Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1947. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliography.

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A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Child Health-Neurodevelopment. January 2017 / Aim and objectives: The aim of this study was to describe the hearing screening profile of children between 0-6 years living with HIV/AIDS currently on HAART at a virology clinic within a tertiary hospital in Gauteng using an audiological screening protocol. The objectives were to describe the demographic profile of children on HAART undergoing hearing screening, to determine the relationship between CD4 percent and the duration on HAART, to document and describe the occurrence of possible outer ear abnormalities, to document and describe the occurrence of possible middle ear pathologies and to document and describe the occurrence of possible inner ear pathologies. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional, prospective descriptive study; using purposive criterion sampling. It was conducted at a tertiary provincial hospital in Gauteng. A questionnaire and a hearing screening protocol was used to obtain data. Consent was obtained from the parent/caregiver of all participants. Ethical approval was obtained from the hospital and the University of Witwatersrand Medical Ethical Committee prior to the study. Results: There was the presence of possible ear pathologies detected by the hearing screening. The possible outer ear abnormalities existed in 26% of ears, possible middle ear pathologies existed in 29% of ears and possible inner ear pathologies existed in 1% of ears. However as the frequency increased the number of refers obtained in DPOAE screening also increased, which could be indicative of early cochlear pathology (inner ear pathology) in the high frequencies. Conclusions: Audiological screening in infants and children living with HIV/AIDS may be essential, as there may be a wide range of possible hearing deficits. If undiagnosed or not identified and managed early these deficits may result in language and cognitive delays. / MT2017

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / Normal hearing is typically defined by threshold audibility, or the loudness of sounds that an individual is able to hear. This convention exists despite the fact that everyday communication relies on extracting and interpreting features of supra-threshold sound. Many normal-hearing listeners struggle to perform certain supra-threshold auditory tasks, and debate persists as to whether such difficulties originate from deficits in cognitive processing or in peripheral, sensory encoding. In this work, we show that there are large individual differences among normal-hearing adults (18 to 55 years), who were asked to report a stream of digits located directly ahead in a simulated rectangular room. Simultaneous, competing masker digit streams were simulated at locations 15° left and right of center, and the level of reverberation was adjusted to vary task difficulty. Performance was best in the anechoic condition and worst in the high-reverberation condition, but listeners nearly always reported a digit from one of the three competing streams, showing that reverberation did not render the digits unintelligible. Most importantly, inter-subject differences were extremely large. These differences were not significantly correlated with age, memory span, or hearing status. They were, however, correlated with behavioral differences in the ability to detect small frequency modulations in pure tones and with the strength of the frequency following response (FFR), a physiological measure of spectro-temporal detail encoding in supra-threshold sounds early in the auditory pathway. The decomposition of the FFR into envelope and carrier components shows that envelope frequency following is the preferred cue for completing the spatial attention task, but it degrades with early aging. As a result, older listeners depend more on carrier phase locking cues than younger people. These results suggest that differences in peripheral encoding help explain individual differences in the ability to communicate in challenging settings, but that aging also has a separate, dissociable effect on early encoding in the auditory system. Tests like these may help tease apart contributions of peripheral and central deficits to communication impairments, ultimately leading to new approaches for helping listeners cope with complex listening environments. / 2031-01-02

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1945. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Bibliography: leaves 211-220.

