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Fifty years have elapsed since Hadley Cantril (1965) published his work on the Pattern of Human Concerns. His line of inquiry has stood the test of time. In late 2012, the nationally representative South African Social Attitudes Survey (SASAS) replicated Cantril’s 1960s questions and methodology to elicit South Africans’ hopes and aspirations and worries and fears for self and country and their ratings of where self and country stood – past, present and will stand in future. Although Cantril’s ‘ladder‐of‐life’ scale is still regularly used as a measure of subjective well‐being, to our knowledge his full line of preliminary questioning has not been fielded again to date. Our study found that South African aspirations for self were mainly material ones for a decent standard of living and the means to achieve this goal. Hopes for the nation concentrated on economic and political progress to consolidate South Africa’s democracy. A large number of personal and national hopes were mirrored in fears that these aspirations might not be met. Cantril’s method also allowed us to review the main concerns and ratings across the diverse groups of citizens that make up the ‘rainbow nation’. There was a substantial degree of consensus on top hopes and fears but levels of standing on the Cantril ladder of life were still graded according to apartheid‐era inequalities with black South Africans scoring lower than other race groups. Nonetheless, the majority of South Africans rated their present life better than five years ago and projected life to get better in future. Such optimism may place considerable pressure on the state to deliver on personal and societal hopes as the country enters its third decade of democracy.

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No description available.

The Region of Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP) is closely related to Global climate system. Previous studies indicate that the region of WPWP is affected by Walker circulation (WC) and Hadley cell (HC). WPWP expands when WC becomes stronger or when HC becomes weaker, and contracts when WC becomes weaker or when HC becomes stronger. In this study, records derived from core ODP1115B, including stable oxygen and carbon isotopes are used to reconstruct the long-term hydrological variations of WPWP over the past 2.2 Ma. We compared two species of foraminifera: Neogloboquadrina dutertrei and Globigerinoides sacculifer, for the reconstruction of differences between surface water and oceanic subsurface water. We try to find out the relationships between the thermocline depth in southern WPWP, the region of WPWP, HC and WC. However, our records indicate that the depth of thermocline in southern WPWP may be effected by the region of WPWP and the hydrology of southern WPWP. According to the Paleothermometry records of ODP806, ODP847, ODP1115 and MD063018, we can explain the relationship between WC, HC and the region of WPWP. Before 1.8 Ma, southern WPWP may not be affected by weak WC. During 1.8~1.2 Ma, WC becomes stronger and effect the region of WPWP. At the period of 1.2~0.9 Ma, southward migration of WPWP enhanced the influence of WC on the region of south WPWP and the depth of thermocline, then weakened HC in the southern hemisphere. After 0.9 Ma, the variation of hydrology in southern WPWP may be affected by stronge WC, not HC. We suggest that the influence of HC in southern WPWP is resulted in the southern region of WPWP.

This report describes the major steps used in the Army’s LSS methodology, provides a brief overview of the Unaccompanied Personnel Housing and the Army Family Housing and briefly describes some of the initial steps intended to start improving the process. In the improvement phase, two detailed models (The EOQ Model and the Hadley and Whitin (Q,r) Model) used for inventory management are discussed. This report also provides a series of recommendations that include suggestions for baseline inventory levels, some ideas for future data collection, example improvements to some data input sheets as well as a few tasks for UPH and AFH managers to reduce cost and improve the overall efficiency of the system. / text

In this study we investigate the flow of a Boussinesq fluid contained in a rotating, differentially heated spherical shell. Previous work, on the spherical shell of Boussinesq fluid, differentially heated the shell by prescribing temperature on the inner boundary of the shell, setting the temperature deviation from the reference temperature to vary proportionally with -cos 20, from the equator to the pole. We change the model to include an energy balance equation at the earth's surface, which incorporates latitudinal solar radiation distribution and ice-albedo feedback mechanism with moving ice boundary. For the fluid velocity, on the inner boundary, two conditions are considered: stress-free and no-slip. However, the model under consideration contains only simple representations of a small number of climate variables and thus is not a climate model per se but rather a tool to aid in understanding how changes in these variables may affect our planet's climate. The solution of the model is followed as the differential heating is changed, using the pseudo arc-length continuation method, which is a reliable method that can successfully follow a solution curve even at a turning point. Our main result is in regards to hysteresis phenomenon that is associated with transition from one to multiple convective cells, in a dfferentially heated, co-rotating spherical shell. In particular, we find that hysteresis can be observed without transition from one to multiple convective cells. Another important observation is that the transition to multiple convective cells is significantly suppressed altogether, in the case of stress-free boundary conditions on the fluid velocity. Also, the results of this study will be related to our present-day climate. / UOIT

