No description available.

Maintaining forage availability is challenging for managers of grazing systems, especially in spatially heterogeneous swards. Remote sensing may help to overcome this problem. The objectives of this study were to (i) determine a method by which NDVI may be calibrated to estimate biomass, (ii) determine if NDVI can be used to assess spatial variability of yield in extensive grasslands, and (iii) to determine if NDVI can be used to evaluate grazing systems. We found that the calibration of NDVI values for the estimation of biomass was better correlated with the destructive harvesting procedure (R2 = 0.68) but far more laborious and time-consuming than estimation of biomass from the rising plate meter (R2 = 0.54). Semivariograms revealed that sampling at a 0.76 m distance provided information about the spatial variability structure of NDVI values from grazed swards. Frequency distributions of sward biomass derived from NDVI reflected foraging strategies of cattle. Negative skewness and high kurtosis of histograms indicated selective grazing, while positive skewness and low kurtosis indicated the opposite. Histograms also allowed for estimation of available forage within each field. We concluded that grassland biomass may be derived from high resolution NDVI and RPM data and used to evaluate condition of grassland landscapes and aid decision-making of managed grazing systems.

Sedan den digitala kameran kom, har det blivit allt vanligare att fotografer har en stor mängd bilder att gå igenom efter varje fotograferingstillfälle. Även om det finns program som kan hjälpa till att få en överblick och hålla reda på bilder, är det fortfarande en uppgift som tar tid och kan kännas tråkigt. Den här uppsatsen undersöker hur fotografens arbetsflöde ser ut kring bildsortering och urval av bilder, detta för att tillämpa en prototyp som förbättrar processen. Prototypen har utvecklats med hjälp av statistisk bildbehandling, i form av histogram för bildjämförelse och implementerat sortering av bilder efter histogramlikhet, en teknik som kan utveckla en fotografs arbetsflöde och ge dem en helt ny insikt i urvalet av sina bilder.

To extract information from a scene captured in digital images where the information represents some kind of feature is an important process in image analysis. Both the speed and the accuracy for this process is very important since many of the analysis applications either require analysis of very large data sets or requires the data to be extracted in real time. Some of those applications could be 2 dimensional as well as 3 dimensional object recognition or motion detection. What this work will focus on is the extraction of salient features from scenes of buildings, using a joint histogram based both the edge orientation and the edge length to aid in the extraction of the relevant features. The results are promising but will need some more refinement work to be used successfully and is therefore quite a bit of reflected theory.

My master's thesis deals with the different techniques used in fingerprints processing for identifying fingerprints. Using the software tool Visual C++ and functions of OpenCV library I programmed a separate application, that is able to select from a database of fingerprints the most consistent with a comparative fingerprint images, even when they are mutually shifted in the direction of axes X and Y. The next step in my program is to gather the edges of the fingerprint image. Those obtained using Canny edge detector. Furthermore, getting the contours of the image edges. To determine, whether the contours are the same, just compare some characteristic points of contours. Next I use a histogram function to determine the number of points for approximation of contours and evaluating compliance fingerprints. Since the processing of the input fingerprint image (or rather the approximation of the contour points) remains in the picture as black (background) and red (the approximation of the contour points), this means, that zero and the last element of the histogram represent the number of black and red points. Comparison is in percentage and is obtained by subtracting the approximated points of contours image from the original fingerprint image of approximated contour points of matched fingerprints. It determined, what percentage of red points have disappeared, so as to match two fingerprint images. If on the resulting figure is not left neither a red point, that corresponds to 100% of the fingerprints Compliance.

This diploma thesis focuses on problematic about optimizing of service center and provides a base for creation of program for simulation and optimization. This diploma thesis also deals with hierarchical breakdown and logical structures of processes. Also there are quality determining methods and methods for visualization of processes.