INTRODUÇÃO: atualmente, inúmeras pesquisas tentam explicar quais são as causas dos transtornos de leitura. Pesquisas já mostraram que habilidades fonológicas estão estritamente relacionadas ao bom desempenho das crianças durante a fase de alfabetização. Mas a grande pergunta, ainda existente, é o que há por trás das dificuldades envolvendo esta habilidade. Uma das hipóteses seria um déficit envolvendo o processamento temporal auditivo. OBJETIVOS: caracterizar o desempenho de crianças com transtornos de leitura, em testes envolvendo processamento temporal auditivo, e a consciência fonológica, através da comparação com o grupo controle. MÉTODO: foram avaliadas 60 crianças de 9 a 12 anos, sendo 27 pertencentes ao grupo controle e 33 ao grupo estudo. Foi desenvolvida e aplicada uma adaptação do teste americano “Repetition Test", contendo quatro testes de discriminação e de ordenação de frequência, e quatro testes de discriminação e de ordenação de duração. RESULTADOS: crianças com transtornos de leitura apresentaram diferenças significantes, quando comparados ao grupo controle, em testes relacionados à leitura, consciência fonológica e processamento temporal auditivo. Além disso, nos testes envolvendo frequência, as variáveis duração do estímulo e tipo de tarefa, mostraram-se mais sensíveis ao grupo estudo. Foi encontrada correlação apenas para os desempenhos nos testes de leitura e consciência fonológica, para ambos os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: As crianças com transtornos de leitura apresentaram pior desempenho, se comparadas ao grupo controle, para todos os testes apresentados. Não se pode afirmar que exista relação direta entre o pobre desempenho nos testes de processamento temporal auditivo e nas habilidades de consciência fonológica, ou mesmo, na leitura. / INTRODUCTION: nowadays, several researches strive to explain which are the causes of reading disorders. Some of them already show that phonological abilities are strictly related to the children’s good performance during the alphabetisation phase. However, the great existing question is what is behind the difficulties involving this ability. One of the hypothesis would be a deficit involving the auditory temporal processing. AIM: to characterise the performance of children with reading disorders in auditory temporal processing and in phonological awareness tests, comparing to a control group. METHOD: 60 children from 9 to 12 years of age were evaluated; 27 belonged to the control group and 33, to the study group. An adaptation of the American test “Repetition Test" was developed, comprising four tests of frequency discrimination and ordering and four tests of duration discrimination and ordering. RESULTS: children with reading disorders presented significant differences when compared to the control group regarding the phonological awareness and the auditory temporal processing tests. Furthermore, the variables stimuli duration and type of task were more sensitive in the study group, for tests involving frequency. A correlation was found only between the performances in the reading and the phonological awareness tests for both groups. CONCLUSION: Children with reading disorders present worse performance when compared to the control group for all tests. It can not be affirmed that there is a direct relation between the poor performance in the auditory temporal processing tests and the phonological awareness abilities, or even reading.

A triagem auditiva neonatal universal - TANU - tem sido recomendada no Brasil e no exterior como o principal instrumento para assegurar, nos primeiros anos de vida, o diagnóstico da deficiência auditiva. Nessa medida, o objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar o grau de preocupação e conhecimento a respeito desse procedimento por parte dos familiares, visando contribuir para o planejamento de ações que viabilizem estratégias ainda mais eficazes de orientações fonoaudiológicas. Também foi possível observar o quanto os pais sabem a respeito da audição do bebê, o que pode levar à criação de maneiras mais acolhedoras de acompanhamento e atenção às necessidades reais da família durante o diagnóstico audiológico. Para a pesquisa, foram então selecionadas, inicialmente, 42 famílias, das quais restaram trinta e oito cujos bebês não haviam passado no teste e reteste da TANU, realizados na maternidade Santa Isabel - Bauru/SP, pelo projeto \"Modelo de Saúde Auditiva no Recém-nascido\". A coleta de dados e o registro foram realizados na Clínica de Audiologia Infantil do Departamento de Fonoaudiologia da FOB-USP, Bauru/SP, por meio da aplicação de um instrumento integralmente adaptado, tomando por base dois questionários: o Rhode Island Hearing Screen Program Questionnarie, aplicado em Rhode Island Hearing Assesment Program; e o questionário aplicado por HERGILS; HERGILS17, 2000 na University Hospital, Linköping-Suécia. Foram incluídas, ainda, seis questões pelos juízes que validaram o instrumento. Os resultados foram: houve um aumento significativo do grau de preocupação materna entre o teste e reteste da TANU (p = 0.002); a maior parte das participantes (50%) soube da TANU após a alta hospitalar, 34% durante a internação e 16% antes da internação hospitalar; 55% informaram que não sabiam qual profissional havia realizado a TANU; 100% declararam ser favoráveis ao programa de TANU, sendo que, destas, 53% mostraram-se insatisfeitas com as informações recebidas, tanto