No description available.

Halo nuclei are formed when the last protons or neutrons are weakly bound to a tightly bound core. This allows the halo nucleons to tunnel far away from the core, resulting in a large r.m.s radius and therefore a large reaction cross section. Usually, halo nuclei possess only one bound state, the ground state, with all excited states being more or less unbound. When a nuclear potential is too weak to form a bound ground or excited state, the state can nevertheless be manifest physically as a positive energy resonance. Experimentally, low energy resonance like structures have been observed in the three-body continuum of certain halo nuclei eg. 6He → alpha + n + n. However, from a strict theoretical point of view, a resonance corresponds to a pole in the scattering amplitude at a complex energy. Halo nuclei have been successfully modelled as three-body systems in the hyper-spherical harmonic calculation scheme. Here the R-matrix method is used in solving the coupled hyperradial equations. It is critical that the long-range nature of the couplings in this system are incorporated correctly when evaluating the S-matrix. This is achieved through the use of coupled asymptotic solutions to the radial equation. These procedures have enabled a number of resonance-like S-matrix poles to be located for the 2+, 0+ and 1- spin-parity states in the low energy continuum of 6He.

DANTAS, Davi Soares. Estruturas de confinamento de baixa dimensionalidade em superfícies de hélio líquido suspensas. 2012. 73 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2012. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-10-21T21:20:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_dsdantas.pdf: 7266499 bytes, checksum: 9ac270f80eddaf4378a655a66bd0d2e6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-10-22T21:33:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_dsdantas.pdf: 7266499 bytes, checksum: 9ac270f80eddaf4378a655a66bd0d2e6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-22T21:33:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_dsdantas.pdf: 7266499 bytes, checksum: 9ac270f80eddaf4378a655a66bd0d2e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / The system of electrons on liquid helium (EoH) is one of the most ideal objects for investigating the fundamental principles of the physics of low dimensionality, since they do not have the inhomogeneities and impurities generally found on semiconductors. Besisdes, these systems are expected to have future technological applications as quantum bits, which are of fundamental importance as building blocks of future quantum computers. Usually, the low-dimensional confinements structures for EoH suggested in the literature are based on a planar surface, where the lateral confinement is induced by an external potential controlled by electrodes. In this work, we suggest an alternative way to produce lateral confinement in liquid helium surfaces, namely, we demonstrate that the shape of the surface can be designed to produce single and double quantum dots by adjusting the shape of a cavity in the substrate. The surface was calculated for four different shapes of substrate cavity: i) a cilyndrical cavity, generating a single quantum dot; ii) a ring-shaped cavity, generating a quantum ring; iii) two cubic cavities connected by a channel, creating a coupled double-dot structure; and iv) two channel-shaped cavities that intersect perpendicularly to each other, where a single dot is formed in the intersection point. The electron is then deposited and confined to move on each surface by an external electric field. Our results show that the electron energy levels in these systems can be tuned by varying the electric field and the bulk level, which are easily adjustably. The effect of an external magnetic field on the energy spectrum in one of these systems is also investigated. / O sistema de elétrons na superfície de hélio líquido é considerado um dos melhores objetos na investigação de príncipios fundamentais da Física de baixa dimensionalidade, uma vez que estes não apresentam heterogeneidades e impurezas geralmente encontradas em heteroestruturas semicondutoras. Além disso, espera-se que estes sistemas tenham uma aplicação tecnológica futura como extit{bits} quânticos, que são fundamentais na construção de blocos dos futuros computadores quânticos. Geralmente, as estruturas de confinamento de baixa dimensionalidade sugeridas para elétrons na superfície de hélio líquido na literatura são baseadas em superfícies planas, onde o confinamento lateral é induzido por um potencial externo controlado por eletrodos. No presente trabalho, é sugerida uma forma alternativa de produzir o confinamento lateral em superfícies de hélio líquido, isto é, é demonstrado que a forma da superfície pode ser projetada para produzir anéis, fios e pontos quânticos apenas variando a forma da cavidade do substrato no qual o hélio líquido se encontra suspenso. A superfície foi calculada para quatro formas diferentes de cavidade: i) uma cavidade cilíndrica, gerando um ponto quântico simples; ii) uma cavidade em forma de anel circular, gerando um anel quântico; iii) duas cavidades em forma de canais que se interceptam perpendicularmente, formando um ponto quântico simples no ponto de interceptação; e iv) duas cavidades retangulares conectadas por um canal estreito, gerando um ponto duplo. O elétron é então depositado sobre a superfície e confinado a se mover em cada superfície devido à ação de um campo elétrico externo. Os resultados apresentados aqui mostram que os níveis de energia para estes sistemas podem ser alterados através da variação do campo elétrico e do banho de hélio, que são facilmente ajustáveis. O efeito de um campo magnético externo é também investigado em um destes sistemas.

