<p>This study investigated the societal perception of refugee men as being a risk group, being polluted and the consequent risk of HIV infection they might face. It also determined the factors that could expose them to the risk of HIV infection while living in exile in South Africa.</p>

<p>This study investigated the societal perception of refugee men as being a risk group, being polluted and the consequent risk of HIV infection they might face. It also determined the factors that could expose them to the risk of HIV infection while living in exile in South Africa.</p>

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study investigated implementation of HIV/AIDS policy by senior management in Youngsfield military base. Some of the aspects evaluated included training concerning HIV, campaigns, allocation of budget to manage HIV and knowledge of policy by management. Self-administered questionnaires were used as a method of collecting data. The respondents included in the study ages ranged between 25-59 years. The majority of the respondents did not have any problem in completing questionnaires. Results revealed that involvement of headquarters in allocating funds to acquire training aids, distribution of pamphlets and other information educating personnel insufficient, poor implementation of workplace HIV/AIDS policy by management on all levels, lack of programs dealing with HIV/AIDS and lack of HIV/AIDS policy knowledge by management to lesser extent. Recommendations of this study includes aspects dealing with HIV/AIDS workplace programs, importance of occupational health and safety, addressing stigma and discrimination, absenteeism, HIV/AIDS training and most importantly campaigns throughout the year. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie navorsing was om die implementering van die beleidsdokument wat handel oor MIV/Vigs in die werksplek deur die senior bestuur in Youngsfield militere basis te ondersoek. Van die aspekte wat die navorser ondersoek het is MIV/Vigs bewusmakingveldtogte, beskikbaarheid van fondse en kennis van die Suid Afrikaanse Nationale Weermag beleidsdocument wat handel oor MIV/Vigs in die werksplek. Studievraelyste is aan respondente uitgedeel. Respondente wat aan die studie deelgeneem het se ouderdome wissel tussen 25 en 59 jaar. Die grootste getal deelnemers het geen beswaar aangeteken om die vraelyste te voltooi nie. Die grootste getal van respondente het aangedui dat die fondse wat beskikbaar gestel word onvoldoende is om die boodskap oor die gevare van MIV/Vigs te versprei. Daar is verder bevind dat belangrike aspekte soos biljette, pamflette, video opnames en getikte material nie versprei kan as gevolg van tekort aan fondse. MIV/Vigs beleid is beskikbaar in militere basisse van die Suid Afrikaanse Nationale Weermag. Die enigste tekort is die implementering daarvan. Die aanbevelings wat bevind is deur die studie sluit in MIV/Vigs programme in die werkplek, die aanspreek van stigma en diskriminasie, afwesigheid weens kroniese siektes wat MIV/Vigs insluit en hantering van ongevalle in die werkplek.

Thesis (MCurr)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The HIV pandemic threatens the social, emotional, and physical development of all persons, especially the youth. Adolescents are more at risk of contracting HIV as their lifestyle often involves sexual exploration and experimentation. Effective educational interventions are central to HIV prevention in South Africa. Being a clinical nurse practitioner in a primary health care (PHC) facility, the principal investigator observed that school learners failed to practice safe sex and demonstrated little knowledge about HIV/AIDS prevention. The aim of the study was to investigate the reported level of HIV knowledge and sexual risk behaviour of grade 12 school learners in the Eastern Sub-District of the Cape Metropole, Cape Town. A descriptive, non-experimental, research design was employed with a primarily quantitative approach. The study population comprised grade 12 learners from high schools in the Eastern Sub-District of the Cape Metropole in Cape Town (N=7940). A total of 92 participants from four schools (2 public and 2 private) were included in the sample by using a cluster sampling method. A self-completion semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data was collected by the principal investigator and a trained field worker. Ethical approval was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University (N11/07/225). Permission to conduct the research was obtained from the Department of Education. Reliability and validity were assured by means of a pilot study and the use of experts in the field of nursing research and statistics. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse data. Statistical associations were determined using ANOVA and the Mann-Whitney U tests. The qualitative data was analysed thematically and then quantified. The results show that the average HIV/AIDS knowledge score of participants was 60.73%. However, many gaps in HIV/AIDS knowledge were identified. Only 77.2% (n=71) of participants knew the meaning of HIV, 80.4% (n=74) did not know all the ways in which HIV can be transmitted and only 8.7% (n=8) knew how to safely use a condom. The majority of participants (67.4%; n=62) believed in the myth that HIV can be cured and 18.5% (n=17) reported that a traditional healer can cure HIV. With regard to risky behaviour, half of the participants at the time of the study (51%; n=47) reported sexual engagement and 20% (n=9) of these respondents did not use condoms. Furthermore, 25% (n=23) had used alcohol before having sex. There were no association found between the knowledge about HIV/AIDS of participants and their sexual risk behaviour. In view of these study findings, participants are exposing themselves to high risk sexual behaviour that may increase their chances of acquiring sexually transmitted infections including HIV. Several recommendations were identified, including the strengthening of HIV and STI education linked to sexual risk reduction, open communication and additional information sources, availability of condoms at schools and improved access to HIV testing at schools. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die jeug se sosiale, emosionele en fisiese ontwikkeling word deur die MIV-pandemie gekortwiek. As gevolg van hulle seksuele eksperimentering, word adolessente as ʼn hoë risikogroep beskou, sover dit die ontwikkeling van MIV aangaan. Gevolglik speel onderrig ʼn belangrike rol in MIV voorkoming. Die beoefening van onveilige seks, en onvoldoende kennis rakende MIV/VIGS-voorkoming, is deur die primêre navorser, ʼn kliniese verpleegpraktisyn in die primêre gesondheidsorg omgewing, waargeneem. Die studie het dit ten doel om te bepaal wat die MIV-kennis vlakke, en die seksuele gedrag risiko van Graad 12 leerders in die Oostelike sub-distrik van die Kaapstadse Metropool is. ʼn Beskrywende, nie-eksperimentele navorsingsontwerp is gebruik, met ʼn hoofsaaklike kwantitatiewe benadering. Uit die studie populasie van Graad 12 leerders in die Oostelike sub-distrik van die Kaapstadse Metropool hoërskole (N=7940), is ʼn steekproef van 92 deelnemers uit vier hoërskole (twee staatskole en twee privaatskole) gekies – die trossteekproefnemingsmetode is gebruik. Data is versamel deur middel van ʼn semi-gestruktureerde vraelys wat deur die deelnemers self voltooi is. Toestemming vir die uitvoer van die studie is verkry van die Etiese Komitee van die Mediese Fakulteit van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch (N11/07/225), asook die Wes-Kaapse Departement van Onderwys. Die betroubaarheid en geldigheid van die studie is verseker deur die uitvoer van ʼn voorstudie, en is verder versterk deur gebruik te maak van kundiges in die veld van statistiek en verpleegnavorsing. Data is ontleed deur middel van beskrywende statistiese metodes en assosiasies is bepaal deur gebruik te maak van variansie-analise (“ANOVA”) en Mann-Whitney U toetse. Die bevindinge is in frekwensie tabelle en histogramme vervat. Die kwalitatiewe data is gekodeer en gekategoriseer, waarna temas geïdentifiseer is. Alhoewel die studie-bevindinge aangedui het dat die deelnemers ʼn gemiddelde MIV/VIGS-kennis telling van 60.73% behaal het, is verskeie leemtes in hulle bestaande kennis geïdentifiseer. Slegs 77.2% (n=71) van die deelnemers het geweet wat MIV beteken, terwyl 80.4% (n=74) nie geweet het hoe MIV oorgedra word nie. Slegs 8.7% (n=8) van die deelnemers het kennis gehad rakende veilige kondoom gebruik. Die meerderheid van die deelnemers (67.4%; n=62) glo dat MIV genees kan word en 18.5% (n=17) het aangedui dat MIV deur ʼn tradisionele geneesheer genees kan word. Hoë-risiko gedrag, spesifiek seksuele aktiwiteit (51%; n=47%) sonder kondome (20%; n=9) is rapporteer. ʼn Verdere 25% (n=23) van die deelnemers het rapporteer dat hulle alkohol gebruik voor seks, maar daar was geen assosiasie tussen die vlak van MIV/VIGS-kennis en hoë-risiko gedrag nie. Die bevindinge dui daarop dat die deelnemers hulself blootstel aan hoë-risiko seksuele gedrag met die gevolg dat hul kans om MIV te kry verhoog. Die aanbevelings, gegrond op die bevindinge, sluit in: ʼn groter fokus op onderrig wat verband hou met MIV en seksueel oordraagbare infeksies wat gekoppel is aan ʼn verlaging in hoe-risiko seksuele gedrag, openhartige kommunikasie en bykomende inligtingshulpbronne, beskikbaarheid van kondome by skole, asook verbeterde toegang tot MIV toetsing by skole.

