Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlineCMF_DISSERT.pdf: 4814778 bytes, checksum: 4e9b94164b8595730e3395e99750b38f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-09 / Fuel is a material used to produce heat or power by burning, and lubricity is the capacity for reducing friction. The aim of this work is evaluate the lubricity of eight fossil and renewable fuels used in Diesel engines, by means of a HFRR tester, following the ASTM D 6079-04 Standard. In this conception, a sphere of AISI 52100 steel (diameter of 6,00&#61617;0,05 mm, Ra 0,05&#61617;0,005 &#956;m, E = 210 GPa, HRC 62&#61617;4, HV0,2 631&#61617;47) is submitted to a reciprocating motion under a normal load of 2 N and 50 Hz frequency to promote a wear track length of 1.1&#61617;0.1mm in a plan disc of AISI 52100 steel (HV0,05 184&#61617;10, Ra 0,02&#61617;0,005 &#956;m). The testing extent time was 75 minutes, 225,000 cycles. Each one test was repeated six times to furnish the results, by means of intrinsic signatures from the signals of the lubricant film percentage, friction coefficient, contact heating, Sound Pressure Level, SPL [dB]. These signal signatures were obtained by two thermocouples and a portable decibelmeter coupled to a data acquisition system and to the HFRR system. The wettability of droplet of the diesel fuel in thermal equilibrium on a horizontal surface of a virgin plan disc of 52100 steel, Ra 0,02 &#61617; 0,005 &#956;m, were measured by its contact angle of 7,0 &#61617; 3,5o, while the results obtained for the biodiesel B5, B20 and B100 blends originated by the ethylic transesterification of soybean oil were, respectively, 7,5 &#61617; 3,5o, 13,5 &#61617; 3,5o e 19,0 &#61617; 1,0o; for the distilled water, 78,0 &#61617; 6,0o; the biodiesel B5, B20 and B100 blends originated by the ethylic transesterification of sunflower oil were, respectively, 7,0 &#61617; 4,0o, 8,5 &#61617; 4,5o e 19,5 &#61617; 2,5o. Different thickness of lubricant film were formed and measured by their percentage by means of the contact resistance technique, suggesting several regimes, since the boundary until the hydrodynamic lubrication. All oils analyzed in this study promoted the ball wear scars with diameters smaller than 400 &#956;m. The lowest values were observed in the scar balls lubricated by mixtures B100, B20 and B5 of sunflower and B20 and B5 of soybean oils (WSD < 215 &#956;m) / Combust?vel ? um material usado para produzir calor ou energia mec?nica atrav?s de um processo de queima e lubricidade ? a capacidade de reduzir atrito. Este trabalho se constitui na avalia??o da lubricidade de oito combust?veis, renov?veis e f?sseis, utilizados em motores que operam ciclo Diesel, por meio de ensaios acelerados em uma bancada HFRR, de acordo com a norma ASTM D 6079-04. Em cada ensaio de 75 minutos, lubrificado por um combust?vel de cada vez, com seis repeti??es, uma esfera (di?metro 6,00&#61617;0,05 mm, Ra 0,05&#61617;0,005 &#956;m, a?o AISI 52100, E = 210 GPa, HRC 62&#61617;4, HV0,2 631&#61617;47) deslizava sobre um disco plano (a?o AISI 52100, HV0,05 184&#61617;10, Ra 0,02&#61617;0,005 &#956;m), em um movimento alternado de 1 mm de curso sob carga normal de 2 N, ? frequ?ncia de 50 Hz. As assinaturas dos sinais do coeficiente de atrito, percentual do filme lubrificante formado, aquecimento do contato e N?vel de Press?o Sonora (NPS [dB]) foram registradas por sensores acoplados ? placa de aquisi??o de dados e ao sistema HFRR. Os combust?veis diesel apresentaram molhabilidade com ?ngulo de contato de 7,0 &#61617; 3,5o; os combust?veis biodiesel B5, B20 e B100, obtidos por transesterifica??o et?lica de ?leo de soja, apresentaram, respectivamente, ?ngulos de contato de 7,5&#61617;3,5o, 13,5&#61617;3,5o e 19,0&#61617;1,0o, enquanto a ?gua destilada, 78,0&#61617;6,0o e os combust?veis biodiesel B5, B20 e B100, obtidos por transesterifica??o et?lica de ?leo de girassol apresentaram, respectivamente, ?ngulos de 7,0&#61617;4,0o, 8,5&#61617;4,5o e 19,5&#61617;2,5o, todos obtidos quando em contato com discos planos de a?o AISI 52100. Constatou-se a forma??o de filmes lubrificantes com diferentes espessuras, medidos por seu percentual atrav?s da t?cnica da resist?ncia de contato, sugerindo desde os regimes de lubrifica??o lim?trofe ? lubrifica??o hidrodin?mica. Todos os combust?veis analisados neste trabalho promoveram na esfera escaras de desgaste com di?metros de (WSD) inferiores a 400 &#956;m. Os menores valores de escara foram constatados nas esferas lubrificadas pelas misturas B100, B20 e B5 de girassol e B20 e B5 de soja (de < 215 &#956;m)

