência a quinolonas (RDRQ) das subunidades A e B da DNA gyrase (GyrA e GyrB) após o seqüenciamento de DNA seguido pela tradução da sequência de aminoácidos. Cinquenta e quatro cepas de M. abscessus subsp bolletii, incluindo o clone BRA100, isoladas em diferentes estados do Brasil, e 19 cepas de referência de MCR foram caracterizadas. Todas as 54 cepas clínicas de M. abscessus subsp. bolletii foram resistentes a todas as gerações de quinolonas e mostraram o mesmo resíduo nas RDRQ, incluindo Ala-83 em GyrA, Arg-447 e Asp-464 em GyrB, descritos como sendo responsáveis por gerar um baixo nível de resistência a quinolonas em micobactérias. Porém, outras espécies de MCR apresentaram diferentes susceptibilidade e padrões de mutações contrários aos classicamente já definidos, sugerindo que outros mecanismos de resistência, diferentes de mutações em gyrA e gyrB também possam estar envolvidos na alta resistência a quinolonas. / Several outbreaks of infections caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) have been reported in many Brazilian states since 2000. Most of the cases were mainly associated to Mycobacterium massiliense, recently renamed as Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. bolletii, BRA100 clone recovered from patients who had undergone invasive procedures, in which medical instruments have not been properly sterilized and / or disinfected. Since quinolones have represented an option for the treatment of general RGM infections and suggested for therapeutic schemes for these outbreaks, we evaluated the in vitro activities of four generations of quinolones for clinical and reference RGM by broth microdilution, and analysis of peptide sequences of the quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDR) of GyrA and GyrB after DNA sequencing followed by amino acid translation. Fifty four isolates of M. abscessus subsp bolletii, including clone BRA100, recovered in different states of Brazil, and 19 reference strains of RGM species were characterized. All 54 M. abscessus subsp. bolletii isolates were resistant to all generations of quinolones and showed the same amino acids in the QRDR including the Ala-83 in GyrA, Arg-447 and Asp-464 in GyrB, described as responsible for an intrinsic low level of resistance to quinolones in mycobacteria. But other RGM species presented distinct susceptibilities to this class of antimicrobials and patterns of mutations contrary to what has been traditionally defined, suggesting that other mechanisms of resistance, different from gyrA or gyrB mutations, may also be involved in resistance to high levels of quinolones.

Frankia est une actinobactérie symbiotique de 8 familles de plantes actinorhiziennes. Elle est connue par sa capacité à fixer l'azote moléculaire. La taxonomie et la phylogénie du genre Frankia reste incomplète et à explorer. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont d'apporter des connaissances supplémentaires sur la position phylogénétique et l'évolution des différents groupes d'infectivité du genre Frankia. Dans un premier temps, une phylogénie moléculaire basée sur les gènes glnII, nifH, gyrB et des ITS 16S-23S de l'ADNr a été réalisée. Le résultat de cette étude souligne la présence de quatre groupes de Frankia : (i) le groupe 1 associe les souches infectives des Betulaceae, Myricaceae et Casuarinaceae ; (ii) le groupe 2 des microsymbiotes obligatoires associés aux Coriariaceae, Datiscaceae, Rosaceae et Ceanothus (Rhamnaceae); (iii) le groupe 3 de souches d'Elaeagnaceae, Rhamnaceae, Myricaceae et Gymnostoma (Casuarinaceae) et (iv) le groupe 4, à position ancestrale, renferme les souches atypiques non fixatrices d'azote et/ou non infectives. Le groupe 3 aurait émergé à partir du groupe 4, alors que les groupes 1 et 2 sont les groupes qui ont émergé plus récemment. Dans cette thèse, nous avons montré que la concaténation des séquences des trois gènes (glnII, nifH et gyrB) semble être un outil puissant pour une meilleure étude évolutive afin de contourner l'influence du phénomène de transfert horizontal des gènes sur la phylogénie du genre Frankia. Par ailleurs, nous avons remarqué que la faible variabilité génétique est associée à la régression de taille des génomes de Frankia et coïncide avec des transitions de mode de vie symbiotique et une répartition géographique restreinte (le cas des Frankia–Casuarina et des Frankia non cultivables du groupe 2). Dans un second temps, nous avons focalisé nos recherches sur le modèle Frankia-Coriaria. Nous avons défini quatre groupes de Frankia endosymbiotes et deux groupes pour les Coriaria en se basant sur les séquences de trois marqueurs, glnA (glutamine synthétase), dnaA (amorceur de réplication des chromosomes) et l'IGS nifD-K (l'espace intergénique entre les gènes nifD et nifK codant pour les sous-unités alpha et beta de la protéine molybdène-fer) pour les Frankia microsymbiotes et deux régions d'ADN, matK (maturase chloroplastique) et ITS1- 2 (ARNr 18S - ITS1 - ARNr 5.8S - ITS2 –ARNr 28S) pour la plante hôte. L'analyse phylogénétique de deux partenaires symbiotiques, Frankia et son hôte respectif, montre l'absence de cospéciation. Ce résultat est cohérent avec celui de dernier chapitre dont nous avons montré, pour la première fois, l'occurrence de Frankia compatibles avec Coriaria dans un sol tunisien, dépourvu de la plante hôte depuis plus de deux siècles. Ce résultat est un bon argument de l'indépendance de Frankia microsymbiote de la plante hôte Coriaria et met en question la non cultivabilité des Frankia du groupe 2 / Frankia is an actinobacterium best known for its ability to fix molecular nitrogen and infect the roots of 8 actinorhizal plant families. The Taxonomy and the phylogeny of the Frankia genus remain incomplete and have to be more explored. The objective of this thesis is to provide additional knowledge on the phylogeny and evolution of different Frankia groupes. Firstly, the molecular phylogeny based on the analysis of glnII, gyrB, nifH genes, and 16S–23S rRNA internally transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences was carried out. The result of this study emphasized the presence of four Frankia clusters: (i) cluster 1 for Frankia associated with Betulaceae, Myricaceae and Casuarinaceae (ii) cluster 2 contains Frankia microsymbionts associated with Coriariaceae, Datiscaceae, Rosaceae and Ceanothus (Rhamnaceae), (iii) cluster 3 for Frankia of Elaeagnaceae, Rhamnaceae, Myricaceae and Gymnostoma (Casuarinaceae) and (iv) cluster 4 including atypical Frankia strains that are non-infective and/or non-nitrogen-fixing was positioned at a deeper branche followed by groupes 3. While clusters 1 and 2 appeared to have diverged more recently. The present study demonstrates the utility of phylogenetic analyses based upon concatenated gyrB, nifH and glnII sequences to resolve previously unresolved or poorly resolved nodes and will help describing species among the genus Frankia. The variation of the average pairwise distance within and between the clusters allows us to suggest a gradual erosion of Frankia diversity concomitantly with a shift from saprophytic non infective/non-effective to facultative and symbiotic lifestyle. Then, we focused on the cluster 2 of non-culturable Frankia in general and special focus on Frankia associated with Coriaria. The absence of cospeciation between the uncultured Frankia microsymbionts and the disjunct actinorhizal Coriaria species has been shown. These results were obtained following analyze of three bacterial genes; glnA (glutamine synthetase), dnaA (chromosome replication initiator) and the nifD-K IGS (intergenic spacer between genes coding respectively for nitrogenase molybdenum-iron alpha and beta subunits) and two DNA region of the host plants; matK (chloroplast-encoded maturase K) and the intergenic transcribed spacers (nuclear-encoded 18S rRNA-ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2-28S rRNA).This result is consistent with the last chapter in which we showed, for the first time, the occurrence of compatible Frankia with Coriaria in a Tunisian soil, devoid of the host plant for more than two centuries. This represents a first argument for the independence of Frankia nodulating Coriaria to their host plants

