Historical evidence has shown that incidents due to hazardous materials (HazMat) releases during transportation can lead to severe consequences. The public and some agencies such as the Department of Transportation (DOT) show an increasing concern with the hazard associated with HazMat transportation. Many hazards may be identified and controlled or eliminated through use of risk analysis. Transportation Risk Analysis (TRA) is a powerful tool in HazMat transportation decision support system. It is helpful in choosing among alternate routes by providing information on risks associated with each route, and in selecting appropriate risk reduction alternatives by demonstrating the effectiveness of various alternatives. Some methodologies have been developed to assess the transportation risk; however, most of those proposed methodologies are hard to employ directly by decision or policy makers. One major barrier is the lack of the match between available data/database analysis and the numerical methodologies for TRA. In this work methodologies to assess the transportation risk are developed based on the availability of data or databases. The match between the availability of data/databases and numerical TRA methodologies is pursued. Each risk component, including frequency, release scenario, and consequence, is assessed based on the available data/databases. The risk is measured by numerical algorithms step by step in the transportation network. Based on the TRA results, decisions on HazMat transportation could be made appropriately and reasonably. The combination of recent interest in expanding or building new facilities to receive liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers, along with increased awareness and concern about potential terrorist action, has raised questions about the potential consequences of incidents involving LNG transportation. One of those consequences, rapid phase transition (RPT), is studied in this dissertation. The incidents and experiments of LNG-water RPT and theoretical analysis about RPT mechanism are reviewed. Some other consequences, like pool spread and vapor cloud dispersion, are analyzed by Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) model.

Historical evidence has shown that incidents due to hazardous materials (HazMat) releases during transportation can lead to severe consequences. The public and some agencies such as the Department of Transportation (DOT) show an increasing concern with the hazard associated with HazMat transportation. Many hazards may be identified and controlled or eliminated through use of risk analysis. Transportation Risk Analysis (TRA) is a powerful tool in HazMat transportation decision support system. It is helpful in choosing among alternate routes by providing information on risks associated with each route, and in selecting appropriate risk reduction alternatives by demonstrating the effectiveness of various alternatives. Some methodologies have been developed to assess the transportation risk; however, most of those proposed methodologies are hard to employ directly by decision or policy makers. One major barrier is the lack of the match between available data/database analysis and the numerical methodologies for TRA. In this work methodologies to assess the transportation risk are developed based on the availability of data or databases. The match between the availability of data/databases and numerical TRA methodologies is pursued. Each risk component, including frequency, release scenario, and consequence, is assessed based on the available data/databases. The risk is measured by numerical algorithms step by step in the transportation network. Based on the TRA results, decisions on HazMat transportation could be made appropriately and reasonably. The combination of recent interest in expanding or building new facilities to receive liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers, along with increased awareness and concern about potential terrorist action, has raised questions about the potential consequences of incidents involving LNG transportation. One of those consequences, rapid phase transition (RPT), is studied in this dissertation. The incidents and experiments of LNG-water RPT and theoretical analysis about RPT mechanism are reviewed. Some other consequences, like pool spread and vapor cloud dispersion, are analyzed by Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) model.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A crescente preocupação com o nível de risco associado ao transporte de materiais perigosos levou várias instituições internacionais a empenhar esforços na avaliação de risco em nível regional. Seguindo essa tendência, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os mais recentes processos de análise de riscos decorrentes do transporte rodoviário de materiais perigosos. No presente trabalho foram avaliadas 21 metodologias de análise de riscos, desenvolvidas por vários autores e para diversas localidades. Em especial, duas foram revistas e discutidas: um método recentemente desenvolvido pelo Instituto Federal Suíço de Tecnologia (Nicolet-Monnier e Gheorghe, 1996) e a estratégia delineada pelo Center for Chemical Process Safety - CCPS (1995), levando em consideração a estimativa do risco individual e social. Também foram aplicados os modelos de Harwood et al. (1990) e de Ramos (1997), adaptados por Hartman (2003) à realidade das estradas do Estado de São Paulo. A extensão dessas metodologias foi explorada, a fim de encontrar as suas vantagens e desvantagens. Como estudo de caso o presente trabalho considerou o transporte de amônia ao longo de duas rotas possíveis por rodovias do Estado de São Paulo, incluindo uma parcela significativa de avaliação em área densamente povoada, obtendo-se os resultados utilizando uma das metodologias de analise de risco. A inovação proposta por esse trabalho foi a pesquisa, o desenvolvimento e a introdução de duas variáveis ao modelo proposto por Harwood et al. (1990). Essas variáveis ponderadoras no valor do risco foram: a idade do condutor e a zona de impacto conforme o período do dia em que o transporte foi realizado em função do volume do produto transportado. As alterações propostas têm como objetivo deixar o valor do risco mais sensível em relação ao tipo do produto transportado e a idade do condutor. As principais etapas processuais relacionadas com a análise quantitativa dos riscos para sistemas de transporte são suportadas pelos métodos precedentes para instalações fixas. Especial atenção foi dada à forma de coletar informações locais e para estimar coeficientes que refletissem as condições prevalecentes na região considerada no estudo de caso apresentado. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

