Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 1944. / Reproduction from type-written copy. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Basel, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references.

Diss.--Historisches Seminar--Universität Bonn, 1996. / Nombreuses citations. Bibliogr. p. 268-287. Index.

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Horace Pippin (1888-1946) was a self-taught American artist who served in World War I. While he used art as a therapeutic outlet to process the horrors of war, his work also served as documentation of the environmental scars that were enacted upon the landscape. This paper will examine his war paintings through an ecocritical lens using Pippin’s style, technique, and subject to argue that the artist overlaid his personal war experiences onto his images of battlefields. The resulting perspective will connect the marks left on nature by military techniques with the artistic marks Pippin enacted on his canvases, one mirroring the other. This is specifically noted through the metaphorical and physical scar of trench warfare on the environment, which I argue Pippin emphasized in his painted scenes. I will then compliment this physical scarring with an examination of the therapeutic role painting played for Pippin in processing the emotional scars of war that continued to plague him well after the ceasefire. In this thesis, I will examine Pippin’s style, method, and subject matter, while considering both preliminary sketches and finished paintings. This study of Pippin’s work will culminate with the painting The Ending of the War, Starting Home completed in approximately 1933. It visually represents the moment of German surrender in dark, muted tones with stark brush strokes. The layering of paint and carved frame create a sculptural effect, and it is these marks fashioned by the layered brushwork that mirror the trench scars. Ultimately, this painting stands as one of the strongest examples of Pippin’s work to be considered with an ecocritical perspective. / Art History

Face à l’œuvre fragmentaire de Lucilius, la recherche s’appuie souvent sur le témoignage d’Horace pour caractériser le primus inuentor. En étudiant les citations de Lucilius chez Varron et Cicéron, nous avons un double objectif : déterminer dans quelle mesure la représentation qu’Horace donne de Lucilius est tributaire de la première réception de son œuvre ; plus largement, étudier l’impact du processus de citation sur la construction d’une figure littéraire, la sélection de certains passages, la réorientation de leur sens et l’insistance sur un aspect de l’œuvre. L’étude du contexte des citations de Lucilius chez Cicéron permet de conclure que le satiriste est avant tout pour l’Arpinate le chantre de la libertas uerborum. Une telle caractérisation se retrouvera chez Horace et plusieurs chercheurs l’associent au contexte de la fin de République. Notre thèse montre cependant qu’Horace, lorsqu’il évoque le franc-parler de son prédécesseur, est en grande partie tributaire d’une construction déjà engagée à l’époque républicaine. Les citations de Cicéron font aussi de Lucilius un poeta doctus et urbanus. Reprenant les conclusions des différents travaux sur l’urbanitas, notre travail éclaire la manière dont cette représentation parvient à s’accorder chez Cicéron avec celle d’un Lucilius liber. Il s’interroge également sur les raisons pour lesquelles la doctrina de Lucilius, mise en lumière par les citations de Cicéron, n’a pas été retenue par l’immédiate postérité. Partant enfin de l’association faite par Horace entre le genre satirique et le sermo, notre étude s’intéresse aux liens établis à l’époque républicaine entre la figure de Lucilius et différents types de sermo (cotidianus, comicus, Platonis et Bioneus). Horace n’est pas directement tributaire de Cicéron et Varron, mais leurs citations, en créant un réseau d’associations, ont favorisé une telle représentation du genre. / Given the fragmentary nature of Lucilius’ works, scholars often rely on Horace’s testimony to describe the primus inuentor. In studying Lucilius’ quotes in Varro’s and Cicero’s writings, we hope to achieve a twofold objective. First, we aim to determine to what extent Lucilius’ depiction by Horace owes to the reception of the former’s œuvre. Then, more broadly, we will analyse the influence of the quotation process on the establishment of a literary figure, the selection of some passages, the change in meaning and the emphasis on a specific features of Lucilius’ work. Quotes of Lucilius by Cicero show that the satirist was in the Arpinate’s opinion above all a figurehead of libertas uerborum. Horace gives a similar portrayal of Lucilius, which academics associate with the context of the end of the Republic. Nevertheless, our thesis argues that, when stressing Lucilius’ outspokenness, Horace adopts a process dating back to the Republican era. Moreover, Cicero makes of Lucilius a poeta doctus et perurbanus. Drawing upon works on the urbanitas, our thesis gives an insight into the way that picture attunes with that of Lucilius liber in Cicero’s works. We also address the issue of omission: why is Lucilius’ doctrina, put into limelight by Cicero, overlooked by immediate posterity? Building on the bond between satirical genre and sermo according to Horace, our thesis dwells eventually on the relationship between Lucilius’ figure during the Republican age and several variations of sermo (cotidianus, comicus, Platonis and Bioneus). Horace is not dependent on Cicero and Varro per say but their quotations act as a system of cross-references, enabling in the end such a view on the genre.

The application of persona theory to the poetry of Horace is a well-established method of critical analysis, but in Horace’s love poems we can also distinguish various erotic voices. The Odes and Epodes of Horace feature several distinct sexual personae as the speakers of the poems. Horace the Lothario is a witty, didactic, slightly detached expert on love and erotic behavior. Horace the Excluded Lover is a gloomy failure at love who desires someone he cannot have. Horace the Ephebophile seeks as the object of his erotic desire a young man generally older than traditional Roman pederasty would suggest, but this desire is coded and suppressed. Horace the Moralist, possibly in ironic relation to the other three, attacks loose sexual morals and praises Augustus for returning chastity and monogamy to Rome. Finally, the sexual personae of some of Horace’s poems defy simple categorization and must be analyzed more closely in order to explain the nature of the speaker. This methodology, the division into sexual personae, allows us to give a fresh critical appraisal to Horace’s erotic poetry. / text