The high frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) is typically used to determine the lubricity of diesel fuels and has been accepted as the universal test apparatus in most countries of the world. A study was undertaken to analyse results obtained with the HFRR instrument by identifying crucial factors contributing to friction and wear mechanisms during a lubricity test under given conditions that may lead to a better understanding of test results obtained. The transient temperature distribution on a semiinfinite disk due to a circular continuous oscillatory heat source was also modelled. The model was used to calculate the contact temperature of a contact similar to what can be expected in the HFRR apparatus. For lubricated tests a mixture of n-hexadecane (cetane) as base fluid and palmitic acid as lubricity additive was used. Experimental results, including results obtained by running unlubricated (dry) tests and results obtained from literature were all considered to formulate the hypothesis that a fully functional additive film will not survive the full duration of the lubricity test, which is 75 minutes (ISO 12156-1, 2003). Friction values obtained in the experiments conducted were much higher than what is expected for boundary films formed by long chain carboxylic acids. Comparable friction values were obtained in the first few seconds of the tests, but the friction values increased indicating the destruction of the boundary film. Metal oxide lubrication dominates for the remainder of the test. Information of the exact mechanism prevailing in the crucial first few seconds of the test should be obtained by increasing the data acquisition rate of the apparatus. It is believed that junction growth through adhesion is the dominant factor in the initial stages of the test. GCxGC/TOF-MS showed the formation of hexane and heptane, which is a strong indication of the catalytic decomposition of the C16-hydrocarbons in the sample. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

[EN] The automotive industry is currently experiencing one of its most rapidly changing periods in recent decades, driven by a growing interest in reducing the negative environmental impacts caused by fossil fuels consumption and the resulting carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions generated during the operation of the internal combustion engine (ICE) which have proven to contribute significantly to Global Warming. Given the fact that a total replacement of the current fleet, dependent of fossil fuels, is unlikely to happen in the immediate future and the urgency to reducing CO2 emissions from transportation in order to tackle Global Warming, it is possible to say that optimizing current ICE technologies and conventional vehicles and engines is a first order priority. Among the technical solutions developed to improve the efficiency of ICE, low viscosity engine oils (LVEO) have emerged as an effective and low-cost method that provides reductions in fuel consumption between 0.5% and 5%. During the development of this thesis, a test plan focused on determining fuel consumption reduction when low viscosity oils are used in light duty vehicles (LDV) and heavy duty vehicles (HDV) were carried out. The test plan has been divided in three parts; the first part was focused on the study of light-duty vehicles (LDV) using one diesel engine representative of the European market. During this part three testing modes were used: comparative motored, fired stationary points and transient homologation cycle tests. All test were performed in the engine test bed. The second part of the study consisted of another comparative test, this time using a different engine oils in a HDV fleet. The study was conducted using the urban buses fleet of the city of Valencia, including 3 buses models , with 2 different powertrain technologies. The third part of the study was focused on the friction coefficient behavior within the engine tribological pairs making comparative tests in two specialized tribometers; one of reciprocating action to simulate the lubrication conditions in the piston ring-cylinder liner contact and a "ball-on-disk" tribometer to simulate the lubrication in the distribution system. The various comparative studies have served to analyze how the friction and fuel consumption responded when LVEO were used both in the ICE and the complete vehicle contexts. The fuel consumption benefit found during the test was used to calculate the carbon footprint reduction when LVEO were used. / [ES] Actualmente la industria de la automoción vive uno de los periodos de cambio más vertiginosos de las últimas décadas, marcado por un creciente interés en reducir los impactos medioambientales negativos generados por el consumo de combustibles fósiles y sus consecuentes emisiones nocivas de dioxido de carbono (CO2) generados durante el funcionamiento del motor de combustión interna alternativo (MCIA). Teniendo en cuenta que el proceso de sustitución de la flota actual por una totalmente independiente de los combustibles fósiles puede tomar varias décadas, y ante la urgencia inmediata de reducir las emisiones de CO2, se puede decir que actualmente es más urgente hacer