Les gaz rares sont d’excellents traceurs des hétérogénéités géochimiques et isotopiques présentes dans le manteau terrestre. Cependant, le stockage et le transport de ces éléments dans les minéraux mantelliques restent mal compris. Cette thèse est centrée sur les sites de stockage de l’hélium et l’argon, et leurs mécanismes de diffusion dans les roches mantelliques. Des échantillons d’olivine polycristalline ont été dopés en hélium et argon à haute température (1150 ± 25 and 1050 ± 25 °C) et haute pression (0.30 ± 0.01 GPa), et analysés par chauffage par paliers de température avec un spectromètre de masse. L’influence d’une concentration initiale hétérogène dans l’échantillon sur les diffusivités calculées a également été testée, démontrant la robustesse des paramètres de diffusion obtenus dans cette étude. Les résultats montrent que deux domaines de diffusion sont présents dans l’olivine polycristalline : (i) un domaine à haute température avec une énergie d’activation (Ea) élevée où la diffusion est contrôlée par la diffusion dans la maille cristalline, et (ii) un domaine à plus basse température avec une Ea plus faible où la diffusion est contrôlée par à la fois la diffusion dans la maille cristalline et celle dans les joints de grains. Ces deux domaines sont séparés par une température de transition qui a lieu au moment où les joints de grains ont été vidés. Mes résultats confirment que les joints de grains peuvent représenter un site de stockage significatif pour l’hélium et l’argon. Pour l’hélium, deux populations d’Ea ont été observées dans le domaine de la maille cristalline de l’olivine, interprétées comme correspondant à la diffusion de l’hélium dans les sites interstitiels (Ea = 95 ± 15 kJ.mol-1) et dans les sites vacants du Mg (Ea = 168 ± 19 kJ.mol-1). Pour l’argon, une valeur moyenne des paramètre de diffusion dans la maille cristalline (Ea = 166 ± 44 kJ.mol-1 et logD0 = −7.04 ± 1.13 avec D0 en m2.s-1) a été obtenue à partir des données de la littérature et de notre étude. De plus, les paramètres de diffusion dans les joints de grains ont été déterminés : Ea = 45 ± 12 kJ.mol-1 et D0 = 5.30 ± 1.53 * 10-13 m2.s-1 pour l’hélium, et Ea = 22 ± 5 kJ.mol-1 et log(D0) = -12.33 ± 0.3 pour l’argon avec D0 en m2.s-1. En appliquant ces résultats au manteau supérieur, il s’avère qu’une quantité conséquente d’hélium et d’argon peut être stockée aux joints de grains (~ 22% pour une taille de grain de 1 mm). En conséquence, les diffusivités globales peuvent être significativement plus élevées que celles de la maille cristalline, induisant des implications importantes pour la géochimie et la géodynamique du manteau terrestre / Noble gases are key tracers of mantle geochemical and isotopic heterogeneities and can constrain our understanding of mantle geodynamics. Nevertheless, the basic mechanisms of noble gas storage and transport in mantle minerals remain poorly understood. In this PhD thesis, I focused on helium and argon to constrain their storage sites and the diffusive mechanisms, which occur in mantle rocks. Polycrystalline olivine was doped with helium and argon at high temperature (1150 ± 25 and 1050 ± 25 °C) and high pressure (0.30 ± 0.01 GPa), followed by step heating extraction experiments. I also tested the effect of heterogeneous initial concentrations on the extracted diffusivities, and demonstrate the robustness of diffusion parameters obtained in this study. My results show that two diffusion domains are present in polycrystalline olivine: (i) a high temperature domain with high activation energy (Ea) where diffusion is only controlled by lattice diffusion, and (ii) a lower temperature domain with lower Ea where diffusion is controlled by both grain boundary and lattice diffusion. These two domains are separated by a transition temperature that depends on the depletion of helium or argon