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Este trabalho mostra que o uso do palete nas operações de transporte rodoviário de cargas embaladas aumenta o número de viagens com um mesmo veículo nos intervalos de tempo, e possibilita novas variáveis operacionais que, em função da distância de transporte podem fornecer informações para estudos e decisões sobre adotar, ou não, o palete nas empresas. O procedimento adotado foi comparar custos provenientes de operação de transporte com e sem, o uso do palete, usando dados obtidos de pesquisa em campo. As conclusões foram que, ao comparar o palete com o transporte de produtos acabados, as relações entre as consequências de uso do palete nos custos, a disponibilidade de veículos e a receita sobre o custo marginal são dependentes da distância de transporte e são mais significativas para os menores percursos. / This is an attempt to show that the use of pallets in packed road cargo operation increases the number of trips of a single vehicle and it also identifies new variables that could be sent like information to research and to decide work with pallets, depending on transportation distance. The studies are conducted based on field data, through the comparisons of operations with and without pallets. The conclusions are: there are relationships between using the pallet and the vehicle availability and marginal costs. They depend on transportation distance: the shorter the trip the better the operation conditions.

Este trabalho mostra que o uso do palete nas operações de transporte rodoviário de cargas embaladas aumenta o número de viagens com um mesmo veículo nos intervalos de tempo, e possibilita novas variáveis operacionais que, em função da distância de transporte podem fornecer informações para estudos e decisões sobre adotar, ou não, o palete nas empresas. O procedimento adotado foi comparar custos provenientes de operação de transporte com e sem, o uso do palete, usando dados obtidos de pesquisa em campo. As conclusões foram que, ao comparar o palete com o transporte de produtos acabados, as relações entre as consequências de uso do palete nos custos, a disponibilidade de veículos e a receita sobre o custo marginal são dependentes da distância de transporte e são mais significativas para os menores percursos. / This is an attempt to show that the use of pallets in packed road cargo operation increases the number of trips of a single vehicle and it also identifies new variables that could be sent like information to research and to decide work with pallets, depending on transportation distance. The studies are conducted based on field data, through the comparisons of operations with and without pallets. The conclusions are: there are relationships between using the pallet and the vehicle availability and marginal costs. They depend on transportation distance: the shorter the trip the better the operation conditions.

Purpose- The purpose of this research is to explore the role of road transport in logistics operations, and to investigate and analyze how IKEA China does operate on road transport in logistics operations. Design/methodology/approach- A single case study has been conducted at IKEA China, including semi-structured interviews and review of internal documents. Along with the case study, literature reviews have been conducted within the areas of efficient road transport in logistics operations.   Findings- The IKEA China case suggests that the logistics operations should have strong link to the efficient road transport in a manner optimized logistics operations can provide efficient road transport with less cost.   Research limitations/implications- This thesis is limited to one representative company, and the authors just focus on a study of efficient road transport in logistics operations for narrowing down the thesis. So the solutions and proposals about efficient road transport might not be adopted by other companies or be applied to other parts of the supply chain. Additionally, a study of efficient road transport can be discussed, analyzed and studied from a lot of different perspectives, even much better in a holistic viewpoint. Here, the authors just choose a few primary perspectives as research objectives to support this study, which concerns the data and information collected from IKEA China. Finally, because of the limitation of time and personal knowledge, the data collected from IKEA China may neither abundant enough nor deep enough in a manner without exploiting and expanding into all the issues and challenges refers to efficient road transport in logistics operations.   Practical implication- This research provides suitable solutions for a company towards efficient road transport in logistics operations. Consequently, it will facilitate companies to achieve the purpose of efficient road transport by optimizing their logistics operations in a manner improve the outcomes of insouring/outsourcing, merge-in-transit, consolidation point and packaging.   Originality/value- This research combines five theoretical fields in terms of sourcing strategy, merge-in-transit, consolidation point, packaging as well as economics scale of trucking cost to contribute proposals to efficient road transport in logistics operations.   Keywords Efficient road transport, Logistics operations, cost

