Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T21:50:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_12428_Ata 49ª Defesa de Tese - Lucas de Lima Maia.pdf: 430153 bytes, checksum: 08c6d28935fb4f81d728310e6be5eafd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-30 / Atualmente muitas vias de sinalização têm sido associadas ao surgimento, progressão e prognóstico do câncer, entre elas a via de reposta à hipóxia associada às alterações epigenéticas. O nível de metilação das histonas H3 no resíduo de lisina 9 (H3K9) têm mostrado controlar o nível de expressão dos genes supressores de tumor. A JMJD1A é uma proteína com função de desmetilar as H3K9 na região promotora de determinados genes. A JMJD1A tem sua atividade regulada pela condição de hipóxia. Um dos genes alvos da JMJD1A é a proteína adrenomedulina (ADM) que tem importante papel na carcinogênese e na progressão de tumores mais agressivos. O nível de metilação das histonas H3, assim como a expressão da JMJD1A e ADM tem sido associado com a progressão e prognóstico de diversos tipos de tumores. No entanto, o papel dessas proteínas no carcinoma de cabeça e pescoço ainda precisa ser elucidado. Sendo assim, o presente estudo teve o propósito de estudar as proteínas H3K9 mono e di-metiladas (H3K9me1 e H3K9me2, respectivamente), JMJD1A e ADM que estão relacionadas à resposta a essa condição biológica. O objetivo do trabalho foi associar a expressão das proteínas supracitadas com características clinicopatológicas e prognósticas de pacientes com câncer oral e de orofaringe. O estudo foi realizado por meio da análise por imuno-histoquímica de lâminas de tissue microarray contendo amostras de 84 pacientes com carcinoma oral e de orofaringe operados no Hospital Heliópolis (São Paulo/SP). A análise foi feita pela avaliação positiva ou negativa da proteína no núcleo e citoplasma, com nível fraco ou forte desta expressão nos casos em que a proteína esteve presente. As proteínas tiveram uma ampla expressão no tecido tumoral, além disso, foi observado relações entre a expressão de uma determinada proteína com a expressão das demais analisadas no estudo. Em relação às características clinicopatológicas e prognósticas foram observadas associações significantes. Observou-se associação da metástase linfonodal com a expressão nuclear da proteína JMJD1A e com a expressão citoplasmática da proteína ADM. Já o estádio do tumor teve associação significativa com a expressão citoplasmática da JMJD1A. Em relação às características prognósticas observou-se a associação do óbito com a expressão citoplasmática da proteína H3K9me1. A respeito da análise de sobrevida, foi observado que a sobrevida doença específica e sobrevida livre de doença tiveram relação significante com a expressão nuclear da proteína H3K9me2. Dessa forma, as proteínas JMJD1A, H3K9me1, H3K9me2 e ADM se mostraram promissoras como marcadores de prognóstico para pacientes com carcinoma de oral e de orofaringe, podendo ser utilizadas no futuro como marcadores preditivos e alvos terapêuticos para o tratamento da doença.

La maintenance de la méthylation ADN sur les sites CG joue un rôle crucial dans le silencing des éléments transposables (TE) et l’expression correcte des gènes. Chez Arabidopsis thaliana, on observe, dans le mutant met1-3 déficient en méthylation CG, une apparition ectopique de méthylation CHG sur de nombreux gènes, ainsi qu’une relocalisation de la diméthylation de la lysine 9 de l’histone H3 (H3K9me2) de l’hétérochromatine vers l’euchromatine. Nous avons démontré que ceci est lié à un défaut de transcription au niveau du grand intron du gène codant la déméthylase H3K9me2 IBM1. Nous avons également constaté que dans les épihybrides F1 issus du croisement de plantes met1-3 avec une plante sauvage la méthylation CHG présente dans l’intron de l’allèle IBM1 hérité du parent mutant était perdue. Afin de définir si la perte de méthylation affecte également d’autres loci génomiques, et plus globalement à l’échelle du génome entier l’impact de la rencontre de deux épigénomes différents, nous avons analysé les profils de méthylation, de siRNAs et de transcription des épihybrides F1. Nos données révèlent que l’union de deux méthylomes distincts au sein d’un même génome provoque une restructuration considérable des profils épigénétiques et transcriptionnels. La méthylation CHG apparaissant sur de nombreux gènes dans met1 tend à persister, créant ainsi de nouveaux épiallèles pouvant être hérités. Du côté des TE, nombre d’entre eux sont déméthylés et réactivés, tandis que d’autres sont immédiatement reméthylés et resilencés. Ainsi, ces résultats contribuent à la compréhension de la stabilité de la méthylation ADN et de son rôle dans le contrôle différentiel des gènes et des TE. / Maintenance of DNA methylation at CG sites is crucial for silencing of transposable element (TE) and proper expression of genes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, met1-3 mutant, deficient in CG methylation, shows ectopic appearance of CHG methylation at numerous genes, as well as relocation of H3K9me2, from heterochromatin towards euchromatin. We have shown that this is due to a defect of the transcription of the large intron of the gene encoding the IBM1 H3K9me2 demethylase. We also found that, in the F1 epihybrids from the cross between met1 and WT plants, CHG methylation at the intron of the met1-derived IBM1 allele is lost. In order to define whether the loss of methylation at IBM1 also affects other genomic loci, and the impact of the union of two different epigenomes on methylation and transcription genome-wide, we analyzed the methylation, siRNA and transcription patterns of F1 epihybrids. Our data reveal that the union of two distinct methylomes within the same genome triggers considerable restructuring of epigenetic and transcriptional patterns. CHG methylation appearing in the mutant parent tends to persist in F1, creating new epialleles that can be inherited. On the TE side, lots of them are demethylated and reactivated while others are immediately remethylated and resilenced. Thus, our results provide new insights to the understanding of DNA methylation stability and its role in the differential control of genes and TEs.

