Immunoassayer är en väldigt vanlig metod för koncentrationsbestämning av biomolekyler. Denna metod nyttjar antikroppars affinitet för vissa analyter. I detta projekt har det undersökts om Gyros AB:s detektionsinstrument kan göras känsligare. Flera förslag har tagits fram genom efterforskning i artiklar och intervjuer med personer insatta inom området. De metoder som projektgruppen valt att presentera för företaget är enzymbaserad immunoassay med fluorescerande substrat samt multipel inmärkning av antikroppar, vilket vi tror kommer bidra till att försärka den fluorescerande signalen. Immobilisering av antikroppar med hjälp av traptavidin är ytterligare ett framtaget förbättringsförslag som syftar till att bidra med starkare och förlängd immobilisering av antikroppar till den fasta fasen i immunoassay. Flertalet andra metoder har undersökts såsom detektion med hjälp av radioaktivitet och kemiluminiscens. Inga fortsatta studier gjordes på grund av svårigheter att anpassa metoderna till de nuvarande instrumenten. Vi tror att de förslag på metodförbättringar som vi föreslår kan förbättra känsligheten på Gyros mätningar om de implementeras på den nuvarande plattformen.

This work is concerned with the theoretical development of dynamic equations for gyroelastic systems which are dynamic systems with four basic types of continuous mechanical influences, i.e. inertia, elasticity, damping, and gyricity or stored angular momentum. Assuming unrestricted or large attitude changes for the axes of the gyros and utilizing two different theories of elasticity, i.e. the classical and micropolar theories of elasticity, the energy expressions and equations of motion for the undamped classical and micropolar gyroelastic continua are derived. Whereas the micropolar gyroelastic continuum model with extra coefficients and degrees of freedom is primarily developed to account for the asymmetric elasticity, it also proves itself to be more comprehensive in describing the actual gyroscopic system or structure. The dynamic equations of the general three-dimensional gyroelastic continua are reduced to the case of a one-dimensional gyroelastic continua in the three-dimensional space, i.e. three-dimensional gyrobeams. Two different gyrobeam models are developed, one based on the classical beam torsion and bending theories and one based on the simplified micropolar beam torsion and bending theories. Finite element models corresponding to the classical and micropolar gyrobeams are built in MATLAB and used for numerical analysis. The classical and micropolar gyrobeam models are analyzed and compared, against the earlier gyrobeam models developed by other authors and also against each other, through numerical examples. It is shown that there are significant differences between the developed unrestricted classical gyrobeam model and the previously derived zero-order restricted classical gyrobeam models. These differences are more pronounced in the shorter beams and for the transverse gyricity case. The results also indicate that the unrestricted classical and micropolar gyrobeam models behave very diversely in a wide range of micropolar elastic constants even where the classical and micropolar elasticity models coincide. As a foundation for development of the above-mentioned theories, the correct approach for simplification of the micropolar elasticity to the classical elasticity, the simple torsion and bending theories for micropolar beams, and the correct approximation of infinitesimal rotations or microrotations are derived and presented.

Anti-TNF alpha antibodies were among the first approved antibody drugs and now belongs to the best-selling drugs. Today, several companies are developing biosimilars to those drugs which will increase the access of medications and potentially reduce health care costs. There is a great demand for pharmacokinetic assays for anti-TNF-alpha drugs and the bridging assay format is a potential tool, mostly due to its high serum tolerance. This project at Gyros Protein Technologies AB aimed to investigate the properties of the solid phase on the Gyrolab and to utilize this to optimize the bridging assay to be used as a pharmacokinetic assay for a human antibody in the presence of serum. The solid phase was optimized by incorporating three reagents with increasing molecular weight and examining the column profiles generated. Furthermore, the capture reagent was titrated with b-BSA to avoid cross-binding of both arms of the antibody to the capture reagent. Since the background was relatively high, further optimization was done to reduce background and increase the signal to noise ratio. The performance of the optimized bridging assay was compared to alternative PK assay formats. The estimated sensitivity of the bridging assay was 5 ng/ml compared to 250 ng/ml for the indirect antibody assay and 2.5 ng/ml for the bridging assay using an anti-idiotypic antibody as detect. The optimized bridging assay performed well without dilution in buffer and was therefore used for affinity determination of Humira in neat serum. Variable concentrations of TNF-alpha were added to a fix concentration of Humira to compete with the interaction. Calculated KD-values were similar regardless of whether the measurements were performed in neat serum or after dilution in Rexxip buffer.

Therapeutic antibodies dominate the pharmaceutical market and improve the lives of millions of people annually. One important step when developing new medicines is to kinetically characterise the drug candidates. For antibodies this is difficult since many antibody reactions are extremely slow. By combining a mathematical formula that was recently published with the well-established technology from Gyros Protein Technologies, a new method for full kinetic characterization was developed and tested in this master thesis. The method provided precise data for five antibodies while also proving to be highly reproducible. By using small sample volumes, unlabelled reagents and having the reaction proceed in solution, this method offers advantages compared to many conventional approaches.

