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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Negotiating HIV prevention: the talk, test, trust story and beyond

McNab, Justin William, National Centre in HIV Social Research, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, UNSW January 2009 (has links)
In May 1996 the AIDS Council of NSW launched Talk Test Test Trust ???Together (TTTT), an HIV prevention campaign aimed at decreasing risk of infection within gay men???s relationships. The rationale behind TTTT was ???negotiated safety???: that it was safe not to use condoms for anal sex in primary relationships if specific steps were followed. TTTT generated contestation within AIDS Councils in Australia and New Zealand, but also amongst researchers, policy makers and gay communities. Arguments about TTTT and negotiated safety appeared logical and reasonable and did not fall neatly along an Australia/New Zealand divide. This study used a qualitative approach to interview key HIV educators in New South Wales who were involved in the development of TTTT and New Zealand educators who did not promote negotiated safety. This thesis argues that in order to understand the contestation around negotiated safety and TTTT it is necessary to understand the broader social and historical factors that shape HIV prevention contexts and practice. These include factors arising from the epidemic itself (which, to some extent, were responsible for the difference between Australia and New Zealand) such as the increasing complexity of gay men???s risk reduction strategies, the rise of a positive voice, and impact of treatments and factors associated with and the broader context such as the rise and continuing history of a gay political and social movement and associated identity and community formation, and later, fragmentation, changing concepts of love, intimacy and relationships and of risk and the uncertainty, anxiety and fear from living in a complex individualised detraditionalised world. This approach will show that a focus on a dynamic epidemic, and the broader social and historical context can shed light on arguments made about negotiated safety and TTTT. Further, applying Bourdieu???s formulation of the complex interaction of habitus, fields and practice (1977) makes sense not only of the arguments made about negotiated safety and TTTT, but of educator practice and of HIV prevention, of the broader HIV and AIDS sector, and of how societies continue to learn to live with and adapt to the epidemic.
2

Decoding the Public Service Announcements (PSAs) of HIV/AIDS: Evaluating Botswana's AIDS Messages and Their Impact on 15 - 24 Ages

Ditsheko, Enole 01 May 2023 (has links) (PDF)
The study is grounded in the concept of “Start where the people are” (Nyswander, 1956) which suggests that effective health campaigns that promote prevention strategies to enhance the quality of life for those targeted must be rooted in the prevalent cultural practices and religious values of the receivers of the slogans, themes, and taglines. Health campaigns that superimpose the values of the outsiders promoted as universalized solutions have limited effectiveness. Sub-Saharan Africa has only 1.3 billion people out of an estimated eight billion of which China and India each recording above two billion, cumulatively accounting for more than half of the world population. Yet sub-Saharan Africa is the epicenter of HIV infections with more than 68% (avert.org), or nearly 26 million out of almost 38 million people living with HIV, globally. This scenario demands that global citizens should foster effective collaborations to end human suffering. Among the ten nations in the world hardest hit by HIV, seven of them are in the southern African region where Botswana, in position three at 18.6% is trailing her next-door neighbors, Lesotho (20.9%) and Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) which leads the pack with 27.9% (UNAIDS Report 2022). This study, therefore, focuses on children and adolescents between 15 and 24 in Botswana. According to a surveillance report (Botswana AIDS Impact Survey 2021) covering the period from March to August, adolescents and youths in Botswana are a source of concern. The report puts the national prevalence at 20.8% or 329,000 persons of the reproductive population (15-49 ages) are living with HIV. This sobering picture is despite the free availability of treatment drugs at no cost since 2002, when Botswana became the first African nation to roll out antiretroviral treatment (HAART interchangeably called ARVs) that was adapted as Masa – ‘a ray of hope of a new dawn’ in 2002. Further, the continued increase in new HIV infections among people of ages 15 to 24 since 2010 is recorded amid major prevention campaigns sponsored through global health partnerships, translating into billions of U S dollars. Numerous HIV prevention strategies developed in the West using empirical data and technology include condom use, antiretroviral regimens known as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and treatment as prevention popularized as undetectable equals untransmissible (U = U). Social media channels like Facebook, TikTok, YouTube, Snapchat, and Instagram are awash with these HIV prevention strategies, and the adolescent population of Botswana consumes information about everything, including these HIV prevention campaigns. These mentioned strategies seem to provide effective barriers against the intrusion of HIV in the “key populations,” a United Nations preferred term to refer to members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intravenous drug users (LGBTQI) communities in the Western nations. However, these strategies require major adjustments when launched in sub-Saharan Africa, this study’s results show, or they are the right message targeted to the wrong audience, mainly because of a lack of cultural representation in the nuanced taglines, headlines, slogans, and themes. The study suggests that for HIV to be eliminated, participatory research and co-learning where Western science and technology on one hand, and African indigenous knowledge, on the other hand, can fuse in the design of strategies should be prioritized as an emergency.
3

