Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2010. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-115). Also available on the World Wide Web.

<p>Most of the heavy-duty machines, in particular construction vehicles, employ hydraulically actuated functions that are used to perform multiple tasks with elevated power requirements. Such high-power demand motivates the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to minimize the costs associated with energy consumption through the design of such hydraulic systems. The human-machine interaction (human factors) and the efficiency of the hydraulic control system are considered key elements towards a successful design. The interaction between the operator and the machine considerably affects the performance of construction machines. In order to maintain high levels of productivity, the operators require comfort and effortless controllability of the multiple hydraulic functions. The comfort requirement can include limited shocks and oscillations while operating the machines (while driving and controlling the implement motion), cabin accessories (AC, radio, cameras, etc.) and accessibility to the instrumentation. Besides, the operators have to control multiple functions simultaneously in an efficient manner while maintaining high levels of productivity. Consequently, the operators require smooth controllability of such functions. Such demand can largely affect the efficiency of the expected hydraulic control system and can induce additional costs and complexity. The OEMs are therefore forced to find a balance between efficiency and operators’ requirements to be competitive on the market. As a result, the currently adopted hydraulic architectures rely on purely hydraulic components to ensure robustness and functionality of the hydraulic functions at the expenses of limited performance and high-power consumption. In this dissertation, electro-hydraulic components are employed to induce improvements of the commercially available solutions while still complying with the operators’ demands and energy efficiency. To this end, this work tackles the weaknesses of traditional hydraulic architectures and it proposes alternative solutions to overcome their limitations. Two full-size wheel loaders are used to study the behavior of the existing system and later to implement the proposed variations. First, the development of an innovative ride control feature to improve the operators’ comfort is presented. Experimental results show the proposed strategy having better comfort performances compared to the purely hydraulic solution. Besides, the electro-hydraulic alternative does not demand the costly additional components the commercial solution instead requires. Second, this work faces the concern for efficiency of the present hydraulic architecture. The most diffused hydraulic system for the studied category of construction machines, commonly known as Load Sensing (LS), is sized to work most efficiently for elevated power conditions. During this work, an electronically controlled hydraulic supply unit and a flow-sharing method are used to reduce the hydraulic power consumption in the regions where the traditional LS system is less efficient. With a simple and cost-effective modification, the presented control strategy can induce an efficiency improvement over a wide range of operating conditions. Third, this dissertation proposes an operator-assistance feature to potentially increase the overall productivity and reduce the operator’s stress. An online estimation algorithm was developed to predict the payload weight of the transported material inside the bucket and the pushing forces during a typical loading cycle. The calculated payload mass provides an estimate of the user’s productivity level and it is extremely advantageous when the loaded material should reach a certain target weight. The developed estimation algorithm can also support an optimized autonomous excavation process, which can progressively limit the operator-machine interaction.</p>

No description available.

Load sensing pumps in hydraulic system of wheel loaders helps in increasing the energy efficiency of wheel loaders. Present day machines have hydro mechanical load sensing system. After the advent of hydro mechanical load sensing concept, over the years, lots of research has been carried out relevant to electro hydraulic load sensing, trying to control the pump electronically. Currently, Volvo Construction Equipments (VCE) is interested in investigating the possibility of implementing electro hydraulic load sensing system in the wheel loaders. Research works has shown existence of several configurations of electro hydraulic load sensing pumps. Successful simulation results of an electro hydraulic load sensing pump configuration would provide a backing for the proposal of building and testing that configuration of electro hydraulic load sensing pump prototype. Also, the thesis work aims in benchmarking hydraulic system simulation capabilities of AMESim and GT- Suite by simulating the existing hydro mechanical load sensing system in both in both the simulation packages. / The thesis work has been carried out at Virtual Product Development (VPD) division of Volvo Construction Equipments (VCE), Eskilstuna, Sweden.

Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2017-11-17T17:27:31Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-17T17:27:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Os elementos de combustível de um reator nuclear de pesquisa tipo MTR (\"Material Testing Reactor\") são, em sua grande maioria, formados por placas de combustível revestidas com alumínio contendo no cerne silicileto de urânio (U3Si2) disperso em matriz de alumínio. Essas placas possuem espessura da ordem de milímetros e comprimentos muito maiores em relação à sua espessura. Elas são dispostas paralelamente no conjunto que forma o elemento combustível, de maneira a formar canais entre elas com poucos milímetros de espessura, por onde escoa o fluido de refrigeração (água leve ou água pesada). Essa configuração, associada à necessidade de um escoamento com altas vazões para garantir o resfriamento das placas em operação, pode gerar problemas de falhas mecânicas das placas de combustível devido às vibrações induzidas pelo escoamento nos canais e, consequentemente, acidentes de proporções graves no caso de velocidade crítica que possa gerar o colapso das placas. Embora não haja ruptura das placas de combustível durante o colapso, as deflexões permanentes excessivas das placas podem causar bloqueio do canal de escoamento no núcleo do reator e levar ao superaquecimento nas placas. Para este trabalho, foram desenvolvidas uma bancada experimental com capacidade para altas vazões volumétricas (Q=100 m3/h) e uma seção de testes que simula um elemento combustível do tipo placa com três canais de resfriamento. A seção de testes foi construída com placas de alumínio e acrílico e foi instrumentada com sensores de deformação, sensores de pressão, um acelerômetro e um tubo de pitot. As dimensões da seção de testes foram baseadas nas dimensões do Elemento Combustível do Reator Multipropósito Brasileiro (RMB), cujo projeto está sendo coordenado pela Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear - CNEN. Os experimentos realizados alcançaram o objetivo de chegar à condição de velocidade crítica de Miller com o colapso das placas. A velocidade crítica foi atingida com 14,5 m/s levando a consequente deformação plástica das placas que formam o canal do escoamento. O canal central na entrada da seção de testes apresentou uma abertura de 3 mm em seu centro, causando um grande bloqueio do escoamento nos canais laterais. Este comportamento foi v constatado visualmente durante a desmontagem da seção de testes, ilustrado e discutido na análise de resultados apresentado neste trabalho. O bloqueio dos canais também foi observado por meio de gráficos de queda de pressão e por gráficos das deformações da entrada, centro e saída das placas contra a velocidade média da seção de testes. Observou-se uma queda da resistência hidráulica da seção de testes devido ao aumento da seção transversal de escoamento no canal central e um aumento exponencial das deformações quando da ocorrência da velocidade crítica. Comparativamente, o valor experimental obtido para velocidade crítica na seção de testes foi da ordem de 85% do valor obtido por cálculo com a expressão teórica de Miller. Os experimentos realizados permitiram um melhor entendimento da interação fluido estrutura em elementos de combustível tipo placa como: valores de frequências de vibrações naturais, instabilidade fluido elástica e desenvolvimento de técnicas para a detecção de valores de velocidade crítica. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / CNPq:481193/2012-0

Due to the robustness and flexibility of hydraulic components, hydraulic control systems are used in a wide range of applications under various environmental conditions. However, the coverage of this broad field of applications often comes with a loss of performance. Especially when conditions and working points change often, hydraulic control systems cannot work at their optimum. Flexible electronic controllers in combination with techniques from the field of machine learning have the potential to overcome these issues. By applying a reinforcement learning algorithm, this paper examines whether learned controllers can compete with an expert-tuned solution. Thereby, the method is thoroughly validated by using simulations and experiments as well.