hosted in grain boundaries, i.e., the amount of helium or argon stored at grain boundaries and the temperature and duration of the step heating sequence. The results confirm that grain boundaries can represent a significant storage site for helium and argon. Moreover, I constrained argon and helium diffusion in olivine lattice. For helium, I report two different populations of Ea in the lattice diffusion domain, which are interpreted as diffusion in interstitials (Ea = 95 ± 15 kJ.mol-1) and Mg vacancies (Ea = 168 ± 19 kJ.mol-1). For argon, a mean value of diffusion parameters in olivine lattice (Ea = 166 ± 44 kJ.mol-1 and logD0 = −7.04 ± 1.13 with D0 in m2.s-1) is obtained for data from literature and this study. Furthermore, I determine grain boundary diffusion parameters: Ea = 45 ± 12 kJ.mol-1 and D0 = 5.30 ± 1.53 * 10-13 m2.s-1 for helium, and Ea = 22 ± 5 kJ.mol-1 and log(D0) = -12.33 ± 0.3 for argon with D0 in m2.s-1. Applying these results to the upper mantle reveals that high content of helium and argon can be stored at grain boundaries. As a consequence, bulk diffusivities can be significantly higher than lattice diffusivities, inducing important implications for mantle geochemistry and geodynamics

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:47:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:10:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 08989.pdf: 4487879 bytes, checksum: e80261387f79b3fc70c007567515777d (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo

abstract: The origin of the solar system and formation of planets such as Earth are among the most fascinating, outstanding scientific problems. From theoretical models to natural observations, it is possible to infer a general way of how the solar system evolved from the gravitational collapse of the molecular cloud to accretion and differentiation of planetary-sized bodies. This dissertation attempts to place additional constraints on the source, distribution, and evolution of chemical variability in the early solar system, Mars, and Earth. A new method was developed for the measurement of titanium isotopes in calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) by laser ablation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The isotopic compositions of 17 Allende CAIs define a narrow range with clearly resolved excesses in 46Ti and 50Ti and suggests that "normal" CAIs formed from a relatively uniform reservoir. Petrologic and isotopic analysis of a new FUN (Fractionated and Unknown Nuclear effects) CAI suggests that normal and FUN CAIs condensed in similar environments, but subsequently evolved under vastly different conditions. Volatiles may have influenced the formation and evolution of basaltic magmas on Mars. Light lithophile element (LLE) and fluorine (F) concentrations and isotopic compositions of pyroxene determined in situ in several Martian meteorites suggests that the primary magmatic signature of LLE and F zonation in Shergottite pyroxene has been disturbed by post-crystallization diffusive equilibration. Using relevant crystal-melt partition coefficients the F contents for Martian meteorite parental melts are ~910 and ~220 ppm. Estimates of the F content in the Shergottite and Nakhlite source regions are similar to that of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) and ocean island basalts (OIB), respectively, here on Earth. Noble gas systematics of OIBs relative to MORBs, suggests OIBs preferentially sample a primordial reservoir located within Earth's mantle. Geodynamic calculations were performed to investigate the time-dependent rate of material entrained into plumes from these primordial reservoirs. These models predict melts rising to the surface will contain variable proportions of primordial material. The results demonstrate that although high 3He/4He ratios may mandate a mantle plume that samples a primordial reservoir, more MORB-like 3He/4He ratios in OIBs do not preclude a deep plume source. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Geological Sciences 2014