Cultural Influences on HIV Prevention among Hispanics in Atlanta, Georgia

Abdulhafid, Amira 13 May 2016 (has links)
According to the CDC (2015), Hispanics/Latinos in the United States accounted for 23% of all new HIV infections in the year 2013. Undocumented individuals are likely underrepresented in this statistic. There are many that may be wary of talking to researchers and therefore are not represented when data is collected. The focus of this pilot study is to understand the level and type of knowledge of HIV preventative strategies for Hispanic men and women. An ethnographical qualitative method, using in-depth interviews, with participants was performed to gather this information. Ten participants were interviewed in and around Atlanta, Georgia. An ethnographic approach was used to study the various cultural factors that may hinder or encourage HIV prevention strategies. The targeted population was Hispanic adults, both male and female, living in the United States ten years or less, and aged between 18-50 years. The results revealed a need for increased knowledge of HIV and closing the gap between having that information and having access to prevention methods.
4

Evaluation of the NIH clinical collection to identify potential HIV-1 integrase inhibitors

Abrahams, Shaakira 09 September 2014 (has links)
HIV-1 integrase is an essential enzyme in the HIV replication cycle and is a validated target for antiretroviral drugs. Due to the inevitable emergence of drug resistance of HIV-1 strains to all currently approved FDA antiretroviral drugs, antivirals with new mechanisms of action are continuously investigated. As such, this study aimed to reposition existing drugs as HIV-1 integrase inhibitors by screening the NIH Clinical Collection compound library comprising 727 compounds. Recombinant integrase was expressed in bacterial cells, purified by nickel affinity chromatography, and used to set up a Scintillation Proximity Assay (SPA). The SPA was subsequently amended to an automated system to allow for rapid screening of compounds. The complete compound library was successfully screened using the newly established automated SPA. Overall, only two compounds were identified as HIV-1 IN inhibitors: cefixime trihydrate and a previously identified HIV integrase inhibitor, epigallocatechin gallate. These compounds exerted IC50 values < 10μM in the automated SPA. Cefixime trihydrate was not toxic to mammalian cells (CC50 > 200μM) while no appreciable antiretroviral activity was observed in in vitro phenotypic inhibition assays (23% inhibition of viral replication), thus concluding that this compound was non-selective. By contrast, epigallocatechin gallate was toxic to mammalian cells at the evaluated ranges (CC50 = 23 + 1μM) and therefore could not be validated as an integrase inhibitor in in vitro phenotypic inhibition assays. Overall, this study resulted in the establishment of an automated SPA, the successful screening of 727 compounds, and the availability of a platform to expedite the future screening of potential HIV-1 integrase inhibitors.
5

Burden and determinants of Bacterial vaginosis in sexually active women aged 18 years and over, enrolled in an HIV prevention trial, in northern KwaZulu Natal

Mutevedzi, Portia Chipo 18 November 2009 (has links)
M.Sc (Med.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2009 / Background: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) results from a shift in normal vaginal flora and predisposes women to sexually transmitted infections (STI) including HIV. Risk factors for BV are not well understood. This analysis seeks to determine the disease frequency of BV, assess determinants of BV and quantify time to first BV episode in HIV negative women. Methods: Baseline and follow-up data from 1066 women was analysed in STATA10. Logistic regression was used to determine baseline factors associated with BV and Kaplan Meier survival analysis to estimate time to BV episode. Results: BV prevalence and incidence was estimated at 48.42% and 81 cases per 100 women years respectively. Controlling for age and education, women with Trichomonas vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Herpes Simplex Virus2 and lower socio-economic status were 67%- 380%, 31%-472%, 20%-220% and 4%-91% more likely to present with BV respectively. Consistent condom use and being a housewife or student was significantly (p<0.05) associated with lower prevalent BV, with a significant interaction between age and education (p<0.05). The median time to first BV episode was 9.7 months. Conclusion: The analysis identifies modifiable risk factors like condom use, injectable contraceptives and treatment of STIs which could potentially decrease the high BV disease burden.
6