Two measures which indicate statistical serial dependence were evaluated. The n-dimensional Average Stored Information index (ndASI) is a measure of conditional information, which compares the entropies of higher order conditional distributions to estimate average statistical serial dependence. The generalized ranked joint interval histogram (RJIH-o) is a new nonparametric graphical analysis method. It extends the joint interval histogram by depicting longer interval sequences and can be interpereted precisely analagously to the joint interval histogram. The generalized ranked joint interval histogram correctly represents independence in a Poisson process model and statistical serial dependence in a directionally reinforced Markov model. The generalized ranked joint interval histogram correctly depicts the underlying periodic and strange attractors in a standard map model. Both measures can be used to effectively analyze interspike interval sequences from spontaneous neurophsyiological activity effectively.

No description available.

Within the timber industry the processing of sawn wood boards must be done in the right way to ensure that the product fulfills the requirements. Correct processing is crucial for wooden structures consisting of these will live up to their expectations. How the mounting of the board in wooden structures is performed to obtain satisfactory results is depending on how it is physically cupped. Due to this a curvature measuring device is used in the timber industry to detect how a sawn board is physically cupped. After detection, a proper processing can be performed to give a satisfactory product. The Swedish company Nolyx AB currently uses a curvature measuring device consisting of a smart camera with the task of taking a digital picture of the board end grain to determine its cupping. The smart camera currently has deficiencies that this work will investigate. The deficiencies are that the smart camera’s processing of images with certain properties do not give satisfactory results. The algorithms lack the robustness needed to cope with the variations of the item that might arise in the process. The desire of this study is that the smart cameras correctness in terms of variations in the object will increase, leading to financial gains for the company Nolyx AB and increased utilization of raw material for their customers. The result of this work is an algorithm that incrementally extracts and identifies the growth rings in the end grain of the board. The correctness of the image processing in this study is 82%, which is 22% higher compared to the smart camera. / Inom träindustrin måste bearbetning av sågade träbrädor ske på rätt sätt för att produkten skall uppfylla kraven. En korrekt bearbetning är avgörande för att träkonstruktioner bestående av dessa ska leva upp till sina förväntningar. Hur monteringen av brädan vid byggnation av träkonstruktioner utförs för att erhålla tillfredställande resultat beror på hur den fysiskt är kupad. På grund av detta används kupmätare inom träindustrin för att detektera brädans fysiska kupning. Efter detektering kan en korrekt bearbetning utföras vilket ger en tillfredsställande produkt. Företaget Nolyx AB använder idag en kupmätare som består av en smartkamera vars uppgift är att ta en digital bild av brädans ändträ för att avgöra dess kupning. Kupmätaren har idag brister som detta arbete skall angripa. Nämligen att smartkamerans behandling av bilder med vissa egenskaper inte ger tillfredsställande resultat. Algoritmerna saknar den robusthet som krävs för att klara de variationer på objektet som kan uppkomma i processen. Önskan med denna studie är att smartkamerans felfrihet vad gäller variationer i objektet ska öka, vilket leder till ekonomiska vinster för företaget Nolyx AB och ökat utnyttjande av råvaran för sina kunder. Resultatet av det här arbetet är en algoritm som stegvis extraherar och identifierar årsringarnas struktur. Felfriheten för bildbehandlingen i denna studie är 82 % vilket är 22 % högre jämfört med smartkameran.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is becoming a global health concern, which causes the loss of vision of most patients with the disease. Due to the vast prevalence of the disease, the automated detection of the DR is needed for quick diagnoses where the progress of the disease is monitored by detection of exudates changes and their classifications in the fundus retina images. Today in the automated system of the disease diagnoses, several image enhancement methods are used on original Fundus images. The primary goal of this thesis is to make a comparison of three of popular enhancement methods of the Mahalanobis Distance (MD), the Histogram Equalization (HE) and the Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE). By quantifying the comparison in the aspect of the ability to detect and classify exudates, the best of the three enhancement methods is implemented to detect and classify soft and hard exudates. A graphical user interface is also adopted, with the help of MATLAB. The results showed that the MD enhancement method yielded better results in enhancement of the digital images compared to the HE and the CLAHE. The technique also enabled this study to successfully classify exudates into hard and soft exudates classification. Generally, the research concluded that the method that was suggested yielded the best results regarding the detection of the exudates; its classification and management can be suggested to the doctors and the ophthalmologists.