Submitted by Marco Antonio Oliveira da Silva (maosilva@ipen.br) on 2016-08-26T12:15:03Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-26T12:15:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O escoamento bifásico de gás-líquido é encontrado em muitos circuitos fechados que utilizam circulação natural para fins de resfriamento. O fenômeno da circulação natural é importante nos recentes projetos de centrais nucleares para a remoção de calor. O circuito de circulação natural (Circuito de Circulação Natural - CCN), instalado no Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN / CNEN, é um circuito experimento concebido para fornecer dados termo-hidráulicos relacionados com escoamento monofásico ou bifásico em condições de circulação natural. A estimativa de transferência de calor tem sido melhorada com base em modelos que requerem uma previsão precisa de transições de padrão de escoamento. Este trabalho apresenta testes experimentais desenvolvidos no CCN para a visualização dos fenômenos de instabilidade em ciclos de circulação natural básica e classificar os padrões de escoamento bifásico associados aos transientes e instabilidades estáticas de escoamento. As imagens são comparadas e agrupadas utilizando mapas auto-organizáveis de Kohonen (SOM), aplicados em diferentes características da imagem digital. Coeficientes da Transformada Discreta de Cossenos de Quadro Completo (FFDCT) foram utilizados como entrada para a tarefa de classificação, levando a bons resultados. Os protótipos de FFDCT obtidos podem ser associados a cada padrão de escoamento possibilitando uma melhor compreensão da instabilidade observada. Uma metodologia sistemática foi utilizada para verificar a robustez do método. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

La marée interne générée sur une topographie est un élément clé des transferts énergétiques des échelles de forçage de l'océan vers les échelles de mélange turbulent. Elle contribuerait à près de la moitié du mélange turbulent nécessaire au maintien de la stratification océanique. Une compréhension plus approfondie des processus mis en jeu est nécessaire pour décrire plus précisément son rôle dans le maintien de la circulation océanique. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la continuité des travaux d'Y. Dossmann (2012) portant sur les ondes internes solitaires générées au dessus d'une dorsale océanique. Ces travaux reposent sur une utilisation complémentaire d'expériences physiques menées dans le grand canal du CNRM-GAME et d'expériences numériques à l'échelle du laboratoire effectuées avec le modèle d'océanographie côtière SNH. L'utilisation simultanée de ces deux outils a notamment permis d'évaluer la validité des hypothèses sous-jacentes de ce modèle et le développement de nouveaux schémas numériques. Dans cette thèse, des simulations numériques utilisant la version non-hydrostatique et non-Boussinesq du modèle SNH sont utilisées pour décrire les différents régimes d'ondes internes dans des régions " supercritiques ". Le terme supercritique désigne à la fois des courants de marée intenses dont la vitesse U est supérieure à la vitesse de propagation des ondes internes cn, et des topographies très abruptes dont l'angle de la pente est supérieur à l'angle du rayon d'onde interne dans la pycnocline . De telles conditions environnementales correspondent à des régions de mélange intense, jusqu'à 10 000 fois supérieur au mélange turbulent observé dans l'océan ouvert. Les processus physiques ayant lieu dans ces régions restent encore mal compris et mal représentés par les paramétrisations d'ondes internes existantes. De plus, ces régions sont également des zones propices à la génération d'ondes internes non-linéaires pouvant se propager pendant plusieurs jours et entraînant ainsi des transferts d'énergie significatifs loin de leur zone de génération. La description des processus turbulents en jeu dans ces régions " extrêmes " constitue le cœur de ma thèse. Dans une première partie, des configurations académiques à l'échelle du laboratoire sont mises en place pour étudier les processus en jeu dans différents régimes " supercritiques " de génération d'onde internes. Des simulations numériques directes sont réalisées et permettent d'identifier un nombre limité de paramètres physiques adimensionnés contrôlant la