Background: Non-disclosure of HIV positive status to a partner threatens to reverse gains made in prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) in resource limited settings. Determining the association between non-disclosure and infant HIV acquisition is important to justify focussing on disclosure as a strategy in PMTCT programmes. Objective: To determine the association between non-disclosure of HIV positive status to a partner and mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Methods: Using a matched case-control design, we compared 34 HIV positive infants to 146 HIV negative infants and evaluated whether the mothers had disclosed their HIV status to their partner. Results: Non-disclosure was more frequent among cases (overall, 16.7%; cases, 52.8%; controls 7.6%), p<0.001 and significantly associated with MTCT (aOR 8.9 (3.0-26.3); p<0.0001), with male partner involvement partially mediating the effect of non-disclosure on MTCT. Conclusions: There is a need for PMTCT programs to focus on strategies to improve male partner involvement and partner disclosure without compromising the woman’s safety. / Health Studies / M. (Public Health)

Department of Public health / MPH

This quantitative study sought to identify and describe factors influencing HIV disclosure and sexual practices among 340 PLWHA on ART at Mbabane National Referral VCT/ART Centre, Swaziland. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. A high general HIV disclosure rate (94.1%; f=320; N=340) was observed of which 57.5% (f=184; n=320) was to sexual partners. X2 procedures indicate an association with gender, residential region, religion, and period of being on ART. The majority (70.2%; f=179; n=255) of the respondents used condoms all the time to avoid infecting their sexual partners (99.2%; f=243; n=245) and to avoid contracting STIs (99.2%; f=243; n=245). X2 procedures indicate an association with gender, residential region, marital status, number of sexual partners, knowledge of the HIV status of sexual partners and period of being on ART. The single leading reason for not using the condom was sexual partners’ refusal to use condoms (85.7%; f=54; n=63). / Health Studies / M.A.(Health Studies)

This quantitative study sought to identify and describe factors influencing HIV disclosure and sexual practices among 340 PLWHA on ART at Mbabane National Referral VCT/ART Centre, Swaziland. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. A high general HIV disclosure rate (94.1%; f=320; N=340) was observed of which 57.5% (f=184; n=320) was to sexual partners. X2 procedures indicate an association with gender, residential region, religion, and period of being on ART. The majority (70.2%; f=179; n=255) of the respondents used condoms all the time to avoid infecting their sexual partners (99.2%; f=243; n=245) and to avoid contracting STIs (99.2%; f=243; n=245). X2 procedures indicate an association with gender, residential region, marital status, number of sexual partners, knowledge of the HIV status of sexual partners and period of being on ART. The single leading reason for not using the condom was sexual partners’ refusal to use condoms (85.7%; f=54; n=63). / Health Studies / M.A.(Health Studies)

La transmission prénatale du VIH de la mère à l’enfant est à l’origine de la majorité des infections à VIH/sida chez les nourrissons. En dépit du risque quasi omniprésent de faire naître des enfants infectés et de l’accès encore très limité aux thérapies antirétrovirales, le nombre des femmes séropositives menant leur grossesse à terme est en augmentation constante en Afrique subsaharienne. Motivée par ce constat empirique, l’étude aborde une gamme des questions juridiques et de bioéthique, pour certaines encore inédites, tiraillées entre désir légitime d’enfant (droit à l’enfant) et devoir de la société de mettre les futurs enfants à l’abri d’un handicap congénital prévisible reconnu comme incurable (droit de l’enfant). Fondamentalement, elle interroge le législateur sur la manière de saisir le risque biologique de transmission maternelle du VIH, sans rompre avec l’équilibre éthique nécessaire entre les droits et libertés fondamentaux de la femme ou mère séropositive et l’intérêt supérieur de l’enfant à naître. À partir de l’exemple du droit congolais et suivant la démarche d’information comparative, l’étude s’attache à démontrer systématiquement que face à la forte probabilité de naître avec le VIH, la protection que les droits africains actuels apportent à l’enfant est insuffisante et, à certains égards, incohérente. Pour y remédier, elle préconise un nouveau paradigme de normativité fondé sur la philosophie de la recherche d’une conciliation éthique, qui n’apparaisse pas manifestement disproportionnée, entre l’autonomie de soi de la femme ou mère séropositive sur son corps et la responsabilité de ses choix en matière de santé de la reproduction. Ainsi, grâce à ses nombreuses propositions innovantes de refonte du droit, cette étude est-elle parvenue à contribuer, significativement, à la recherche d’outils théoriques nécessaires à l’émergence de nouveaux droits africains en ordre de bataille pour des générations futures sans sida. / Prenatal HIV transmission from mother to child is responsible for the majority of HIV / AIDS infections in infants. Despite the almost ubiquitous risk of infected children and still very limited access to antiretroviral therapy, the number of HIV-positive women who complete their pregnancies is increasing steadily in sub-Saharan Africa. Motivated by this empirical observation, the study tackles a range of legal and bioethical questions, some of which are still unpublished, torn between legitimate desire for children (right to the child) and society's obligation to protect future children against a predictable congenital disability recognized as incurable (right of the child). Fundamentally, it questions the legislator on how to capture the biological risk of maternal HIV transmission without breaking the necessary ethical balance between the fundamental rights and freedoms of the HIV-positive woman or mother and the best interests of the unborn child. Using the example of Congolese law and following the comparative information approach, the study seeks to systematically demonstrate that, in the face of the high probability of being born with HIV, the protection that the current African rights bring to the child is insufficient and, in some respects, incoherent. To remedy this, she advocates a new paradigm of normativity based on the philosophy of seeking an ethical reconciliation which does not appear to be manifestly disproportionate between the autonomy of the woman or mother who is HIV-positive on her body and the responsibility of its choices in reproductive health. Thus, thanks to its many innovative proposals for the revision of the law, has this study managed to contribute significantly to the search for theoretical tools necessary for the emergence of new African rights in order of battle for future generations without AIDS.

Dealing with HIV and AIDS and parental illness and death are realities many teenagers have to face, yet little is known about their psychosocial well-being. This study gauged the psychosocial well-being of teenaged orphans in a rural area in KwaZulu-Natal. Using a narrative approached, data were collected by means of interviews. The study examined the nature of social support available to teenaged orphans and their subjective experiences of well-being. Findings suggest that these teenagers were confronted with drastic changes before and after the deaths of their parents. The ramifications of these and the different ways of coping with orphanhood were explored. Foster parents and other care-givers were found to provide differentially in the needs of the teenagers and this impacted on their well-being and coping. This study extends the literature on children made vulnerable by HIV and AIDS by considering the specific experiences of teenagers. / Social Work / M.A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV/AIDS)

Dealing with HIV and AIDS and parental illness and death are realities many teenagers have to face, yet little is known about their psychosocial well-being. This study gauged the psychosocial well-being of teenaged orphans in a rural area in KwaZulu-Natal. Using a narrative approached, data were collected by means of interviews. The study examined the nature of social support available to teenaged orphans and their subjective experiences of well-being. Findings suggest that these teenagers were confronted with drastic changes before and after the deaths of their parents. The ramifications of these and the different ways of coping with orphanhood were explored. Foster parents and other care-givers were found to provide differentially in the needs of the teenagers and this impacted on their well-being and coping. This study extends the literature on children made vulnerable by HIV and AIDS by considering the specific experiences of teenagers. / Social Work / M.A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV/AIDS)