Thesis (Mphil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Political instability involving civil wars which had been prevailing mostly within the African Great Lakes Region caused great numbers since the 1990s of civilian populations to move to and fro within the borders and sometimes beyond its frontiers in search of both safer homes and better living conditions. Socio-economic hardships experienced by these people constrained them to engage in various migration movements, thus making them more vulnerable to a variety of diseases and pandemics, among which Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Sub–Saharan Africa has been bearing the brunt of HIV pandemic, and South Africa is believed to have the highest HIV prevalence. The present study was a quantitative survey exploring personal perception of HIV infection risk among African émigré communities of the Cape Metropolitan area. Only thirty four heterosexual active participants, who had joined their partners in South Africa after a certain period of temporary separation, were considered for final analysis using descriptive statistics. A relatively high perception of HIV infection risk was found among both males and females. However, the perceived risk did not necessarily determine sexual behaviour. No significant reciprocal relationship was found between the perceived risk and one important sexual risk behaviour. HIV and AIDS related stigma was found to be relatively high and the use of condoms prejudiced by tendencies of personal moralistic values. The present study has made relevant recommendations as to promote more preventive behaviours among the present African émigré community. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Politieke onstabiliteit wat burgeroorloë meebring kom sedert die 1990’s meestal in die Groot Mere-streek van Afrika voor en het veroorsaak dat groot groepe van burgerlike bevolkings heen en weer tussen grense beweeg en soms grense oorsteek op soek na beter en veiliger tuistes en beter lewensomstandighede. Die sosio-ekonomiese ontberings wat deur hierdie mense ervaar is het hulle verplig om by verskeie migrasiebewegings betrokke te raak. Dit het hulle kwesbaar gemaak vir ’n verskeidenheid siektes en pandemies, waaronder die menslike immuniteitsgebreksvirus (MIV) en verworwe immuniteitsgebreksindroom (Vigs). Sub-Sahara-Afrika het die ergste van die MIV-pandemie getrotseer en Suid-Afrika het na bewering die hoogste MIV-voorkoms. Hierdie studie is ’n kwantatiewe opname wat die persoonlike persepsie van die risiko van MIV-infeksie onder Afrika-uitgeweke gemeenskappe in die Kaapse Metropoolgebied ondersoek het. Slegs 34 heteroseksuele, seksueel aktiewe deelnemers wat na ’n tydperk van tydelike skeiding by hul (lewens) maats in Suid-Afrika aangesluit het, is vir die finale analise oorweeg met behulp van beskrywende statistiek. Onder mans sowel as vroue is ’n relatief hoë persepsie van infeksierisiko gevind. Die waargenome risiko het egter nie noodwendig seksuele gedrag bepaal nie. Geen beduidende omgekeerde verhouding is tussen die waargenome risiko en een belangrike seksuele risikogedragsaspek gevind nie. Daar is bevind dat MIV en Vigsverwante stigma relatief hoog is en dat daar weens tendense van persoonlike moralistiese waardes vooroordeel teen die gebruik van kondome bestaan. Hierdie studie het relevante aanbevelings gedoen om meer voorkomende gedragspatrone onder die huidige Afrika-uitgeweke gemeenskap te bevorder.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is very common to talk about or refer to people as “People Living with HIV/AIDS” but never “A Church with Aids”. Responding to HIV/AIDS has earned the JL Zwane Memorial Church this name or rather this label. Members of the congregation, many of them young, were dying and remaining silent, not doing anything, would have meant contributing to the disaster that had struck. Something drastic had to be done to respond to the pandemic or else the whole community would have perished. This was not easy as it meant risking losing those already in the church. To many people, HIV/AIDS was seen as a punishment from God to those who have sinned. For this reason many did not want to have anything to do with People Living with HIV/AIDS. The whole response is driven by the needs of the community i.e. those infected and those affected. This means listening to people tell their stories and then respond accordingly. Listening is the key in the response as the whole response revolves around people and their experiences. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die kerk, of geloofsgebaseerde organisasies , is dikwels die eerste om te weet dat iemand MIV positief is. Dit is ook die eerste persoon of organisasie wat deur die geïnfekteerde in vertroue geneem word. Die Kerk, as organisasie, kan dus 'n deurslaggewende rol vervul in die voorkoming, maar ook by die versorging van diegene wat MIV positief is of aan Vigsverwante siektes ly. Hierdie studie beskryf, in die vorm van 'n gevallestudie, die rol wat die Presbiteriaanse Kerk in Guguleto in die voorkoming van MIV/Vigs vervul. Die gevallestudie bespreek die probleem; die ontleding van die probleem en die uiteindelike program(me) wat daargestel is. Riglyne vir die betrokkenheid van Kerke (en geloofsgebasserde organisasies) word uitgespel en voorstelle vir verdere studie word gemaak.