Participants' Preferences for HIV Prevention Interventions

Miranda, Joyal 13 April 2010 (has links)
Background: Ontario has the highest number of HIV positive test reports in Canada. Many of the HIV prevention interventions had a moderate effect on changing unsafe sexual behaviors within the young adult population. Participants’ preferences for such interventions could be a contributing factor to the moderate effect of the prevention interventions. Treatment preference is defined as a positive or negative attitude toward a particular treatment. To date few empirical studies examined preferences for educational and cognitive/behavioral interventions focusing on HIV prevention for young adults. Purpose: The purpose of this study is twofold: to examine participants’ preferences for different types of educational and cognitive/behavioral intervention components for HIV prevention and to explore socio-structural, psychological and intervention related factors that affect participants’ preferences for intervention. Design: The study used a cross-sectional mixed methods design. The data were collected using a face-to-face interview. Structured and open-ended questions were used to inquire about participants’ preferences for intervention. Sample: The sample consisted of 150 young adults ranging in age from 18 to 39 years, and able to speak and read English. The sample was recruited from the Greater Toronto Area. Measures: The measures included an adapted questionnaire to elicit participant preference for intervention, the multi-dimensional locus of control questionnaire, AIDS health locus of control questionnaire and standard demographic questions. Analysis: Descriptive statistics were used to examine preferences for intervention components. Regression analysis was done to explore the relationships between the selected factors and participants’ preferences for intervention. Findings: All 150 participants had a preference for an HIV prevention intervention. In terms of preference for treatment type, 64% preferred an intervention that incorporated a combination of educational and cognitive-behavioral components. Specifically, 23% preferred the intervention to incorporate all three components: educational information, communication skills and goal attainment. In addition, 49% of the participants’ preferred an intervention that incorporated an average of 1-4 sessions lasting 90 minutes in length. Of the socio-structural, psychological and intervention related factors hypothesized to be associated with participants’ preferences for intervention type, components and dose, intervention related factors were found to be the most significant factors related to participants’ preferences. Conclusions: Young adults preferred to have an HIV prevention intervention that encompassed a combination of education and cognitive-behavioral components when given the opportunity to choose their preferred interventions. Providing interventions that are consistent with participants’ preferences is posited as beneficial as it increases the participants’ sense of control, satisfaction with care, adherence to intervention protocol and achievement of desired outcomes.
7

Participants' Preferences for HIV Prevention Interventions

Miranda, Joyal 13 April 2010 (has links)
Background: Ontario has the highest number of HIV positive test reports in Canada. Many of the HIV prevention interventions had a moderate effect on changing unsafe sexual behaviors within the young adult population. Participants’ preferences for such interventions could be a contributing factor to the moderate effect of the prevention interventions. Treatment preference is defined as a positive or negative attitude toward a particular treatment. To date few empirical studies examined preferences for educational and cognitive/behavioral interventions focusing on HIV prevention for young adults. Purpose: The purpose of this study is twofold: to examine participants’ preferences for different types of educational and cognitive/behavioral intervention components for HIV prevention and to explore socio-structural, psychological and intervention related factors that affect participants’ preferences for intervention. Design: The study used a cross-sectional mixed methods design. The data were collected using a face-to-face interview. Structured and open-ended questions were used to inquire about participants’ preferences for intervention. Sample: The sample consisted of 150 young adults ranging in age from 18 to 39 years, and able to speak and read English. The sample was recruited from the Greater Toronto Area. Measures: The measures included an adapted questionnaire to elicit participant preference for intervention, the multi-dimensional locus of control questionnaire, AIDS health locus of control questionnaire and standard demographic questions. Analysis: Descriptive statistics were used to examine preferences for intervention components. Regression analysis was done to explore the relationships between the selected factors and participants’ preferences for intervention. Findings: All 150 participants had a preference for an HIV prevention intervention. In terms of preference for treatment type, 64% preferred an intervention that incorporated a combination of educational and cognitive-behavioral components. Specifically, 23% preferred the intervention to incorporate all three components: educational information, communication skills and goal attainment. In addition, 49% of the participants’ preferred an intervention that incorporated an average of 1-4 sessions lasting 90 minutes in length. Of the socio-structural, psychological and intervention related factors hypothesized to be associated with participants’ preferences for intervention type, components and dose, intervention related factors were found to be the most significant factors related to participants’ preferences. Conclusions: Young adults preferred to have an HIV prevention intervention that encompassed a combination of education and cognitive-behavioral components when given the opportunity to choose their preferred interventions. Providing interventions that are consistent with participants’ preferences is posited as beneficial as it increases the participants’ sense of control, satisfaction with care, adherence to intervention protocol and achievement of desired outcomes.
8

Adolescent girls and young womens' perspectives of how their lives were impacted by participating in a combination HIV-prevention intervention in South Africa: a qualitative study

