This study evaluates the effectiveness of fiscal (and monetary) policies on a set of macroeconomic objectives, giving explicit consideration to the alternative modes by which the budget deficits (or surpluses) are financed. The extent to which quantitative reductions in the share of the public sector is compatible with these objectives is also examined. The evaluation of optimal macroeconomic policies is undertaken in the context of the Greek economy, since the financial aspects of the budget have not received the necessary attention. The method of analysis is carried out within an optimization framework which employes an econometric model of the Greek economy estimated over the period 1957-75, and a quadratic objective function depicting the desires of the policy-makers. The specific characteristics of the Greek economy necessary for the construction of the econometric model and the specification of the objective function are discussed in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 deals with the theoretical considerations of the macroeconomic model and presents the optimization approach persued in the study. Chapter 4 presents the econometric model and discusses its dynamic characteristics and structure. The specification of the objective function and the optimization results are discussed in Chapter 5. The major findings of the study are summarized in Chapter 6.

No description available.

Main goal of this thesis is to find out, whether the fact, that in Znojmo used to be played the highest ice-hockey league in the Czech republic, led to the economic development of this region and to the development of tourism in this region. The theory part is focused on the theories which refer to this problem, particularly the theories of tourism and theories of economy of sport. The practice part at first analyses the Znojmo region and the ice-hockey club in Znojmo. The next chapter compares the budgets of the ice-hockey club in the different leagues, which the club used to join. The next chapter finds out the consciousness of Czech inhabitants of the town Znojmo. There is presented the opinion of the inhabitants of Znojmo about their town joining the Extraliga of ice-hockey and about the financial subsidies from the Znojmo municipality budget for the ice-hockey club. Next chapter analyses, if the ice-hockey led to the higher occupancy in local hotels. Last chapter of the practice part tells the opinions of the former mayors of Znojmo about the ice-hockey in Znojmo. There are summarized all the information at the end of the thesis and concluded the concrete results.

This study sought to determine the basic intelligibility of synthesized speech as produced by the HC 120 Phonic Mirror Handivoice. It involved 48 male and female subjects divided into two groups. Group 1 had 40 subjects ranging in age from 18 to 44 years. Group 2 had eight subjects ranging in age from 18 to 33 years. All subjects were screened for normal hearing. Testing for normal hearing was done in an audiological suite at Portland State University. The study was designed to determine the degree to which a group of normal hearing college students could recognize words and phrases as produced by the HC 120 Phonic Mirror Handivoice.

The present manuscript discusses the performance and emission benefits due to two diesel injections in diesel-ignited methane dual fuel Low Temperature Combustion (LTC). A Single Cylinder Research Engine (SCRE) adapted for diesel-ignited methane dual fuelling was operated at 1500 rev/min and 5 bar BMEP with 1.5 bar intake manifold pressure. The first injection was fixed at 310 CAD. A 2nd injection sweep timing was performed to determine the best 2nd injection timing (as 375 CAD) at a fixed Percentage Energy Substitution (PES 75%). The motivation to use a second late injection ATDC was to oxidize Unburnt Hydrocarbons (HC) generated from the dual fuel combustion of first injection. Finally, an injection pressure sweep (550-1300 bar) helped achieve simultaneous reduction of HC (56%) and CO (43%) emissions accompanied with increased IFCE (10%) and combustion efficiency (12%) w.r.t. the baseline single injection (at 310 CAD) of dual fuel LTC.

The biomechanical and molecular characteristics of equine hyperelastosis cutis (HC) are not fully known. This study sought to better characterize HC by analysis of ultimate tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, toughness, and thickness of skin from 23 affected and unaffected horses. In addition total soluble collagen and glycosaminoglycan concentrations of skin were analyzed from 26 affected and unaffected horses. Affected horses' skin proved to be significantly weaker at five of seven sample locations (p<=0.05). The modulus of elasticity proved to be significantly different at three of seven sample locations and toughness at two of seven locations (p<=0.05). No significant difference was proven to exist between HC affected and unaffected horses for skin thickness or total soluble collagen and GAG concentrations. Collectively this data demonstrates that HC animals' reduced skin tensile strength is not due to a deficit of either collagen or GAG, but likely a result of altered collagen micro-architecture.

No description available.

No description available.