sobre os objetivos como sobre as conseqüências da avaliação. O presente estudo confirmou os resultados de outras pesquisas que ressaltam a importância dos programas de Saúde Auditiva no sentido de assegurar que as famílias compreendam a necessidade da TANU, bem como a continuação do diagnóstico audiológico e intervenção precoce, quando necessários. / The universal newborn hearing screening - UNHS - has been recommended in Brazil and other foreign countries as the main instrument to assure, in the first years of life, the diagnosis of the auditory deficiency. In this measure, the goal of the current study was to identify the worry and knowledge degrees concerning to this procedure regarding the familiar people, aiming to contribute for the planning of actions that make possible audiologist guidance strategies even more efficient. It was also possible to observe how much the parents know about the baby hearing, and what can be taken to create more welcoming ways of attendance and attention to the real necessities of the family during the audiologist diagnosis. For the research, 42 families were initially selected, for those 38 remained, whose babies did not pass in the UNHS test and retest, which were held at the Maternity Saint Isabel - Bauru/SP, for the project \"Auditory Health Model in the Newborn\". Data and registers collecting were carried through the Audiologist Infantile Clinic of the Therapy Speech-Audiologist Department at FOBUSP, Bauru/SP, over the application of an integrally adapted instrument, based on two questionnaires: the Rhode Island Hearing Screen Program Questionnaire, applied in Rhode Island Hearing Assessment Program; and the questionnaire applied for HERGILS; HERGILS17, 2000 in the University Hospital, Linköping-Sweden. Six questions were included by the judges that validated the instrument. The results showed a significant increase of the maternal concern degree between the UNHS test and retest (p = 0,002); most of the participants (50%) was informed about UNHS procedures after the hospital discharge, 34% during hospital admission and 16% before the hospital admission; 55% informed that they did not know the professional name that performed the UNHS procedures; 100% declared to be for to the UNHS program. From all participants, 53% confirmed unsatisfied with the received information, not only on the objectives but also on the consequences of the evaluation. The recent study confirmed the results of other researches that point out the importance of the Auditory Health programs in order to assure that the families understand the necessity of the UNHS procedures, as well as the continuation of the audiologist diagnosis and previous intervention, when necessary.

A triagem auditiva neonatal universal - TANU - tem sido recomendada no Brasil e no exterior como o principal instrumento para assegurar, nos primeiros anos de vida, o diagnóstico da deficiência auditiva. Nessa medida, o objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar o grau de preocupação e conhecimento a respeito desse procedimento por parte dos familiares, visando contribuir para o planejamento de ações que viabilizem estratégias ainda mais eficazes de orientações fonoaudiológicas. Também foi possível observar o quanto os pais sabem a respeito da audição do bebê, o que pode levar à criação de maneiras mais acolhedoras de acompanhamento e atenção às necessidades reais da família durante o diagnóstico audiológico. Para a pesquisa, foram então selecionadas, inicialmente, 42 famílias, das quais restaram trinta e oito cujos bebês não haviam passado no teste e reteste da TANU, realizados na maternidade Santa Isabel - Bauru/SP, pelo projeto \"Modelo de Saúde Auditiva no Recém-nascido\". A coleta de dados e o registro foram realizados na Clínica de Audiologia Infantil do Departamento de Fonoaudiologia da FOB-USP, Bauru/SP, por meio da aplicação de um instrumento integralmente adaptado, tomando por base dois questionários: o Rhode Island Hearing Screen Program Questionnarie, aplicado em Rhode Island Hearing Assesment Program; e o questionário aplicado por HERGILS; HERGILS17, 2000 na University Hospital, Linköping-Suécia. Foram incluídas, ainda, seis questões pelos juízes que validaram o instrumento. Os resultados foram: houve um aumento significativo do grau de preocupação materna entre o teste e reteste da TANU (p = 0.002); a maior parte das participantes (50%) soube da TANU após a alta hospitalar, 34% durante a internação e 16% antes da internação hospitalar; 55% informaram que não sabiam qual profissional havia realizado a TANU; 100% declararam ser favoráveis ao programa de TANU, sendo que, destas, 53% mostraram-se insatisfeitas com as informações recebidas, tanto sobre os objetivos como sobre as conseqüências da avaliação. O presente estudo confirmou os resultados de outras pesquisas que ressaltam a importância dos programas de Saúde Auditiva no sentido de assegurar que as famílias compreendam a necessidade da TANU, bem como a continuação do diagnóstico audiológico e intervenção precoce, quando necessários. / The universal newborn hearing screening - UNHS - has been recommended in Brazil and other foreign countries as the main instrument to assure, in the first years of life, the diagnosis of the auditory deficiency. In this measure, the goal of the current study was to identify the worry and knowledge degrees concerning to this procedure regarding the familiar people, aiming to