In diesem Beitrag wird die Entwicklung der nordsuchenden Vermessungskreisel in Deutschland kurz dargestellt. An Beispielen werden Anwendungsgebiete und technische Parameter diskutiert und aktuelle Geräte mittlerer Genauigkeit vorgestellt. Zuletzt werden neue Technologien und die möglichen Anwendungen dieser Technologien beschrieben. / This article briefly describes the development of the north-seeking gyros in Germany. Examples of application areas and technical parameters are discussed and current medium-precision devices are presented. Finally, new technologies and possible applications of these technologies are described.

Interferometer Fiber Optic Gyroscope (IFOG) has established as critical sensor for advance navigation systems. Sensor coil is known to be heart of IFOG. The bias drift and scale factor performance of IFOG depend on the sensor coil. The environmental perturbations like vibration, shock, temperature and magnetic field can affect the measured phase difference between the counter propagating beams, thereby introducing a bias error resulting in degradation of IFOG performance. In general these factors are both time varying and unevenly distributed throughout the coil producing a net undesirable phase shift due to variations in the optical light path, which is undistinguishable from the rotation induced signal. The development of sensor coil for high performance includes selection of optical fiber, spool material, coil winding technique and potting adhesive. In the thesis, the effects of various perturbations like temperature, vibration and magnetic field on the sensor coil are analysed, which degrades the gyro performance. The effect of temperature and vibration can be reduced by proper selection of spool material, winding method and by applying adhesive during the winding of sensor coil. The effect of magnetic field can be reduced by using the high birefringence polarization maintaining fiber with shorter beat length, shielding the sensor coil and reducing the number of twist during the winding. Design and fabrication of the sensor coil is done for control grade & navigation grade FOG with fiber length of 100 m and 1000 m respectively with the polarization maintaining fiber of two different manufacturer Fiber Core, UK and Nufern, USA selected based upon the beat length and Numerical Aperture so that sensor coil has minimum effect of magnetic field and the bending of fiber. Presently the spool material used is Aluminium alloy (HE15) for the ease of fabrication and easily availability of material. The Quadrupolar winding is done to reduce the thermal gradient effects. The indigenously developed special adhesive is applied layer by layer to reduce the environmental effects. In order to study the lifetime of sensor coil accelerated aging test (85°C, RH 85 %) for 30 days is also carried out.

Gyros Protein Technologies develops instruments for automated immunoassays. Fluorescent antibodies are added to samples and excited with a laser. This results in a 16-bit image where the intensity is correlated to concentration of bound antibody. Artefacts may appear on the images due to dust, fibers or other problems, which affect the quantification. This project seeks to automatically detect such artifacts by classifying the images as good or bad using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs). To augment the dataset a simulation approach is used and a simulation program is developed that generates images based on developed simulation models. Several classification models are tested as well as different techniques used for training. The highest performing classifier is a VGG16 DCNN, pre-trained on simulated images, which reaches 94.8% accuracy. There are many sub-classes in the bad class, and many of these are very underrepresented in both the training and test datasets. This means that not much can be said of the classification power of these sub-classes. The conclusion is therefore that until more of this rare data can be collected, focus should lie on classifying the other more common examples. Using the approaches from this project, we believe this could result in a high performing product.

La résolution d'un problème d'estimation de l'état d'un système nécessite de disposer d'un modèle régissant l'évolution des variables d'état et de mesurer de manière directe ou indirecte l'ensemble ou une partie de ces variables d'état. Les travaux exposés dans ce mémoire de thèse portent sur la problématique d'estimation en présence de méconnaissances de modèle et de pertes de capteurs. La première partie de ce travail constitue la synthèse d'un dispositif d'estimation d'état pour systèmes non linéaires. Cela consiste à sélectionner un estimateur d'état et convenablement le régler, puis à concevoir algorithmiquement, à partir d'un critère introduit pour la circonstance, une redondance matérielle visant à compenser la perte de certains capteurs. La seconde partie de ce travail porte sur la conception, à l'aide de la variance d'Allan, d'un sous-modèle permettant de compenser les incertitudes d'un modèle d'état, ce sous-modèle étant utilisable par un filtre de Kalman. Ce travail a été exploité pour tenir compte de dérives gyroscopiques dans le cadre d'une navigation inertielle hybridée avec des mesures GPS par un filtre de Kalman contraint. Les résultats obtenus, issus d'expériences sur deux trajectoires d'avion, ont montré un comportement sain et robuste de l'approche proposée / To solve the problem of estimating the state of a system, it is necessary to have at one's disposal a model governing the dynamic of the state variables and to measure directly or indirectly all or a part of these variables. The work presented in this thesis deals with the estimation issue in the presence of model uncertainties and sensor losses. The first part of this work represents the synthesis of a state estimation device for nonlinear systems. It consists in selecting a state estimator and properly tuning it. Then, thanks to a criterion introduced for the occasion, it consists in algorithmically designing a hardware redundancy aiming at compensating for some sensor losses. The second part of this work deals with the conception of a sub-model compensating for some model uncertainties. This sub-model, designed by using the Allan variance, is usable by a Kalman filter. This work has been used to take into account some gyroscopical drifts in a GPS-INS integrated navigation based on a constrained Kalman filter. The results obtained, coming from experiments on two plane trajectories, showed a safe and robust behaviour of the proposed method