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Les éléments transposables (ETs) sont des séquences d’ADN capables de se déplacer au sein du génome. Ils sont trouvés chez la plupart des organismes vivants (45% du génome humain). Du fait de leur mobilité, ils créent des mutations et causent des pathologies (par exemple : Cancer, Hémophilie A ...), d’autres ont perdu leur capacité à transposer, on les nomme « séquences ancestrales ». Pour comprendre la régulation des éléments transposables, nous avons choisi la drosophile comme modèle animal car elle contient les différents types d’ETs trouvés chez l’Homme. Mon projet de thèse concerne l’élément I de la drosophile apparenté à la famille LINE (Long Interspersed Nucleotidic Element) chez les mammifères (20% du génome humain). Un croisement entre des mâles Inducteurs ‘I’ possédant des éléments I fonctionnels avec des femelles réactives ‘R’ qu’en sont dépourvus entraînera la forte mobilisation des éléments I dans les ovaires de la descendance femelle. Leur activation est à l’origine de la Dysgénésie des Hybrides du système I-R. Nos résultats précédents ont montré qu’on peut inhiber l’activité de I, en introduisant des fragments de I lui-même. Ce mécanisme pourrait être comparé à une «vaccination génétique». Plus tard, il a été montré que cette régulation implique une voie de l’ARN interférence, celle des piRNA (Piwi interacting RNA). D’autre part il a été démontré que HP1a, une protéine hétérochromatique, était impliquée dans la répression des ETs. De manière surprenante, mes résultats révèlent qu’un allèle de HP1a portant une mutation dans le chromodomaine (CD : Site d’interaction entre HP1a et H3K9me3) est capable de réduire l’activité de l’élément I et de restaurer la fertilité des femelles. Ce phénotype est corrélé avec une baisse significative des transcrits fonctionnels des éléments I. Des analyses par approches bio-informatiques indiquent l’interférence de la protéine HP1a mutée par son CD avec la voie des piRNAs. Cette interférence aboutit à la régulation de l’élément I et de la suppression de la dysgénésie des hybrides. / Transposable elements (TEs) are DNA sequences capable of moving within the genome. They are found in most living organisms (45% of the human genome). Because of their mobility, they create mutations and cause pathologies (for example: Cancer, Haemophilia A ...), others have lost their capacity to transpose, we call them "ancestral sequences". To understand the regulation of transposable elements, we have chosen Drosophila as an animal model because it contains the different types of TEs found in humans. My thesis project is to study the Drosophila element I related to the LINE family (Long Interspersed Nucleotidic Element) in mammals (20% of the human genome). A cross between Inductive 'I' males possessing functional I elements and reactive 'R' females without it will result in the strong mobilization of the I elements in the ovaries of the female offspring. Their activation is at the origin of the Hybrid Dysgenesis of the I-R system. Our previous results have shown that one can inhibit the activity of I by introducing fragments of I itself. This mechanism could be compared to a "genetic vaccination". Later, it was shown that this regulation involves a pathway of RNA interference, that of piRNA (Piwi interacting RNA). On the other hand it has been shown that HP1a, a heterochromatic protein was involved in the repression of ETs. Surprisingly, my results reveal that an HP1a allele carrying a mutation in the chromodomain (CD: Site of interaction between HP1a and H3K9me3) is able to reduce the activity of element I and to restore fertility in females. This phenotype is correlated with a significant decrease in the functional transcripts of the elements I. Bioinformatics analyzes indicate the interference of the HP1a protein mutated by its CD with the piRNAs pathway. This interference results in the regulation of the element I and the suppression of the dysgenesis of the hybrids.

Stimulation or repression of gene expression by genome-wide regulatory mechanisms is an important epigenetic regulatory function which can act to efficiently regulate larger regions or specific groups of genes, for example by compensating for loss or gain of chromosome copy numbers. In Drosophila melanogaster there are two known chromosome-wide regulatory systems; the MSL complex, which mediates dosage compensation of the single male X-chromosome and POF, which stimulates expression from the heterochromatic 4th chromosome. POF also interacts with the heterochromatin inducing protein HP1a, which represses expression from the 4th chromosome but which also has been assigned stimulatory functions. In addition to these two, there is another more elusive and less well-characterized genome-wide mechanism called buffering, which can act to balance transcriptional output of aneuploidy regions of the genome (i.e. copy number variation). In my thesis, I describe the presence of a novel physical link between dosage compensation and heterochromatin; mediate by two female-specific POF binding sites, proximal to roX1 and roX2 on the X chromosome (the two non-coding RNAs in the MSL complex). These sites can also provide clues to the mechanisms behind targeting of chromosome-specific proteins. Furthermore, to clarify the conflicting reports about the function of HP1a, I have suggested a mechanism in which HP1a has adopted its function to different genomic locations and gene types. Different binding mechanisms to the promoter vs. the exon of genes allows HP1a to adopt opposite functions; at the promoter, HP1a binding opens up the chromatin structure and stimulates gene expression, whereas the binding to exons condense the chromatin and thus, represses expression. This also causes long genes to be more bound and repressed by HP1a. Moreover, I show that buffering of monosomic regions is a weak but significant response to loss of chromosomal copy numbers, and that this is mediated via a general mechanism which mainly acts on differentially expressed genes, where the effect becomes stronger for long genes. I also show that POF is the factor which compensates for copy number loss of chromosome 4.