dynamique des ondes internes dans ces régions. Une attention particulière est portée sur le rôle joué par la topographie sur la génération des modes verticaux d'ondes internes et sur la formation de modes " hauts " d'ondes internes solitaires. Le second objectif de cette thèse est de faire le lien entre les précédentes études académiques à l'échelle du laboratoire et l'échelle océanique. Pour cela, un principe de similitude permettant de conserver la dynamique des ondes internes tout en modifiant l'échelle de l'écoulement est mise en place. Par le biais de ce principe de similitude, nous partons de cas idéalisés à l'échelle du laboratoire, que nous transposons à l'échelle océanique, pour nous rapprocher de cas océaniques plus réalistes et de plus en plus complexes. Puis notre étude de régime est étendue à deux régions océaniques " supercritiques " bien connues : le détroit de Gibraltar et le plateau situé à l'entrée du golfe du Maine (nommé " Georges Bank " en anglais). L'applicabilité de nos paramètres clés est étudiée dans le cas de ces deux environnements complexes par le biais de simulations haute résolution de grande échelle (LES). / Internal tides are involved in the Meridional Overturning Circulation energy balance. The issue about the relative importance of the mechanical and thermodynamical energy sources induces a need for a quantitative evaluation of the energy transfers and for a clear understanding of the physical processes involved in these energy transfers. In supercritical regions such as the strait of Gibraltar or the Hawaiian Ridge, large topography variations and strong currents lead to more complex generation mechanisms of internal waves and environmental interactions. They can be subject locally to spectacular breaking, with turbulent structures observed hundreds of meters above the seafloor, and driving turbulence orders of magnitude higher than open-ocean levels. These regions are also effective at generating nonlinear internal waves (ISWs) which persist for days after their generation and are suspected to be responsible for important remote energy transfers. In these "extreme" regions, ISWs dynamics is also more difficult to model. These situations are highly non-hydrostatic and non-linear with strong instabilities, strong velocity and density gradients and steep slopes. Moreover, in these regions, actual internal wave's parameterizations are often inadequate. So there is a real need to understand and represent better the ISWs dynamic in these areas. This thesis follows the line of research of Dossmann (2012), on topographically induced internal solitary waves which used a complementary approach relying on numerical and experimental configurations at laboratory scale. In this context, we continue to explore internal tide regimes but in "supercritical" regions: internal tide generation area with supercritical topography and hydraulic control. Simulations are performed using the nonhydrostatic and non-Boussinesq version of the regional oceanic circulation model SNH. In a first part, taking an idealized modeling approach at laboratory scale, we examined a range of different internal waves regimes in "supercritical" regions. Relying on quasi-direct numerical simulations (quasi-DNS), a regime analysis has been proposed using and identifying key non-dimensional parameters for ISWs dynamics. This analysis has permitted to recover a topographic control on vertical mode generation characterized by the ratio of vertical mode wavelength to topography width, even above supercritical topography. The topographic selection criterion has proven to be a useful indicator of high mode solitary wave formation in non-linear regime. The purpose of the second part is to extend the previous studies at laboratory scales towards more realistic oceanic conditions. In this regard, the regime analysis is applied to a idealized large scale oceanic strait through a similitude principle. The idealized strait configuration succeeds in representing laboratory scale strait regime at largest and realistic scales. Then our analysis is applied to two well-known realistic cases: the Strait of Gibraltar and Georges Bank through large eddy simulations. These two oceanographic "supercritical" regions are particularly interesting for their specific topography and stratification conditions.