The Lagrangian trajectory code TRACMASS is extended to the atmosphere to examine the tropi- cal Hadley Cells using fields from the ERA-Interim reanalysis dataset. The analysis is made using both pressure, temperature and specific humidity as vertical coordinates. By letting a trajectory represent a mass transport and tracing millions of trajectories in a domain between the latitudes 15°N and 15°S, the mass stream function based on trajectories is obtained (Lagrangian stream function). By separating the trajectories into classes depending on their starting point and des- tination (“North-to-North”, “North-to-South”, “South-to-North” and “South-to-South”), the mass stream function is decomposed into four paths. This can not be done if the stream function is cal- culated directly from the velocity fields (Eulerian stream function). Using this technique, the mass transports recirculating within the cells are compared to the mass transports between the cells, giving further insight to the structure of the Hadley Circulations. The magnitudes of the mass stream functions are presented by converting the volume flux unit Sverdrup into a mass flux unit. It is found that the recirculating transports of the northern and southern cells are 473 Sv and 508 Sv respectively. The inter-hemispheric mass transports are 126 Sv northward and 125 Sv southward. It is also found that far from all trajectories follow paths sim- ilar to the stream lines, since the stream lines are zonal and temporal means and the particle trajectories chaotic.

This dissertation presents a series of work related to the representation of the Hadley circulation (HC) in atmospheric reanalyses and general circulation models (GCMs), with connections to the underlying tropical and subtropical cloud systems that comprise the mean meridional circulation. An intercomparison of eight atmospheric reanalyses showed that significant variability exists in the mean state for HC intensity, with less variability in HC width. Ensemble trends were broadly consistent with previous work and suggest a strengthening and widening of the tropical circulation over the last 30 years. Composite profiles of the apparent heat source and moisture sink were calculated for the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) cloud regimes using sounding observations from 10 field campaigns. Distinct heating profiles were determined for each ISCCP cloud regime, ranging from strong, upper-tropospheric heating for mesoscale convective systems to integrated cooling for populations associated with marine stratus and stratocumulus clouds. The derived profiles were generally similar over land and ocean with the notable exception of the fair-weather cumulus regime, which leads to some uncertainty in the mid- and upper-level reconstruction of subtropical heating. An instrument simulator indicated that low-latitude cloud properties from the NASA MERRA reanalysis qualitatively matched the distributions of cloud-top pressure and optical thickness in the ISCCP data, though the tallest and thickest clouds were missing from the reanalysis. Simulator results were sensitive to the choice of cloud overlap parameterization and the reanalysis consistently underpredicted the observed cloud fractions for all regimes. The vertical velocity, temperature, and moisture for each regime in MERRA largely matched observations from previous studies, suggesting that the dynamic and thermodynamic properties of the cloud regimes are well captured by the reanalysis. Finally, HC interannual variability was examined as a function of the observed frequency of the ISCCP cloud regimes. The strongest HC overturning events were attributed to an El Niño response in the central Pacific Ocean in addition to links between the intensity and position of the Pacific ITCZ. The ISCCP regime describing the most vigorous and organized convection contributed the most towards the total anomalous heating during HC extremes, despite an overall low frequency of occurrence. Idealized GCM simulations forced with the observed three-dimensional diabatic heating from ISCCP data produced too strong a HC with some improvement in other fields. Overall, much progress has been made regarding the links between low-latitude cloud systems and the HC, though future work will continue to address the upscale feedbacks of regional cloud variations upon the tropical circulation.