<p><strong>Purpose</strong>- The purpose of this research is to explore the role of road transport in logistics operations, and to investigate and analyze how IKEA China does operate on road transport in logistics operations.</p><p><strong>Design/methodology/approach</strong>- A single case study has been conducted at IKEA China, including semi-structured interviews and review of internal documents. Along with the case study, literature reviews have been conducted within the areas of efficient road transport in logistics operations.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Findings</strong>- The IKEA China case suggests that the logistics operations should have strong link to the efficient road transport in a manner optimized logistics operations can provide efficient road transport with less cost.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Research limitations/implications</strong>- This thesis is limited to one representative company, and the authors just focus on a study of efficient road transport in logistics operations for narrowing down the thesis. So the solutions and proposals about efficient road transport might not be adopted by other companies or be applied to other parts of the supply chain.</p><p>Additionally, a study of efficient road transport can be discussed, analyzed and studied from a lot of different perspectives, even much better in a holistic viewpoint. Here, the authors just choose a few primary perspectives as research objectives to support this study, which concerns the data and information collected from IKEA China. Finally, because of the limitation of time and personal knowledge, the data collected from IKEA China may neither abundant enough nor deep enough in a manner without exploiting and expanding into all the issues and challenges refers to efficient road transport in logistics operations.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Practical implication</strong>- This research provides suitable solutions for a company towards efficient road transport in logistics operations. Consequently, it will facilitate companies to achieve the purpose of efficient road transport by optimizing their logistics operations in a manner improve the outcomes of insouring/outsourcing, merge-in-transit, consolidation point and packaging.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Originality/value</strong>- This research combines five theoretical fields in terms of sourcing strategy, merge-in-transit, consolidation point, packaging as well as economics scale of trucking cost to contribute proposals to efficient road transport in logistics operations.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords </strong>Efficient road transport, Logistics operations, cost</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A crescente preocupação com o nível de risco associado ao transporte de materiais perigosos levou várias instituições internacionais a empenhar esforços na avaliação de risco em nível regional. Seguindo essa tendência, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os mais recentes processos de análise de riscos decorrentes do transporte rodoviário de materiais perigosos. No presente trabalho foram avaliadas 21 metodologias de análise de riscos, desenvolvidas por vários autores e para diversas localidades. Em especial, duas foram revistas e discutidas: um método recentemente desenvolvido pelo Instituto Federal Suíço de Tecnologia (Nicolet-Monnier e Gheorghe, 1996) e a estratégia delineada pelo Center for Chemical Process Safety - CCPS (1995), levando em consideração a estimativa do risco individual e social. Também foram aplicados os modelos de Harwood et al. (1990) e de Ramos (1997), adaptados por Hartman (2003) à realidade das estradas do Estado de São Paulo. A extensão dessas metodologias foi explorada, a fim de encontrar as suas vantagens e desvantagens. Como estudo de caso o presente trabalho considerou o transporte de amônia ao longo de duas rotas possíveis por rodovias do Estado de São Paulo, incluindo uma parcela significativa de avaliação em área densamente povoada, obtendo-se os resultados utilizando uma das metodologias de analise de risco. A inovação proposta por esse trabalho foi a pesquisa, o desenvolvimento e a introdução de duas variáveis ao modelo proposto por Harwood et al. (1990). Essas variáveis ponderadoras no valor do risco foram: a idade do condutor e a zona de impacto conforme o período do dia em que o transporte foi realizado em função do volume do produto transportado. As alterações propostas têm como objetivo deixar o valor do risco mais sensível em relação ao tipo do produto transportado e a idade do condutor. As principais etapas processuais relacionadas com a análise quantitativa dos riscos para sistemas de transporte são suportadas pelos métodos precedentes para instalações fixas. Especial atenção foi dada à forma de coletar informações locais e para estimar coeficientes que refletissem as condições prevalecentes na região considerada no estudo de caso apresentado. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

This study evaluated the temperature variability that existed in refrigerated table grape consignments over a two-day journey from two suppliers in southern Spain, to client managed facilities in England. In order to inhibit senescence, perishable foods are transported in temperature-controlled transport to maximize shelf life. However, thermal dynamics suggests that uniform spatial temperature is not necessarily achieved despite a constant set point. As fruit exposed to suboptimal temperatures is more likely to exhibit undesirable quality issues, knowledge of spatial temperature can direct quality control team members to these potentially problematic pallets within an inbound shipment. Warmer temperatures were identified on the passenger side of both trailers, at the rear of both trailers, and in lower pallet layers. Furthermore, heightened temperature was recorded in lower pallet layers in close proximity to the refrigeration return unit. The Supplier 2 shipment, set at 4oC, exhibited more spatially uniform temperatures compared to the Supplier 1 shipment set at 1oC. This implies that an operational compromise may exist: a higher but more uniform temperature or a lower but more variable temperature. In addition, analysis of airflow distribution suggested that airflow could be improved specifically in lower pallet layers and towards the rear of the trailer. Improved circulation will promote improved temperature uniformity for quality maintenance.