Widespread changes in gene expression accompany vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic switching, a hallmark of vascular disease. Upon insult, VSMCs downregulate contractile proteins and upregulate genes linked to vascular remodelling, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, the epigenetic mechanisms which regulate VSMC phenotypic switching remain unclear. This thesis explores the role of histone 3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2), a repressive epigenetic mark, in regulating the expression of disease-associated VSMC genes. Intriguingly, murine models of VSMC phenotypic switching revealed reduced levels of H3K9me2 upon loss of the contractile state while chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) identified a subset of IL-1α/injury-responsive VSMC gene promoters enriched for H3K9me2. To test the functional importance of H3K9me2 for VSMC gene regulation the methyltransferase G9A/GLP was pharmacologically inhibited in vitro and in vivo. The resulting loss of H3K9me2 attenuated the expression of contractile VSMC markers and significantly potentiated IL-1α/injury-induced expression of MMP and pro-inflammatory genes. H3K9me2-mediated regulation of contractile and IL-1α-responsive VSMC gene expression was confirmed in cultured human VSMCs (hVSMCs). This prompted the use of hVSMCs to investigate the mechanism underlying H3K9me2-dependent regulation of IL-1α-mediated VSMC genes. Interestingly, G9A/GLP inhibition did not influence the level of IL-1α-induced nuclear localisation of the NFkB transcription factor p65 but significantly increased IL-1α-induced p65 binding to the IL6 promoter, correlating with reduced H3K9me2 levels. In contrast, enrichment of p65 was not observed at reported NFkB sites within the MMP3 promoter after IL-1α stimulation. Rather, IL-1α-induced MMP3 expression was dependent on JNK activity and G9A/GLP inhibition potentiated IL-1α-induced binding of the AP-1 transcription factor cJUN to the MMP3 promoter. Collectively, these findings suggest that H3K9me2 plays a role in maintaining the contractile VSMC state and prevents binding of both NFkB and AP-1 transcription factors at specific IL-1α-regulated genes to possibly block spurious induction of a pro-inflammatory state.

DNA methylation is essential for mammalian development and transcriptional repression of genes and retrotransposons during embryo development and in somatic cells. The patterns of DNA methylation are established by de novo DNA methyltransferases, which are regulated by developmental signalling and require access to chromatin. Besides DNA methyltransferases, other proteins have recently been implicated in DNA methylation, such as the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler LSH. The absence of LSH in mouse embryos leads to defects in DNA methylation and development. In relation to this, mutations in LSH have been found to cause Immunodeficiency-Centromeric instability-Facial anomalies (ICF) syndrome. This syndrome is characterized by centromeric instability and CpG hypomethylation of centromeric satellite repeats, and is most often caused by mutations in the catalytic domain of the DNA methyltransferase DNMT3B. LSH is essential for developmentally programmed de novo DNA methylation of large chromosomal domains including promoters of protein coding genes and repetitive sequences. Importantly, fibroblasts derived from chromatin remodeling ATPase LSH-null mouse embryos, which lack DNA methylation at transposons and specific gene promoters, are capable of re-establishing normal patterns of DNA methylation and transcriptional silencing of misregulated genes upon re-expression of LSH. The ATP hydrolysis by LSH is essential for its function in gene silencing and de novo DNA methylation. However, the molecular mechanisms of LSH-dependent gene silencing and de novo DNA methylation are yet unclear. Here we use an inducible system that enables controlled expression of LSH in Lsh-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to follow chromatin dynamics, transcriptional silencing and establishment of de novo DNA methylation. This conditionally reversible Lsh knockout cellular system allowed us to study the order of events occurring immediately after LSH restoration in MEF cell lines in order to elucidate the molecular mechanism of LSH-dependent gene silencing. We have demonstrated that LSH upon its restoration localises to the promoters of LSH-dependent loci leading to a mild decrease in the occupancy of H3, which reinforces the previously shown role of LSH as a chromatin remodeler. Simultaneously, there is removal of acetyl groups from H3 tails when LSH is bound to these target regions, which might be facilitated by the interaction of HDACs with LSH. The removal of H3Ac marks is followed by deposition of H3K9me2 by G9a/GLP histone methylases at the same time point when misregulated genes are silenced. This suggests that LSH creates a suitable substrate for G9a/GLP promoting gene silencing. Surprisingly, transcriptional repression occurs without acquisition of DNA methylation at the promoters of these loci. This order of events implies that LSH plays a role as a chromatin remodeler leading to changes in chromatin structure and modifications that facilitate epigenetic gene silencing without DNA methylation in the initial period when LSH is restored in MEF cell lines. Furthermore, deposition of H3K9me2 by the G9a/GLP complex is critical for silencing of specific genes, but not for repetitive elements such as IAPs. The histone modification H3K27me3 seems to play a transitory role in the silencing of IAP retrotransposons in the absence of G9a/GLP activity. In conclusion, this work has demonstrated that changes in chromatin modifications leading to a transcriptionally repressive chromatin state can be established in somatic cells by the chromatin remodeler LSH without acquisition of DNA methylation. This suggests that the primary role of LSH is to promote changes in chromatin structure and modifications that lead to gene silencing and not DNA methylation, which most likely occurs as a consequence of transcriptional silencing.