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study aims to explore the existing knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding HIV/AIDS among Congolese refugees living in Cape Town in order to create awareness and suggest possible measures to avert the spread of the pandemic among them. The target population are Congolese refugees living in Cape Town, with a refugee or an asylum seeker status. Due to the total population and difficulties in contacting them, the participants (50) were randomly selected among traders and hair dressers. The study used a quantitative research design. The Desk Top Market train station in Cape Town is an open market place where most Congolese traders sell their goods to the public. The data were collected at this market area in Cape Town using a questionnaire. To avoid any possible discrimination or stigmatisation resulting from being identified as a refugee in the study, the Congolese were contacted from the market place without screening them on the basis of their status. The participants were, however, required to tick their status in a box provided on the questionnaire. Furthermore, strict confidentiality was maintained to avoid the possible stigmatisation arising from the Congolese traders’ refugee status. According to the findings Congolese refugees have knowledge about HIV/AIDS and the route of transmission. The majority knows how to protect themselves against HIV/AIDS but it seems this protection discontinue shortly after a quick trust between them and their partners. It is may be because most refugees are in need of financial protection on their arrival so they do not have any other choice than to let it go. During the process of data collection there was an opportunity to discuss with some of them protection and most of them stated that condom use is not safe as condoms breaks often. Many Congolese do not believe in male circumcision for the reduction of risk because 100% of them are circumcised and some still have contracted HIV/AIDS. Some of Congolese does believe HIV can be cured because they have seen people who were cured through prayers. The findings also indicate the level of awareness is very low in this community because they still believe they can just by looking at other individuals they can detect if someone is HIV positive or not. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie was daarop toegespits om die bestaande kennis, houdings en praktyke met betrekking tot MIV/vigs onder Kongolese vlugtelinge in Kaapstad te ondersoek ten einde bewustheid te wek en moontlike maatreëls voor te stel om te keer dat die pandemie onder hulle versprei. Die teikenpopulasie was Kongolese wat in Kaapstad woon en oor vlugteling- of asielsoekerstatus beskik. Weens die groot omvang van die ondersoekpopulasie en uitdagings om met hulle in verbinding te tree, het die navorser lukraak vyftig (50) deelnemers uit die geledere van handelaars en haarkappers gekies. Die data is met behulp van ’n vraelys by die Desk Top-mark op Kaapstad-stasie ingesamel. Die studie het van ’n kwantitatiewe navorsingsontwerp gebruik gemaak. Die Desk Top-mark by Kaapstad-stasie is ’n buitelugmark waar die meeste Kongolese handelaars hul goedere aan die publiek verkoop. Om te voorkom dat enigeen wat in die studie as ’n vlugteling geïdentifiseer word enige moontlike diskriminasie of stigma ervaar, het die navorser voor die voet onderhoude met Kongolese by die mark gevoer sonder om hulle na hul verblyfstatus uit te vra. Die deelnemers moes egter hul status op die vraelys aandui deur die toepaslike blokkie te merk. Voorts is streng vertroulikheid gehandhaaf om enige moontlike stigma vanweë die respondente se vlugtelingstatus te voorkom. Die bevindinge toon dat Kongolese vlugtelinge wél oor ’n mate van kennis van MIV/vigs en die verspreiding daarvan beskik. Die meeste respondente weet hoe om hulself teen MIV/vigs te beskerm, hoewel daardie beskerming oënskynlik gestaak word kort nadat hulle ’n vertrouensverhouding met hul bedmaats ontwikkel. Dít kan daaraan toegeskryf word dat die meeste vlugtelinge met hul aankoms in die land finansiële beskerming nodig het en dus nie anders kan as om veilige sekspraktyke te laat vaar indien hul bedmaats daarop aandring nie. Gedurende die proses van data-insameling was daar geleentheid vir gesprek met die respondente, waaruit geblyk het dat kondoomgebruik na hulle mening nie juis veilig is nie, aangesien kondome dikwels breek. Min Kongolese glo dat manlike besnydenis die gevaar van MIV/vigs verminder, aangesien hulle almal besny is, maar sommige steeds MIV/vigs opdoen. Sommige glo dat MIV/vigs genees kan word, omdat hulle getuies was van hoe mense deur gebed gesond geword het. Die bevindinge dui ook op ’n baie lae bewustheidsvlak in hierdie gemeenskap: Baie glo steeds dat ’n mens met die blote oog kan bepaal of iemand MIV-positief is of nie.