Verwoerd, Wilmé 01 March 2021 (has links)
Background: HIV incidence among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) aged 15-24 in sub-Saharan Africa remains exceptionally high. Evidence shows that no single HIV prevention strategy will be effective in controlling the HIV pandemic. Research in recent years demonstrates the need for combination HIV prevention efforts, including biomedical, behavioral, and structural interventions. Given the urgent need to identify strategies that effectively reduce HIV risk among AGYW, it is crucial to understand how best to maximize the impact of combination HIV prevention interventions. This qualitative study explored the perceived impacts of a combination HIV-prevention intervention on the lives of AGYW in South Africa. Methods: The study is based on the findings from a qualitative evaluation of the RISE Club Programme, one component of a combination HIV intervention for AGYW. Using 24 focus group discussions and 63 in-depth interviews with 237 AGYW, we explored participants' experiences and perceptions of participating in a combination HIV prevention intervention and how it was perceived to impact their lives. Results: From the perspectives of AGYW, the intervention was perceived to positively impact their ability to communicate and develop and maintain healthy relationships with family, peers and partners. The findings show that the intervention helped increase their sexual and reproductive health (SRH) knowledge which improved their sexual self efficacy while also encouraging positive behavioural choices such as contraceptive uptake. It was also perceived to improve AGYW lives and personal development, specifically their self confidence and self esteem. However, logistical challenges with the implementation of the intervention and unmet expectations, created frustration and negative perceptions of the intervention in some instances. Conclusions: Overall, the findings demonstrate that intervention recipients perceived mostly positive impacts on their lives as a result of participating in the RISE programme. Understanding the perspectives of AGYW, is helpful in order to assess the benefits and perceived impacts of such an intervention on the lived realities of intended beneficiaries. Taking these perspectives into consideration and understanding some of the unforeseen negative impacts of the intervention can help to inform the design and implementation of future combination HIV prevention interventions for a similar sub-group of the population.
9

The structural approach of HIV prevention : the case of female sex workers in Honduras

García Perdomo, María Mercedes 18 August 2010 (has links)
The goal of this report was to assess current prevention strategies that attempt to reduce HIV prevalence among female sex workers (FSW) in Honduras. This analysis was based on the difference between behavioral change and structural approaches; that is, while behavioral change theories are based on risk reduction through promoting individuals’ change, the structural approach addresses the factors in the environment that make individuals vulnerable to HIV. In order to analyze prevention strategies in Honduras, I carried out an analysis of the structural conditions at the country level and, at the sex workers population level. The structural factors that make Honduras a country vulnerable to HIV are political instability, migrations, poverty and socio-economic conditions, and gender inequality. As a consequence of those macro-environmental conditions, sex workers face the following micro-environmental factors that increase their vulnerability to HIV: violence and male domination; large families and single parenthood; low income and poor education; and public policies against sex work, such as police abuse and closure of brothels. This report is based on an analysis of the Sonagachi Project in India, 100% Condom Use in Thailand, and the intervention in the Dominican Republic, programs that successfully address structural conditions and decrease women’s vulnerability to HIV. This report showed that in Honduras, the prevention strategies currently implemented are limited because they are based on behavioral change theories, failing to address environmental barriers that increase vulnerability to HIV among FSW. I give some specific recommendations about how to improve prevention strategies in this country reducing women’s vulnerability by addressing the structural factors they face. / text
10

MAPPING HIV PREVENTION IN POLAND: CONTESTED CITIZENSHIP AND THE STRUGGLES FOR HEALTH AFTER SOCIALISM

Owczarzak, Jill Teresa 01 January 2007 (has links)
This ethnographic dissertation research project examines HIV prevention programs in Warsaw, Poland to explore the concurrent processes of democratization and privatization as Poland begins European Union accession. As inherently political public health interventions, HIV prevention programs provoke discussions of risk and responsibility, and visions of the moral social order. Therefore, they can be used to understand the ways in which politically and socially marginalized populations invoke claims to citizenship status through attention to health issues. From an epidemiological perspective, HIV/AIDS arrived in Poland relatively late (1985) and never reached the anticipated epidemic levels. In the 1980s, drawing attention to the potential threat of AIDS served as a forum through which the perceived failures of the socialist government could be publicly addressed. In the 1990s calls for improved access to AIDS information suggested that to be democratic meant to have open and easy access to scientific information, and debate surrounding the establishment of AIDS care facilities suggested that to be European was to be tolerant. However, issues of information and tolerance were problematic in reference to homosexuality. Prior to the advent of AIDS in Poland, socialist gender and sexual ideologies converged with Catholic notions of proper morality to marginalize and pathologize homosexuality. Nascent gay organizations saw the potential of HIV prevention as a way to justify the value of such organizations for the greater good of society. The possibility of controlling and participating in the task of HIV prevention presented an alternative to statesponsored surveillance under the guise of HIV prevention and encouraged public dialogue about the issues gays face in their daily lives. Whereas the national HIV prevention agenda focuses on risks as equally distributed across Polish society, a central component of the HIV prevention programs within Polish gay rights and drug abuse prevention organizations is harm reduction. As practiced by Polish gay organizations, a harm reduction philosophy draws attention to heterogeneity within gays and challenges the construction of them as a coherent risk group. These programs deemphasize sexuality in favor of a wider constellation of factors that contribute to finding oneself in situations that can lead to risky behavior.

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