<p>The electrification trend affecting off-road vehicles is paving the way toward dedicated electrified hydraulic actuation systems. Although traditional centralized fluid power architectures are still utilized in many applications for low cost, power density, and reliability, nowadays emission policy results in an increasing interest in developing electro-hydraulic actuator (EHA) solutions. EHAs enable non-throttling actuation and energy recuperation during overrunning loads, leading to higher transmission efficiency and lower fuel consumption. These features in energy efficiency make EHAs competitive in meeting emission regulations compared to conventional hydraulic solutions.</p> <p>The key challenge in developing the EHA solution comes from the high cost and space requirements, especially for the adoption of self-contained EHAs in mobile applications. In this study, two architectures for the EHA are proposed, a closed-circuit architecture and an open-circuit one, to determine the most practical and efficient configuration. The most effective open-circuit architecture with distributed concepts is further investigated for implementation, which requires less modification of the mechanical structures and performs more efficiently than the closed-circuit alternative. The proposed EHA is driven by an electro-hydraulic unit (EHU) consisting of a variable-speed electric motor and a fixed-displacement hydraulic pump, which is relatively cost-effective. A novel hydraulic configuration is proposed, which allows the EHA to cover full-speed operating ranges in four quadrants. </p> <p>To verify the EHA design, the behavior of the proposed system should be predicted prior to costly experiments and demonstrations. For this purpose, an integrated simulation model is developed based on the lumped parameter approach in the Amesim environment. The model includes the electric system, the hydraulic system, and the mechanism to be implemented, which are capable of flexible analysis of functionality, efficiency, and thermal performance.</p> <p>In this work, a dedicated test rig for EHA testing is developed. The test rig can help verify EHA performance, test the control algorithm, and diagnose errors before implementing the system on real applications. The experimental results from the test rig also validate the simulation model. An independent load drive of the test rig allows testing all possible  loading conditions of the proposed EHA, thus demonstrating the energy performance in four quadrants. Thermal behavior is investigated with long duty cycles to determine the need for additional cooling equipment. After the validation of the hydraulic configuration, a power electronics setup is added to the test rig, which allows to drive the EHA system with the novel designed EHUs. Validation on the test platform paves the way for implementation in a vehicle. </p> <p>As a final step, the proposed EHA system is implemented in a reference vehicle, a Case New Holland TV380 skid steer loader. A novel designed EHU is adopted to drive the system for technology demonstration. The energy savings capacity of the EHA is investigated in comparison to the baseline measurements of the traditional open-center hydraulic architecture. The impressive savings from the reduction of throttling losses and energy recovery guide the possible commercialization of such EHAs in mobile hydraulic applications. The controller design of the implemented EHA system is investigated with the aim of improving the dynamic performance, e.g., reducing damping oscillation. Basic power management strategies are also studied to integrate EHA with the power train of current hydraulic machines. Regarding future work, based on this research but not within the scope of this study, the proposed EHA system can be adopted with different types of prime movers, such as axial piston machines as the hydraulic part of an EHU. Furthermore, the design approach proposed in this study can help resize the EHA system for other applications with different loading conditions and power requirements, and the energy savings capability can be further investigated. With this, a comprehensive market analysis will be performed for the commercialization of EHA. </p>