O componente de planejamento faz parte do projeto de desenvolvimento dos veículos autônomos, e é responsável por gerar rotas para o sistema como um todo. Em aplicações em que o veículo deve visitar pontos em intervalos de tempo pré-determinados, o componente de planejamento se enquadra em um problema de roteirização conhecido da literatura, denominado problema de roteirização de veículos com janelas de tempo. Tal problema é uma generalização do problema clássico de roteirização de veículos classificado no grupo de problemas NP-Hard. Esse trabalho apresenta uma proposta de solução para o problema baseada na metaheurística algoritmo genético. Os cromossomos foram representados pela ordem de atendimento dos clientes sem delimitadores de rota. Para quebrar os cromossomos em rotas, foi utilizado um procedimento adaptado baseado em Prins (2004). A população inicial se constitui por uma parte construída com cromossomos criados aleatoriamente e outra parte construída através da heurística de inserção I1 de Solomon (1987), com quatro formas diferentes de inserir o primeiro cliente de cada rota. Na fase de recombinação, foram utilizados quatro tipos de crossover: uniforme, dois pontos, heurístico e PMX, e um operador de mutação baseado em uma busca heurística. A cada geração foram aplicados princípios de elitismo e pós-otimização utilizando a heurística -interchange de Osman (1993). O algoritmo foi testado nos conjuntos C1, C2, R1, R2, RC1 e RC2 de Solomon (1987) e os resultados foram comparados com os melhores resultados encontrados na literatura. / The planning component is a part of autonomous vehicle development project and it is responsible to generate routes for the system as a whole. In applications which vehicle must to visit way points at predetermined intervals of time, the planning component fits into a routing problem known in the literature called routing problem with time windows. This problem is a generalization of the classical vehicle routing problem classified in the group of NP- Hard problems. This thesis presents a solution proposal to problem based on genetic algorithm metaheuristic. Chromosomes were represented by the order of serving customers without delimiters route. To split the chromosomes on routes, it is used a procedure adapted based on Prins (2004). The initial population is constituted by two parts: one with randomly created chromosomes and another constructed through the insertion heuristic I1 of Solomon (1987), with four different ways of insertion of the first customer of each route. In the recombination step, four types of crossover were used: uniform, two points, heuristic, and PMX, and a mutation operator based on heuristic search. In each generation it is applied principles of elitism and postoptimization using the -interchange heuristic of Osman (1993). The algorithm was tested on the sets C1, C2, R1, R2, RC1 and RC2 of Solomon (1987) and the results were compared with the best results found in the literature.

A critical evaluation of the national profile of energy supply and demand and the associated greenhouse gas (OHO) emissions in China has been conducted. The contribution of the transport sector in China, the road transport sector in particular, to China's overall energy demand and OHO emissions has been assessed and compared with values for other countries. Approaches for reducing energy demand and OHO emissions in the road transport sector worldwide have been reviewed. A detailed bottom-up model has been developed using 'LEAP' software, to estimate future energy demand and OHO emissions in China's road transport sector, incorporating China's recent efforts in alternative fuel promotion. Modelling approach and historical data used have been tested and verified to ensure reliability. Two scenarios have been designed to describe the future strategies relating to the development of China's road transport sector between 2005 and 2030. The 'Business as Usual' scenario is used as a baseline reference scenario, in which the government is assumed to do nothing to influence the long-term trends of road transport energy demand. The 'Best Case' scenario is considered to be the most optimized case where a series of available reduction measures are assumed to be implemented. Energy demand and OHO emissions in China's road transport sector up to 2030 are estimated in these two scenarios. The reduction potential and the relative contribution of each measure have been estimated. A 'life cycle assessment' model for the road transport sector has been developed. The life cycle energy demand and OHO emissions in China's road transport sector are estimated using the model. The reduction potential and the relative contribution of each measure have been re-assessed from a life cycle perspective. Potential impacts on global oil resources, availability and prices are discussed. The importance of life cycle assessment in evaluating the effects of different reduction measures is discussed. Policy implications are presented.