una optimización de los vehículos con motorizaciones convencionales. Entre las soluciones técnicas que se han desarrollado para mejorar la eficiencia del MCIA destaca la utilización de aceites de baja viscosidad como un método efectivo y de bajo coste de implementación que brinda reducciones del consumo entre el 0.5% y el 5%. Durante el desarrollo de esta tesis se ha llevado a cabo un plan de ensayos enfocado en determinar valores concretos de ahorro de combustible esperados cuando se utilizan aceites de baja viscosidad en vehículos de trabajo ligero y pesado. El plan de estudios se dividió en tres partes; la primera se centró en el estudio de MCIA de vehículos de trabajo ligero, utilizando un motor Diesel representativo del mercado Europeo y llevando a cabo pruebas comparativas en arrastre, puntos de funcionamiento estacionarios y ciclos transitorios de homologación. La segunda parte del estudio consta de otro ensayo comparativo, esta vez utilizando una flota de vehículos de trabajo pesado. El estudio se realizó con la flota de autobuses urbanos de la ciudad de Valencia, incluyéndose 3 modelos de autobuses, con 2 tipos de motorización diferente. La tercera parte del estudio se centró en el comportamiento del coeficiente de friction en los pares tribológicos del motor haciendo ensayos comparativos con tribómetros especializados; uno de movimiento alternativo para simular las condiciones de la interfaz piston-camisa y un "bola y disco" para simular la lubricación en el sistema de distribución, específicamente en la interfaz leva-taqué. Los diversos estudios comparativos han servido para analizar como es la respuesta general de la fricción y el consumo de combustible cuando se usan aceites de baja viscosidad, tanto a nivel de motor como para la totalidad del vehículo, encontrando diferencias de par en los ensayos de arrastre, de consumo específico de combustible en los ensayos de motor en estado estacionario y diferencias totales de consumo de combustible en los ensayos en régimen transitorio y en flota, que a su vez han permitido estimar la reducción esperada en la huella de carbono. / [CA] Actualment la indústria de l'automoció viu un dels períodes de canvi més vertiginoses de les últimes dècades, marcat per un creixent interès en reduir els impactes mediambientals negatius generats pel consum de combustibles fòssils i els seus conseqüents emissions nocives de diòxid de carboni (CO2) generats durant el funcionament del motor de combustió interna alternatiu (MCIA). Tenint en compte que el procés de substitució de la flota actual per una totalment independent dels combustibles fòssils pot prendre diverses dècades, i davant la urgència immediata de reduir les emissions de CO2, es pot dir que actualment és més urgent fer una optimització dels vehicles amb motoritzacions convencionals. Entre les solucions tècniques que s'han desenvolupat per millorar l'eficiència del MCIA destaca la utilització d'olis de baixa viscositat com un mètode efectiu i de baix cost d'implementació que brinda reduccions del consum entre el 0.5% i el 5%. Durant el desenvolupament d'aquesta tesi s'ha dut a terme un pla d'assajos enfocat a determinar valors concrets d'estalvi de combustible esperats quan s'utilitzen olis de baixa viscositat en vehicles de treball lleuger i pesat. El pla d'estudis es va dividir en tres parts; la primera es va centrar en l'estudi de MCIA de vehicles de treball lleuger, utilitzant un motor dièsel representatiu del mercat Europeu i portant a terme proves comparatives en arrossegament, punts de funcionament estacionaris i cicles transitoris d'homologació. la segona part de l'estudi consta d'un altre assaig comparatiu, aquest cop utilitzant una flota de vehicles de treball pesat. L'estudi es va realitzar amb la flota d'autobusos urbans de la ciutat de València, incloent-se 3 models d'autobusos, amb 2 tipus de motorització diferent. La tercera part de l'estudi es va centrar en el comportament del coeficient de friction en els parells tribològics del motor fent assajos comparatius amb tribómetros especialitzats; Un acció reciprocante per simular les condicions del piston camisa i un bola i disc per simular la lubricació en el sistema de distribució. Els diversos estudis comparatius han servit per analitzar com és la resposta general de la fricció i el consum de combustible quan es fan servir olis de baixa viscositat, tant a nivell de motor com la totalitat del vehicle, trobant diferències de bat a els assajos d'arrossegament, de consum específic de combustible en els assajos de motor en estat estacionari i diferències totals de consum de combustible en els assajos en règim transitori i en flota, que al seu torn han permès calcular la reducció en la petjada de carbono. / Ramírez Roa, LA. (2016). Contribution to the Assessment of the Potential of Low Viscosity Engine Oils to Reduce ICE Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/73068