contribute for the planning of actions that make possible audiologist guidance strategies even more efficient. It was also possible to observe how much the parents know about the baby hearing, and what can be taken to create more welcoming ways of attendance and attention to the real necessities of the family during the audiologist diagnosis. For the research, 42 families were initially selected, for those 38 remained, whose babies did not pass in the UNHS test and retest, which were held at the Maternity Saint Isabel - Bauru/SP, for the project \"Auditory Health Model in the Newborn\". Data and registers collecting were carried through the Audiologist Infantile Clinic of the Therapy Speech-Audiologist Department at FOBUSP, Bauru/SP, over the application of an integrally adapted instrument, based on two questionnaires: the Rhode Island Hearing Screen Program Questionnaire, applied in Rhode Island Hearing Assessment Program; and the questionnaire applied for HERGILS; HERGILS17, 2000 in the University Hospital, Linköping-Sweden. Six questions were included by the judges that validated the instrument. The results showed a significant increase of the maternal concern degree between the UNHS test and retest (p = 0,002); most of the participants (50%) was informed about UNHS procedures after the hospital discharge, 34% during hospital admission and 16% before the hospital admission; 55% informed that they did not know the professional name that performed the UNHS procedures; 100% declared to be for to the UNHS program. From all participants, 53% confirmed unsatisfied with the received information, not only on the objectives but also on the consequences of the evaluation. The recent study confirmed the results of other researches that point out the importance of the Auditory Health programs in order to assure that the families understand the necessity of the UNHS procedures, as well as the continuation of the audiologist diagnosis and previous intervention, when necessary.

INTRODUÇÃO: atualmente, inúmeras pesquisas tentam explicar quais são as causas dos transtornos de leitura. Pesquisas já mostraram que habilidades fonológicas estão estritamente relacionadas ao bom desempenho das crianças durante a fase de alfabetização. Mas a grande pergunta, ainda existente, é o que há por trás das dificuldades envolvendo esta habilidade. Uma das hipóteses seria um déficit envolvendo o processamento temporal auditivo. OBJETIVOS: caracterizar o desempenho de crianças com transtornos de leitura, em testes envolvendo processamento temporal auditivo, e a consciência fonológica, através da comparação com o grupo controle. MÉTODO: foram avaliadas 60 crianças de 9 a 12 anos, sendo 27 pertencentes ao grupo controle e 33 ao grupo estudo. Foi desenvolvida e aplicada uma adaptação do teste americano “Repetition Test”, contendo quatro testes de discriminação e de ordenação de frequência, e quatro testes de discriminação e de ordenação de duração. RESULTADOS: crianças com transtornos de leitura apresentaram diferenças significantes, quando comparados ao grupo controle, em testes relacionados à leitura, consciência fonológica e processamento temporal auditivo. Além disso, nos testes envolvendo frequência, as variáveis duração do estímulo e tipo de tarefa, mostraram-se mais sensíveis ao grupo estudo. Foi encontrada correlação apenas para os desempenhos nos testes de leitura e consciência fonológica, para ambos os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: As crianças com transtornos de leitura apresentaram pior desempenho, se comparadas ao grupo controle, para todos os testes apresentados. Não se pode afirmar que exista relação direta entre o pobre desempenho nos testes de processamento temporal auditivo e nas habilidades de consciência fonológica, ou mesmo, na leitura. / INTRODUCTION: nowadays, several researches strive to explain which are the causes of reading disorders. Some of them already show that phonological abilities are strictly related to the children’s good performance during the alphabetisation phase. However, the great existing question is what is behind the difficulties involving this ability. One of the hypothesis would be a deficit involving the auditory temporal processing. AIM: to characterise the performance of children with reading disorders in auditory temporal processing and in phonological awareness tests, comparing to a control group. METHOD: 60 children from 9 to 12 years of age were evaluated; 27 belonged to the control group and 33, to the study group. An adaptation of the American test “Repetition Test” was developed, comprising four tests of frequency discrimination and ordering and four tests of duration discrimination and ordering. RESULTS: children with reading disorders presented significant differences when compared to the control group regarding the phonological awareness and the auditory temporal processing tests. Furthermore, the variables stimuli duration and type of task were more sensitive in the study group, for tests involving frequency. A correlation was found only between the performances in the reading and the phonological awareness tests for both groups. CONCLUSION: Children with reading disorders present worse performance when compared to the control group for all tests. It can not be affirmed that there is a direct relation between the poor performance in the auditory temporal processing tests and the phonological awareness abilities, or even reading.