Elektrohydraulische Steuerungen mit getrennten Steuerkanten stellen komplexe, mechatronische Systeme dar, welche durch ein enges Zusammenspiel der beteiligten Komponenten, ihrer strukturellen Anordnung, der notwendigen Sensorik und Elektronik, sowie den funktionsgebenden Algorithmen charakterisiert sind. Die vielfältigen Umsetzungsvarianten in den jeweiligen Gebieten und speziell im Bereich der Steuer- und Regelalgorithmen erschweren eine zielgerichtete Entwicklung, Bewertung und Auswahl. Neben ökonomischen Randbedingungen bildet vor allem eine beherrschbare Komplexität der Steuerungen, im Sinne der Robustheit und Handhabbarkeit, ein wesentliches Merkmal. Im Kern der Arbeit steht die Frage, welche Systemarchitektur für eine spezifische Maschinen- bzw. Arbeitsaufgabe aus Funktions- und Effizienzsicht optimale Eigenschaften aufweist. Dafür ist es notwendig, den Betrachtungsraum über alle Hierarchieebenen hinweg mit ihren jeweiligen Abhängigkeiten zu berücksichtigen. Ein strukturierter und iterativer Entwicklungsprozess, welcher dieWechselwirkungen der Einzellösungen frühzeitig einbezieht, dient dabei als Vorgehensmodell. In jeder Ebene sind Synthese,Analyse und Validierungsschritte notwendig, um die resultierenden Systemeigenschaften bewerten zu können. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf einer Einbindung der Steueralgorithmen und einem stufenweisen Test mithilfe simulativer und experimenteller Untersuchungen. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt eine Struktur- und Schaltungssystematik, zur zielgerichteten Ableitung von Strukturvarianten unter Berücksichtigung der Art und Anordnung der beteiligten Komponenten, zur Verfügung. Für die als Grundstruktur oder Basiskonfiguration bezeichnete Systemvariante, bestehend aus vier proportional verstellbaren Einzelwiderständen in Brückenanordnung, erfolgt eine regelungstechnische Analyse des vorliegenden Mehrgrößensystems. Zusätzlich zum Streckenverhalten (offene Steuerkette) ist das resultierende Verhalten der Kombination Strecke und Steuerung von Interesse. Den Schwerpunkt bilden insbesondere die Analyse des Führungs- und Störverhaltens, sowie die Kopplungseigenschaften des resultierenden Gesamtsystems. Um das funktionale Verhalten der gewählten System- und Steuerungsstruktur tiefgreifender analysieren und ihre Funktionsfähigkeit nachzuweisen zu können, wird ein Labordemonstrator in Form eines Baggerarmprüfstandes genutzt. Hierbei erfolgen jeweils eine virtuelle Untersuchung in einer Systemsimulationsumgebung, als auch der messtechnische Nachweis. Ein analoges Vorgehen wird für die Untersuchung des funktional-energetischen Verhaltens im Gesamtmaschinenkontext gewählt. Das simulativ ermittelte und optimierte Verhalten wird durch umfangreiche Untersuchungen am Maschinendemonstrator, im Rahmen von Maschinenmessungen verifiziert. Die dabei gewonnen Erkenntnisse dienen als Randbedingungen für eine weitreichende simulationstechnische Gegenüberstellung mit alternativen Antriebstechnologien. Erst diese Maßnahme ermöglicht die Einordnung der erzielten Ergebnisse des Untersuchungssystems.:1 Einleitung 1 2 Stand der Wissenschaft und Technik 3 2.1 Aufbau und Funktionsweise von Erdbaumaschinen 3 2.2 Steuerungssysteme mobiler Arbeitsmaschinen 6 2.2.1 Ventilgesteuerte Systeme in Open-Center Ausführung 9 2.2.2 Ventilgesteuerte Systeme in Closed-Center Ausführung 11 2.2.3 Verdrängergesteuerte Systeme 15 2.2.4 Hydraulische Hybridsysteme 18 2.3 Systeme mit getrennten Steuerkanten 21 2.3.1 Ventilstrukturen und Betriebsmodi 22 2.3.2 Aufbau und Funktionsweise