Phytopathogenic bacterium, Xylella fastidiosa, causes a number of economically important diseases, including Pierces disease (PD) of grape and bacterial leaf scorch (BLS) of a number of landscape trees. In Kentucky (KY), BLS affects a number of shade trees including many oak and maple species. In 2001, PD was diagnosed in grapevines in western KY. Xylella fastidiosa is also detected in many asymptomatic landscape plants and grasses. It was the goal of this research to identify hosts of X. fastidiosa around KY and use phylogenetic analysis to compare sequences of the 16S rDNA and gyrase B (gyrB) genes between samples. This research tests the hypothesis that sequence comparison can identify asymptomatic hosts and vectors that serve as a source of inoculum for pathogenic strains of X. fastidiosa. Plant collections were done in urban areas of KY between 2002 and 2004 and samples were tested for the presence of X. fastidiosa by ELISA and PCR. A number of symptomatic and asymptomatic plants were found to be hosts. Primer sets specifically developed for X. fastidiosa were used to amplify part of the 16S rDNA and the gyrB gene from DNA extracted directly from plant tissue. Sequence data from these specifically amplified products were assembled using Phrap, aligned with ClustalW, then phylogenetic analysis was done with Paup 4.0b10 beta. Comparisons with strains outside of Kentucky were also done using X. fastidiosa sequence obtained from NCBI. Maximum parsimony (MP) trees from the 16S rDNA showed a clade of sequence from oak and grass samples that is an outgroup to sequence from NCBI and other samples in this study. According to BLAST, sequences in this outgroup clade seem to be more closely related to the genera Xanthomonas or Stenotrophomonas than Xylella. However, the gyrB gene MP tree showed sequence from three of the samples that were part of this outgroup clade as being closely related to those X. fastidiosa sequences that are part of the ingroup of both 16S rDNA and gyrB trees. The topology difference between the 16S rDNA and gyrB trees suggest there may have been recombination in the genomic region containing one of these genes.

4 ABSTRACT (English) This thesis is based on three published research papers studying bacterial REP (repetitive extragenic palindrome) elements. REP elements are one of the best-characterized groups of bacterial DNA repeats, distributed mostly in gammaproteobacteria, including enterobacteria. They are present in noncoding parts of host genomes, usually occurring in hundreds of copies. REPs are typically aggregated in higher order repeats. In the Gram-negative model Escherichia coli, interactions of several proteins important for cell's physiology with REPs were described, indicating significant role for these elements for host cells. The first work (Nunvar et al. 2010) presents the discovery of a protein class, related to IS200/IS605 transposases. These proteins, termed RAYTs (REP-associated tyrosine transposases), contain characteristic motifs in their amino acid sequences, which are absent in canonical IS200/IS605 transposases. Another attribute of RAYTs is the arrangement of their encoding genes. These are single copy genes, always flanked at both termini by at least two REPs in inverted orientation. Based on the similarity between the REP-rayt-REP unit and insertion sequences of the IS200/IS605 family, between RAYTs and tyrosine transposases and between REPs and subterminal sequences of the IS200/IS605...