Orientador: Marilisa Mantovani Guerreiro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T18:43:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sauer_LucianedeOliveira_M.pdf: 10101355 bytes, checksum: f0df988ce51d0acaf29f1bfa4e06a438 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Neste trabalho aplicamos em um grupo de 36 crianças os testes dicótico de dígitos, dicótico de dissílabos alternados (SSW) e dicótico não-verbal, os quais fazem parte do conjunto de avaliação do processamento auditivo (PA). As crianças foram divididas em dois grupos que foram correlacionados, sendo o grupo experimental (GE) formado por 18 crianças com diagnóstico de dislexia e 18 crianças normais compondo o grupo comparação (GC), sem queixa de aprendizagem e pareadas em relação a sexo, lateralidade e nível sócio-econômico ao GE. Realizamos o exame de tomografia por emissão de fóton único (single photon emission computed tomography - SPECT) no GE e relacionamos os seus resultados com os testes especiais do PA. Encontramos em nosso estudo diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos (GE e GC) na correlação dos testes do PA. Sendo que, na correlação do número de acertos em cada orelha entre os grupos (GC e GE) não foi observada diferença estatisticamente semelhante, apesar do GC apresentar índices de respostas superiores à orelha direita em relação ao GE. No teste dicótico não-verbal, observamos diferenças no padrão de respostas dos dois grupos na etapa de atenção livre. Na etapa de atenção direita observamos que o GE apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante em relação ao GC, sendo que o GE apresentou dificuldade em realizar a assimetria perceptual à orelha direita e na etapa de atenção esquerda não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos. Em relação ao SPECT e a avaliação do PA, apesar de não encontrarmos diferença estatisticamente significante entre os resultados, pudemos observar que 50% dos sujeitos avaliados apresentaram alteração no exame de neuroimagem, sendo a maior parte em áreas do lobo temporal esquerdo. Concluímos que crianças com dislexia apresentam alterações do processamento neurológico central que podem ser detectadas tanto em testes do processamento auditivo, quanto em exames funcionais de neuroimagem como SPECT / Abstract: Central auditory processing activity (PA) was evaluated in 36 children with: verbal dichotic listening test, alternating dissilable dichotic test (SSW) and non-verbal dichotic listening test. Children were separated into two groups: experimental group (EG) with 18 dyslexic children and control group (CG) with 18 normal children. Both groups were comparable in gender, laterality and social-economic level. All dyslexic children underwent neuroimaging exam (SPECT). Our data showed that there was a statistical difference between both groups in all tests of PA. Non-verbal dichotic listening test showed difference between both groups when free attention was assessed. On right attention, EG had worse performance on right ear than left ear and this was statistically different. The correlation between PA and SPECT showed no statistical difference. Nevertheless, abnormal SPECT findings were seen in 50% of the dyslexic children, hypoperfusion of the left temporal lobe being the most frequent abnormality. We conclude that dyslexic children present an impairment of central neurologic processing that may be detected by tests of PA, and by functional neuroimaging exam, such as SPECT, as well / Mestrado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Mestre em Ciências Médicas