proportionaler Sitzventile 28 2.3.3 Steuerungs- und Regelungskonzepte 31 3 Motivation und Zielsetzung 38 4 Entwurf und Systematisierung von Schaltungsvarianten 41 4.1 Methodik im Systementwurf 42 4.2 Varianten der Ventilstrukturen 45 4.3 Varianten der Ventilsteuerung 51 4.4 Varianten der Versorgungs- und Gesamtsysteme 53 5 Übertragungseigenschaften von Mehrgrößensystemen 58 5.1 Charakterisierung Mehrgrößenbegriff 58 5.2 Mathematische Beschreibung des ventilgesteuerten Zylinderantriebs 62 5.3 Herleitung des nichtlinearen, modellbasierten Vorsteuergesetzes 71 5.4 Analyse Zusammenhänge in Mehrgrößensystemen 74 5.4.1 Analyse des statischen Koppelfaktors 76 5.4.2 Analyse der dynamischen Kopplungseigenschaften 80 6 Untersuchungen am Labordemonstrator 87 6.1 Struktur und Aufbau des Labordemonstrators 87 6.2 Untersuchungsmethodik 89 6.3 Modellentwicklung des Labordemonstrators 92 6.3.1 Modellierung der Ausrüstungsmechanik und Prozessbelastung 93 6.3.2 Modellierung des Antriebssystems 95 6.3.3 Umsetzung der Ansteuerung - Software in the Loop 97 6.4 Validierung des Gesamtantriebsmodells 98 6.5 Beschreibung und Analyse der Steuerung 100 6.5.1 Statisches Verhalten im Einzelverbraucherbetrieb 103 6.5.2 Dynamisches Verhalten im Einzelverbraucherbetrieb 105 6.5.3 Statisches Verhalten im Mehrverbraucherbetrieb 108 6.5.4 Dynamisches Verhalten im Mehrverbraucherbetrieb 110 6.6 Zusammenfassung und Bewertung 114 7 Integration und Funktionstest am Maschinendemonstrator 115 7.1 Aufbau und Funktionsweise des Standardantriebssystem 116 7.2 Entwicklung und Integration des Antriebsprototyps 121 7.3 Modellentwicklung des Maschinendemonstrators 130 7.3.1 Ausrüstungs- und Fahrzeugmechanik 131 7.3.2 Verbrennungsmotor 133 7.3.3 Verstellpumpen 135 7.3.4 Steuerventile 136 7.3.5 Proportional-Sitzventil 137 7.3.6 Drehwerkssteuerung 139 7.4 Validierung und simulative Erprobung des des Gesamtsystems 140 7.5 Experimentelle Erprobung und Analyse des GSK-Systems 149 7.6 Zusammenfassung und Bewertung 157 8 Modellgestützte Analyse und Vergleich der Energieeffizienz 159 8.1 Modellgestützte Effizienzanalyse in mobilen Arbeitsmaschinen 159 8.1.1 Vollständige Zyklenspiele 161 8.1.2 Standardzyklus 164 8.1.3 Äquivalente Referenzzyklen 165 8.1.4 Fazit 166 8.2 Entwicklung und Beschreibung von Antriebssystemvarianten 168 8.2.1 Mehrkreis Drosselsteuerung 3K-OC-DS 170 8.2.2 Mehrkreis Load-Sensing Steuerung 2K/3K-CC-LS 172 8.2.3 Mehrkreis Verdrängersteuerung 3K/4K-DC 174 8.2.4 Systemvarianten mit getrennten Steuerkanten 2K/3K-IM 176 8.2.5 Mehrkreis Hybridsysteme 3K-Hy 180 8.3 Ergebnisse der Effizienzanalyse 188 8.3.1 Mehrkreis Drosselsteuerung 3K-OC-DS 188 8.3.2 Mehrkreis Load-Sensing Steuerung 2K/3K-CC-LS 193 8.3.3 Mehrkreis Verdrängersteuerung 3K/4K-DC 194 8.3.4 Systemvarianten mit getrennten Steuerkanten 2K/3K-IM 196 8.3.5 Hybridsystemvarianten 3K-Hy / 3K-CP 198 8.3.6 Gesamtsystemvergleich 200 9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 203 10 Literaturverzeichnis 209 A Anhang 233 A.1 Systematisierung von Schaltungsvarianten 233 A.1.1 Metrik zu Ermittlung der Schaltungseffizienz 233 A.2 Untersuchungen Mehrgrößensystem 242 A.2.1 Linearer Signalflussplans eines Systems mit vorgeschalteter Druckwaage 242 A.2.2 Darstellung der Systemmatrizen des ventilgesteuerten Zylinderantriebs 243 A.2.3 Kopplungsanalyse der offenen Steuerkette 243 A.2.4 Kopplungsanalyse der dezentralen Einfachregelung 245 A.2.5 Kopplungsanalyse linearer Entkopplungsfilter 246 A.2.6 Kopplungsanalyse nichtlineare Vorsteuerung 248 A.3 Untersuchungen am Systemprüfstand 250 A.3.1 Kinematikgleichungen 250 A.4 Untersuchungen am Demonstrator 251 A.4.1 Modellierung Mehrkörperstruktur 251 A.4.2 Werkzeug-Boden-Kontakt 252 A.4.3 Dynamische Vermessung Porportional-Sitzventil 253 A.5 Sytemvergleich 254 A.6 Methoden und Verfahren der Effizienzermittlung 254 A.6.1 Validierung Referenzsystem 259 A.6.2 Ergebnisse Effizienzanalyse 260