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O sistema de elÃtrons na superfÃcie de hÃlio lÃquido à considerado um dos melhores objetos na investigaÃÃo de prÃncipios fundamentais da FÃsica de baixa dimensionalidade, uma vez que estes nÃo apresentam heterogeneidades e impurezas geralmente encontradas em heteroestruturas semicondutoras. AlÃm disso, espera-se que estes sistemas tenham uma aplicaÃÃo tecnolÃgica futura como extit{bits} quÃnticos, que sÃo fundamentais na construÃÃo de blocos dos futuros computadores quÃnticos. Geralmente, as estruturas de confinamento de baixa dimensionalidade sugeridas para elÃtrons na superfÃcie de hÃlio lÃquido na literatura sÃo baseadas em superfÃcies planas, onde o confinamento lateral à induzido por um potencial externo controlado por eletrodos. No presente trabalho, à sugerida uma forma alternativa de produzir o confinamento lateral em superfÃcies de hÃlio lÃquido, isto Ã, à demonstrado que a forma da superfÃcie pode ser projetada para produzir anÃis, fios e pontos quÃnticos apenas variando a forma da cavidade do substrato no qual o hÃlio lÃquido se encontra suspenso. A superfÃcie foi calculada para quatro formas diferentes de cavidade: i) uma cavidade cilÃndrica, gerando um ponto quÃntico simples; ii) uma cavidade em forma de anel circular, gerando um anel quÃntico; iii) duas cavidades em forma de canais que se interceptam perpendicularmente, formando um ponto quÃntico simples no ponto de interceptaÃÃo; e iv) duas cavidades retangulares conectadas por um canal estreito, gerando um ponto duplo. O elÃtron à entÃo depositado sobre a superfÃcie e confinado a se mover em cada superfÃcie devido à aÃÃo de um campo elÃtrico externo. Os resultados apresentados aqui mostram que os nÃveis de energia para estes sistemas podem ser alterados atravÃs da variaÃÃo do campo elÃtrico e do banho de hÃlio, que sÃo facilmente ajustÃveis. O efeito de um campo magnÃtico externo à tambÃm investigado em um destes sistemas. / The system of electrons on liquid helium (EoH) is one of the most ideal objects for investigating the fundamental principles of the physics of low dimensionality, since they do not have the inhomogeneities and impurities generally found on semiconductors. Besisdes, these systems are expected to have future technological applications as quantum bits, which are of fundamental importance as building blocks of future quantum computers. Usually, the low-dimensional confinements structures for EoH suggested in the literature are based on a planar surface, where the lateral confinement is induced by an external potential controlled by electrodes. In this work, we suggest an alternative way to produce lateral confinement in liquid helium surfaces, namely, we demonstrate that the shape of the surface can be designed to produce single and double quantum dots by adjusting the shape of a cavity in the substrate. The surface was calculated for four different shapes of substrate cavity: i) a cilyndrical cavity, generating a single quantum dot; ii) a ring-shaped cavity, generating a quantum ring; iii) two cubic cavities connected by a channel, creating a coupled double-dot structure; and iv) two channel-shaped cavities that intersect perpendicularly to each other, where a single dot is formed in the intersection point. The electron is then deposited and confined to move on each surface by an external electric field. Our results show that the electron energy levels in these systems can be tuned by varying the electric field and the bulk level, which are easily adjustably. The effect of an external magnetic field on the energy spectrum in one of these systems is also investigated.