The purpose of this research was to identify the composition of soils on firefighter turnout gear from the Philadelphia Fire Department and to determine which soils contain hazardous materials. The objective of the research was to identify the composition of soils remaining on the firefighter turnout gear to enable the industry to design an effective cleaning procedure for removal of soils. A pilot study was conducted on hoods from the Philadelphia fire department to evaluate the test methods that would be used to identify the composition of soils. Soils that had been identified from previous studies were targeted in the analysis of the extraction of the samples removed from the hoods. Samples were removed from areas of the coats and pants where dermal absorption is reported as high areas of skin absorption, including areas in the neck, armpit, crotch and wrist locations.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:54:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O resíduo gerado na demolição do revestimento de cubas eletrolíticas de produção de alumínio é classificado, segundo normas internacionais e a ABNT, como resíduo perigoso devido à presença de fluoretos e cianetos. Este trabalho apresenta uma nova alternativa para eliminação desse resíduo, conhecido como spent pot lining ou simplesmente, SPL, segundo a qual os cianetos são destruídos termicamente e parte do flúor fixada em vidros entrando em sua composição. Foi realizado estudo inédito para a aplicação da fração mais carbonosa desse resíduo, que corresponde à metade do todo, como matéria-prima para obtenção de vidros opacos e fritas aplicáveis em vidrados para revestimentos cerâmicos. Para tal, foi estudado o tratamento térmico prévio do o SPL com adição de calcário, para eliminação de carbono e cianetos e minimização da volatilização dos fluoretos durante o aquecimento, tendo sido determinados os parâmetros ideais para esse tratamento. Após tratamento, o resíduo foi utilizado como parte da composição de vidros opacos tendo uma das formulações sido analisada quanto a sua composição química, resistência química e análise microestrutural. O resíduo tratado também foi utilizado na formulação de fritas usadas nos vidrados de revestimentos cerâmicos e em algumas composições obteve-se fritas similares às comerciais. Estas foram comparadas às comerciais segundo critérios específicos, com resultados bastante promissores. Os teores de fluoretos e cianetos foram analisados nas várias fases do processo de obtenção dos vidros opacos e das fritas. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Safe and secure transportation of hazardous materials (hazmat) is a challenging issue in terms of optimizing risk to society and simultaneously making the shipment delivery economical. The most important safety concern of hazardous material transportation is accidents causing multiple causalities. The potential risk to society from hazmat transportation has led to the evolution of a new threat from terrorism. Malicious entities can turn hazmat vehicles into weapons causing explosions in high profile locations. The present research is divided into two parts. First, a neural network model is developed to identify when a hazmat truck deviates from its pre-specified path based on its location in the road network. The model identifies abnormal diversions in hazmat carriers' paths considering normal diversions arising due to incidents. The second part of this thesis develops a methodology for predicting different paths that could be taken by malicious entities heading towards a target after successfully hijacking a hazmat vehicle. The path prediction methodology and the neural network methodology are implemented on the network between Baltimore, Maryland and Washington, DC. The trained neural network model classified nodes in the network with a satisfactory performance .The path prediction algorithm was used to calculate the paths to two targets located at the International Dulles Airport and the National Mall in Washington, DC. Based on this research, the neural network methodology is a promising technology for detecting a hijacked vehicle in its initial stages of diversion from its pre-specified path. Possible paths to potential targets are plotted and points of overlap among paths are identified. Overlaps are critical locations where extra security measures can be taken for preventing destruction. Thus, integrating both models gives a comprehensive methodology for detecting the initial diversion and then predicting the possible paths of malicious entities towards targets and could provide an important tool for law enforcement agencies minimizing catastrophic events. / Master of Science

Hazardous Materials (HazMat) are transported throughout Canada in a great number of road shipments. The transportation of HazMat poses special risks for neighboring population and environment. While HazMat accidents are rare events, they could be catastrophic in nature and could result in substantial damage to nearby communities. Effective emergency response plays an important role in the safe transportation of HazMat. Transportation of HazMat involves different parties, including shippers, regulators, and surrounding communities. While the shipping party is responsible for safe delivery of HazMat shipments, it is the responsibility of local emergency service agencies to respond to accidents occurring within their jurisdictions. In this research, the emergency response to HazMat transport accidents is assumed to be delegated exclusively to specially trained and equipped HazMat teams. This research proposes a new comprehensive systematic approach to determine the best location of HazMat teams on regional bases utilizing HazMat transport risk as a location criterion. The proposed model is the first to consider emergency response roles in HazMat transport risk analysis, and was intended as an optimization tool to be used by practitioners for HazMat emergency response planning. Additionally, the proposed model can be used to assess risk implications in regards to current locations of HazMat teams in a region, and to develop effective strategies for locating HazMat teams, such as closing and/or relocating teams in the region. The model investigates how HazMat team locations can be tailored to recognize the risk of transporting HazMat and would provide a more objective set of input alternatives into the multi-criteria decision making process of regionally locating HazMat teams. The proposed model was applied to the region of southwestern Ontario in effort to illustrate its features and capabilities in the HazMat emergency response planning and decision making process. Accordingly, the model provided very useful insights while reviewing several HazMat team location strategies for the southwestern Ontario region and investigating tradeoff among different factors. This research contributes to a better understanding of emergency response roles by reducing HazMat transport risks, and will greatly benefit both researchers and practitioners in the field of HazMat transport and emergency response.

This study examines the transportation of hazardous materials through Washington County, Tennessee. This study incorporates federal, state, and local data in assessing current transportation trends. Data gathering activities included local chemical inventories, hazardous materials transportation flow surveys, hazardous materials rail transportation trends, and hazardous materials incident data. All data were compiled and then analyzed to identify hazardous materials transportation trends in Washington County, Tennessee. This information is pertinent to emergency planners for the preparation of hazardous materials transportation incidents. The data gathered further revealed the need for this type of study to identify changing trends in the transportation of hazardous materials through Washington County, Tennessee. This type of study is essential in identifying risks posed from the transportation of hazardous materials through rural communities.