Estuda-se o problema da emissão de gases por veículos automotores movidos a gasolina em trajetos curtos ercorridos em cidades pequenas e médias. Nessa situação, o tipo de percurso que ocorre com mais frequência é curto, o que significa circulação de veículos com os motores ainda frios. Sabe-se que esta circunstância constitui a condição menos favorável no que se refere à emissão de gases poluentes. Tecnologias recentes, como GPS e analisadores de gases portáteis, foram usados para se obterem dados fundamentais para o trabalho, como velocidade, tempo, coordenada espacial, aceleração, mensuração da emissão dos poluentes pelo escapamento do veículo e temperatura do motor. Os testes foram feitos com o motor frio e quente para que fosse possível descrever o comportamento da emissão dos gases nas duas condições. Determinou-se experimentalmente a emissão de CO e HC em diversas condições e construiu-se um banco de dados sobre como esses parâmetros interferem na geração desses gases nos percursos estabelecidos, fornecendo uma previsão mais realista. Os resultados pretendem conscientizar os administradores públicos acerca da necessidade de se mensurar a real emissão de poluentes em qualquer cidade, pois o número reduzido de automóveis não significa diretamente a inexistência de problemas com a poluição. Especialmente no caso das cidades pequenas e médias, esse resultado pode subsidiar uma política preventiva, para que não se alcancem os níveis catastróficos que hoje são encontrados nas grandes cidades. / This work studies the problem of gas emission by automotive petrol moved vehicles in short distances travelled in small and medium towns. In this situation, most distances are short. It means that vehicle circulates commonly with still cold engine, what is known to be the least favorable condition concerned to pollutant gas emission. Recent technologies like GPS and portable gas analyzers were used to obtain fundamental data, like speed, time, spacial coordinate, acceleration, pollutant emission by vehicle leakage and engine temperature. The tests were made with cold and hot engine, so that it would be possible to describe the gas emission behavior in both conditions. CO and HC emission were determined experimentally in several conditions and a data base was built after how these parameters interfere in the gas emission in the established routes, providing a more realistic view. These data can help public administrators to think about the need to measure the real pollutants emission in any town, because the reduced number of automobiles isn\'t directly related to the inexistence of pollution problems. Specially related to short and medium towns, this result may supply preventive politics, so that the catastrophic levels found in big cities nowadays won\'t be held.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:47:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 871321 bytes, checksum: e57fac8d12fe55d18c2e114bad3ef9ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-16 / The toxicity of several environmental pollutants has been investigated in humans and other species. Substances contained in agrochemicals, such as herbicides, can affect the reproductive systems of male and female animals. This study aimed to determine the LC50 and sublethal effects of Roundup Transorb® on the testicular morphology of mature male Hyphessobrycon eques. Acute toxicity of Roundup Transorb® was determined in the static system according to the Brazilian standard (NBR 15088, ABNT, 2005). Adult male Hyphessobrycon eques of approximately 30mm length were selected for the experiments, conducted after a ten day acclimation period. Seven concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, 16.0 and 32.0mg.L-1), based on glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup Transorb® were tested and the LC50 estimated using the Probit 1.5 program. The sublethal effects of Roundup Transorb® were evaluated after 96 hours of exposure at three concentrations defined as approximately 1/2, 1/4 and 1/8 of the LC50. After exposure, 10 animals from each treatment were anesthetized, euthanized, weighed, measured and their testes removed. Tissue samples were fixed, embedded in historesin, sectioned with a rotating microtome and stained with toluidine blue and hematoxylineosin. Ten fields per animal were observed to collect histological and morphometric data. The LC50 calculated at an average temperature 22.0 ± 0.71°C was 2.64 mg.L-1, with a 95% confidence interval of 2.09 to 3.33 mg.L-1. At an average temperature of 24.0 ± 0.20°C the LC50 was 2.18 mg L-1 with a 95% confidence interval of 1.75 to 2.72 mg.L-1. Morphometric and histopathological changes observed at sublethal exposure concentrations included reduced tubule diameters, reduced numbers of spermatogenic cells lines (A and B spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes), spermatocyte and spermatid cysts, increased numbers of ruptured cysts and alterations related to necrosis (cytoplasmic vacuolization and nuclear pyknosis). Indices of ruptured cysts cytoplasmic vacuolization increased with increasing exposure concentration. Roundup Transorb® was found to be moderately toxic to Hiphessobrycon eques and promoted morphological alterations harmful to spermatogenesis in this species at glyphosphate exposure concentrations reported to exist in the environment and permitted by Brazilian law. / A toxicidade de diversos poluentes ambientais tem sido investigada tanto em seres humanos como em outras espécies. Substâncias contidas em produtos agroquímicos, como herbicidas, podem afetar o sistema reprodutivo de machos e fêmeas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a CL50-96h do Roundup Transorb® e o efeito subletal na morfologia testicular de machos maduros de Hyphessobrycon eques. Os testes de toxicidade seguiram as normas técnicas de teste em sistema estático da ABNT. Foram selecionados machos adultos de H. eques com comprimento padrão aproximado de 30mm, previamente aclimatados por um período de 10 dias. O teste de determinação da CL50 foi conduzido nas temperaturas de 22 e 24ºC com diferentes concentrações do princípio ativo do Roundup Transorb® (0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0; 8,0; 16,0 e 32,0mg.L-1). O cálculo da CL50 utilizou o programa Probit 1.5. O estudo do efeito subletal do Roundup Transorb® teve duração de 96 horas, testando-se três concentrações definidas de 1/2, 1/4 e 1/8 do limite inferior do valor da CL50-96h encontrado. Ao final da exposição, 10 animais de cada tratamento foram anestesiados, eutanasiados, medidos, pesados e retirados os testículos. As amostras de tecido foram processadas rotineiramente para estudos histológicos. Foram analisados dados morfométricos e histopatológicos em 10 campos por animal. A CL50 do Roundup Transorb® a uma temperatura média de 22,0 ºC foi de 2,64mg.L-1, com o limite inferior de 2,09mg.L-1 e superior de 3,33mg.L-1. A CL50 do Roundup Transorb® a com a temperatura medida de 24,0ºC foi de 2,18mg.L-1, com o limite inferior de 1,75mg.L-1 e superior de 2,72mg.L-1. A toxicidade do Roundup Transorb® é maior cerca de quatro a 400 vezes maior que outros herbicidas de mesmo principio ativo, já testado para essa mesma espécie de peixe. Observou-se com os dados morfométricos e histopatológicos, redução dos cistos de espermátides e diâmetro tubular, redução do número de células da linhagem espermatogênica (espermatogônia A e B e espermatócito I), cisto de espermatócitos I, aumento de cistos rompidos. Foram diagnosticadas alterações ligadas ao processo de necrose como picnose nuclear e vacuolização citoplasmática. Houve aumento dos índices de cistos rompidos (ICR) e vacuolização citoplasmática (IVC) da menor para a maior concentração. O Roundup Transorb® mostrou-se moderadamente tóxico para Hyphessobrycon eques e provocou alterações morfológicas prejudiciais a espermatogênese em concentrações subletais encontradas no ambiente ou até mesmo permitidas pela legislação brasileira.