Orientador: Maurice de Koning / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T12:17:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PenaArdila_LuisAldemar_M.pdf: 3312905 bytes, checksum: da0a7b28a57fc4d8a5a1639bdf9f9473 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O método Monte Carlo de integrais de trajetória (PIMC) é um sofisticado método para simular sistemas quânticos de muitos corpos. Em particular, é usado para a simulação de sistemas bosônicos como o 4He. O principal objetivo deste trabalho de Mestrado é aplicar o método PIMC para determinar as constantes elásticas do 4He sólido na sua fase hcp. Estas propriedades são muito importantes por estarem envolvidas num possível novo estado da matéria que foi descoberto no hélio sólido: a fase supersólida. Para realizar este objetivo, empregamos o pacote computacional PIMC++, que é uma implementação do método PIMC na linguagem C++, desenvolvido no grupo do Prof. David Ceperley. Primeiro realizamos testes básicos, calculando a energia total e a capacidade térmica para bósons livres, para as quais existem resultados exatos. Em seguida, consideramos a fase líquida do 4He, determinando propriedades como a energia, a fração de condensado e a densidade superfluida para o 4He líquido abaixo de 4K às condições de pressão de vapor saturado. Além disso, determinamos a função de correlação de pares e o fator de estrutura. Todas as propriedades apresentam boa concordância com dados experimentais. Após estes testes iniciais, determinamos as propriedades elásticas do 4He sólido na sua fase hcp descrito pelo potencial de pares de Aziz. Para realizarmos isso, implementamos o esquema de Parrinello e Rahman para permitir a utilização de células computacionais não-ortorrômbicas no pacote PIMC++. Além disso, desenvolvemos e implementamos a expressão para a observável tensorial tensão na linguagem de integrais de trajetória. Após estes desenvolvimentos técnicos, determinamos as constantes elásticas através de uma série de deformações de extensão/compressão e de cisalhamento, determinando o estado de tensão interno correspondente. Depois, usando a definição em termos da relação linear entre tensão e deformação, calculamos as constantes elásticas. Os resultados obtidos para 3 diferentes densidades e uma temperatura de 1 K demonstram que o modelo de Aziz captura as características fundamentais das propriedades elásticas do 4He na fase hcp / Abstract: The path-integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) method is a sophisticated approach for the simulation of many-body quantum systems. In particular, it has been extensively used for the study of manybody bosonic systems such as 4He. The main objective of the present dissertation is to apply the PIMC method to determine the elastic constants of solid 4He in its hcp phase. These properties are very important in view of their apparent involvement in the phenomenon of supersolidity in solid 4He. To realize this objective we utilize the software package PIMC++, which is an implementation of the PIMC method written in C++, developed in the group of Prof. David Ceperley. First, we carry out a number of basic tests, computing the total energy and heat capacity of an ideal gas of bosons, a system for which analytical results are available. Subsequently, we consider the liquid phase of 4He described by the Aziz pair potential, determining the energy per particle, the condensate fraction and superfluid density below 4 K under conditions of saturated vapor pressure. In addition, we compute the pair correlation function and the structure factor. All properties show good agreement with experimental data. After these preliminary tests, we determine the elastic constants of solid 4He in its hcp phase. To this end we implement the scheme due to Parrinello and Rahman, which allows the use of non-orthorhombic computational cells in PIMC++. In addition, we develop and implement an expression for the stress tensor observable within the path-integral formalism. After these technical developments, we determine the elastic constants by means of a series of tension/compression and shear deformations, measuring the corresponding internal stress states. Next, using the definition in terms of the linear relationship between stress and strain, we compute the elastic constants. The results obtained for 3 different densities at a temperature of 1K demonstrate that the Aziz model captures the fundamental characteristics of the elastic properties of 4He in the hcp phase / Mestrado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Mestre em Física

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 08350.pdf: 7511291 bytes, checksum: 18b3142f54961c0556b2d92490449a3a (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP