Estuda-se o problema da emissão de gases por veículos automotores movidos a gasolina em trajetos curtos ercorridos em cidades pequenas e médias. Nessa situação, o tipo de percurso que ocorre com mais frequência é curto, o que significa circulação de veículos com os motores ainda frios. Sabe-se que esta circunstância constitui a condição menos favorável no que se refere à emissão de gases poluentes. Tecnologias recentes, como GPS e analisadores de gases portáteis, foram usados para se obterem dados fundamentais para o trabalho, como velocidade, tempo, coordenada espacial, aceleração, mensuração da emissão dos poluentes pelo escapamento do veículo e temperatura do motor. Os testes foram feitos com o motor frio e quente para que fosse possível descrever o comportamento da emissão dos gases nas duas condições. Determinou-se experimentalmente a emissão de CO e HC em diversas condições e construiu-se um banco de dados sobre como esses parâmetros interferem na geração desses gases nos percursos estabelecidos, fornecendo uma previsão mais realista. Os resultados pretendem conscientizar os administradores públicos acerca da necessidade de se mensurar a real emissão de poluentes em qualquer cidade, pois o número reduzido de automóveis não significa diretamente a inexistência de problemas com a poluição. Especialmente no caso das cidades pequenas e médias, esse resultado pode subsidiar uma política preventiva, para que não se alcancem os níveis catastróficos que hoje são encontrados nas grandes cidades. / This work studies the problem of gas emission by automotive petrol moved vehicles in short distances travelled in small and medium towns. In this situation, most distances are short. It means that vehicle circulates commonly with still cold engine, what is known to be the least favorable condition concerned to pollutant gas emission. Recent technologies like GPS and portable gas analyzers were used to obtain fundamental data, like speed, time, spacial coordinate, acceleration, pollutant emission by vehicle leakage and engine temperature. The tests were made with cold and hot engine, so that it would be possible to describe the gas emission behavior in both conditions. CO and HC emission were determined experimentally in several conditions and a data base was built after how these parameters interfere in the gas emission in the established routes, providing a more realistic view. These data can help public administrators to think about the need to measure the real pollutants emission in any town, because the reduced number of automobiles isn\'t directly related to the inexistence of pollution problems. Specially related to short and medium towns, this result may supply preventive politics, so that the catastrophic levels found in big cities nowadays won\'t be held.

Estuda-se o problema da emissão de gases por veículos automotores movidos a gasolina em trajetos curtos ercorridos em cidades pequenas e médias. Nessa situação, o tipo de percurso que ocorre com mais frequência é curto, o que significa circulação de veículos com os motores ainda frios. Sabe-se que esta circunstância constitui a condição menos favorável no que se refere à emissão de gases poluentes. Tecnologias recentes, como GPS e analisadores de gases portáteis, foram usados para se obterem dados fundamentais para o trabalho, como velocidade, tempo, coordenada espacial, aceleração, mensuração da emissão dos poluentes pelo escapamento do veículo e temperatura do motor. Os testes foram feitos com o motor frio e quente para que fosse possível descrever o comportamento da emissão dos gases nas duas condições. Determinou-se experimentalmente a emissão de CO e HC em diversas condições e construiu-se um banco de dados sobre como esses parâmetros interferem na geração desses gases nos percursos estabelecidos, fornecendo uma previsão mais realista. Os resultados pretendem conscientizar os administradores públicos acerca da necessidade de se mensurar a real emissão de poluentes em qualquer cidade, pois o número reduzido de automóveis não significa diretamente a inexistência de problemas com a poluição. Especialmente no caso das cidades pequenas e médias, esse resultado pode subsidiar uma política preventiva, para que não se alcancem os níveis catastróficos que hoje são encontrados nas grandes cidades. / This work studies the problem of gas emission by automotive petrol moved vehicles in short distances travelled in small and medium towns. In this situation, most distances are short. It means that vehicle circulates commonly with still cold engine, what is known to be the least favorable condition concerned to pollutant gas emission. Recent technologies like GPS and portable gas analyzers were used to obtain fundamental data, like speed, time, spacial coordinate, acceleration, pollutant emission by vehicle leakage and engine temperature. The tests were made with cold and hot engine, so that it would be possible to describe the gas emission behavior in both conditions. CO and HC emission were determined experimentally in several conditions and a data base was built after how these parameters interfere in the gas emission in the established routes, providing a more realistic view. These data can help public administrators to think about the need to measure the real pollutants emission in any town, because the reduced number of automobiles isn\'t directly related to the inexistence of pollution problems. Specially related to short and medium towns, this result may supply preventive politics, so that the catastrophic levels found in big cities nowadays won\'t be held.

Urban Sprawl, d. h. die exzessive Ausdehnung städtischer Fläche erzeugt sowohl aus ökonomischer, ökologischer und sozialer als auch aus verkehrlicher Sicht negative Wirkungen für Mensch und Umwelt und stellt damit ein ernst zu nehmendes Problem im urbanen Kontext dar. Diese Entwicklung ist einerseits auf natürliche Ursachen wie Bevölkerungswachstum, Präferenzen der Haushalte und die fallenden Transportkosten zurückzuführen. Andererseits treiben aber auch bestehende Marktverzerrungen wie die Subventionierung suburbaner Infrastrukturen, die fehlende Einbeziehung des Nutzens von freier Fläche und im Speziellen die Nicht-Berücksichtigung der externen Kosten des Verkehrs das städtische Wachstum über das optimale Maß hinaus voran. Im Zentrum der vorliegenden Arbeit steht daher das Konzept einer Stadt der kurzen Wege, das eine Möglichkeit darstellt, diesen Problemen zu begegnen. Ziel ist es dabei, mit Hilfe von Verdichtung und Nutzungsmischung innerhalb urbaner Strukturen die Verlagerung und Vermeidung von Verkehr zu erreichen und die zurückgelegten Distanzen insgesamt zu senken. Um die Wirksamkeit dieses Konzeptes besser beurteilen zu können, untersucht die vorliegende Arbeit die folgenden Fragestellungen: • Wie kann eine Stadt der kurzen Wege definiert werden? Welche Merkmale besitzt sie, welche Wirkungen erzeugt sie und wie können diese gemessen werden? • Wie kann eine Stadt der kurzen Wege umgesetzt werden? Welche Strategie wird dazu verfolgt und welche Maßnahmen stehen zur Verfügung? • Inwieweit tragen ausgewählte Maßnahmen zur Schaffung einer Stadt der kurzen Wege bei? Wie wirken sie und welche Rolle spielt ihre Ausgestaltung?

The main goal of the project is to design a city house near the central part of Brno as an alternative for the existing monofunctional zones and finding out the most suitable functions for the area. The idea is based on a compact city block which communicates with the events on the streets and connects them together to the house via inner atrium. Within the intensive urban structure, housing was chosen for the most important component because nowadays it disappears from the city centres. As the prerequisite for the high-quality living, the residential floors were raised on a three-storey platform which integrates the culture, offices and the commercial use. The roof of the platform is also used as a green roof terrace with a lot of vegetation which protects the living against the polution and noise from the traffic. So it becomes a safe and calm place for the relaxation and children´s games in a busy part of the city. The important point of view where the emphasis was placed was connecting all the functions together not only within the house itself, but also within the range of the whole city. The house functions and the street area are mutually connected via inner public atrium which becomes the important people meeting site. The residential floors are connected to the rest of the house through the large roof skylight which allows the sun rays to reach the lower floors. So the city house doesn´t hide its purpose on its own, but rather "lives together with the city".

Urban Sprawl, d. h. die exzessive Ausdehnung städtischer Fläche erzeugt sowohl aus ökonomischer, ökologischer und sozialer als auch aus verkehrlicher Sicht negative Wirkungen für Mensch und Umwelt und stellt damit ein ernst zu nehmendes Problem im urbanen Kontext dar. Diese Entwicklung ist einerseits auf natürliche Ursachen wie Bevölkerungswachstum, Präferenzen der Haushalte und die fallenden Transportkosten zurückzuführen. Andererseits treiben aber auch bestehende Marktverzerrungen wie die Subventionierung suburbaner Infrastrukturen, die fehlende Einbeziehung des Nutzens von freier Fläche und im Speziellen die Nicht-Berücksichtigung der externen Kosten des Verkehrs das städtische Wachstum über das optimale Maß hinaus voran. Im Zentrum der vorliegenden Arbeit steht daher das Konzept einer Stadt der kurzen Wege, das eine Möglichkeit darstellt, diesen Problemen zu begegnen. Ziel ist es dabei, mit Hilfe von Verdichtung und Nutzungsmischung innerhalb urbaner Strukturen die Verlagerung und Vermeidung von Verkehr zu erreichen und die zurückgelegten Distanzen insgesamt zu senken. Um die Wirksamkeit dieses Konzeptes besser beurteilen zu können, untersucht die vorliegende Arbeit die folgenden Fragestellungen: • Wie kann eine Stadt der kurzen Wege definiert werden? Welche Merkmale besitzt sie, welche Wirkungen erzeugt sie und wie können diese gemessen werden? • Wie kann eine Stadt der kurzen Wege umgesetzt werden? Welche Strategie wird dazu verfolgt und welche Maßnahmen stehen zur Verfügung? • Inwieweit tragen ausgewählte Maßnahmen zur Schaffung einer Stadt der kurzen Wege bei? Wie wirken sie und welche Rolle spielt ihre Ausgestaltung?

As a result of changes in the society, such as the increasing mobility, increasing spatial demandindgness of inhabitants and the onset of digital technologies, the architects and urbanists have been searching for new ways of urban housing developments. One of these ways is densification, i.e. an intensive use of the urban space. An intensive urban structure uses up the potential of a place to its maximum, solves several issues simultaneously and is a functional hybrid, the home of potential suburbanizers and a place of social contacts. It comes from the efforts to solve the particular issue of an over-populated, collapsing city. The aim of the thesis is to show contemporary approaches to the issue of intensive urban structures and to map out both the built and unbuilt projects. The thesis creates a system of their categorization and taxonomy. There is always a mixture of functions in play from the functional perspective. One can distinguish five categories according to the spacial conception. These categories are as follows: multiplicity, porousness, hybridity, connectivity and verticality. The public and semi-public spaces thus move to the higher levels of the city, into the city level, urban balcony or the hybrid landscape. The built projects usually tend to be impulses, in relation to the original city, to develop and revitalize the devastated city areas, brownfields, even urban sprawls. Based on the findings of this thesis, diploma and pre-diploma project assignments have been created at the architecture department at FAST VUT in Brno and the approaches to the issue have been tested in the pedagogical process. The survey in the second part of the thesis looks for the answer to the question of whether the potential inhabitants of an intensive urban structure exist, and who these people might be.