Autecological and demographic studies on Cerastium nigrescens and Arenaria norvegica subsp. norvegica on the Keen of Hamar and Nikkavord, two ultramafic outcrops on Unst, are reported. The fluctuations in numbers of the two species on the Keen showed differences within the site but in general were related to low spring rainfall, and to number of day degrees above 5.6 DC. Individuals of the two species were monitored on the Keen from June 1994 to November 1996. Plants of Cerastium showed Deevey type two curves and mature plants had a half life of 3.8 years. Most of the seeds germinated from July to November. Plants of Arenaria showed a Deevey type one curve with high mortality after flowering in the second year. Many Arenaria seedlings were recorded throughout the spring, summer and autumn. Seed bank measurements ranged from 12 - 13 m-2 for Cerastium and from 24 - 43 m-2 for Arenaria. On Nikkavord, Cerastium plants occurred on wetter areas than the Keen plants but showed similar population dynamics to them. Arenaria plants sampled on Nikkavord showed bigger fluctuations in numbers and flowering frequencies than Keen plants. Cerastium seeds were sown on Sobul, an ultramafic outcrop, about 6 km SW of the Keen, where the species did not occur naturally. There was germination and establishment after two years. Pilot studies on the Keen revealed the importance of soil surface microtopography for the establishment of Cerastium and Arenaria. Keen and Nikkavord Cerastium leaves were more densely glandular pubescent than leaves of Faroese Cerastium arcticum. The glands produced fats, pectins and other polysaccharides and may be part of an adaptation to drought. A nickel-rich fully vegetated area on the northern slopes of the Keen suggested that the lower nickel concentrations in the barest soils are not important in retarding successional processes.

Cette étude est la toute première tentative de description complète de la grammaire du hamar, une langue parlée par environ 46.500 personnes dans le sud-ouest de l'Ethiopie (Lewis 2009). L'étude est basée sur des données collectées pendant 9 mois de travail sur le terrain entre 2013 et 2014 dans les territoires des Hamar. Les données sur la langue ont été recueillies auprès de 14 locuteurs natifs dans les villages hamar, et sont composées de 50 textes de longueurs et de genres différents. Cette grammaire décrit la phonologie, la morphologie, la syntaxe et certains aspects de la pragmatique et du discours du hamar et est organisée en 13 chapitres suivis par trois annexes : l'annexe A et B se composent d'un lexique sélectionné d’environ 1 400 entrées, l’annexe C contient trois textes hamar annotés. L'analyse qui sous-tend cette monographie grammaticale suit le cadre théorique Basic Linguistic Theory (la théorie linguistique de base - Dixon 1997, 2010, 2012). / This study is the first-ever attempt at a comprehensive grammatical description of Hamar, a language spoken in South West Ethiopia by approximately 46.500 people (Lewis 2009). The study is based on 9 months of fieldwork carried out between 2013and 2014 in Hamar territories. Language data was gathered from 14 native speakers in Hamar villages, and it amounts to 50 texts of varying lengths and genres. The grammar investigates the phonology, the morphology, the syntax and somepragmatic and discourse-related features of Hamar and it is organized in 13 chapters followed by three appendices: appendix A and B consist of a selected lexicon of circa 1400 entries, appendix C includes three annotated Hamar texts.The analysis underlying this monograph grammar follows the theoretical framework of Basic Linguistic Theory (Dixon 1997, 2010, 2012).

<p>Turistindustrien vokser fra år til år. Samtidig øker konkurransen om de reisende, både i Norge og i resten av verden. Budor har primært sitt marked i Norge, og det er mange krevende oppgaver som venter, både når det gjelder markedsføring, innovasjon og annen utvikling. Det er de siste kategoriene vi har konsentrert oss om i denne vitenskaplige avhandlingen. Vi undersøker om forutsetningene ligger til rette for at Budor skal henge med i kampen om markedsandeler i framtida. Dette har vi gjort både ved å se på generelle og demografiske utviklingstrekk ved marked og befolkning, vi har sett konkret på reiselivsnæringa og hyttebygging. Vi har undersøkt hva som er trender og utviklingstendenser i reiselivet, og hva Budor kan levere i forhold til dette. Vi har sett på Triple Helixsamarbeidet som en drivkraft for innovasjon som Løiten Almenning bør benytte seg av, og til slutt har vi undersøkt og analysert det kreative klimaet og forutsetningene for innovasjon i organisasjonen bak Budor; Løiten Almenning.</p><p>Vi mener Budor har gode naturmessige forutsetninger for kreativitet og innovasjon, men for å få til dette kreves samarbeid og nettverksbygging, bl a med myndighetene, virkemiddelapparatet, FoU og destinasjonsselskapene, samt ikke minst tro på egne muligheter. Vi har lansert begrepet kvalitetsturisme!</p> / <p>The tourist industry is growing every year, together with the increasing competition among the travellers, both in Norway and in the rest of the world. The market for destination Budor is primarily Norway, and there are many important challenges waiting, both concerning marketing and innovation. Here we want to focus on the last mentioned item; innovation. We want to investigate if Budor has the appropriate conditions in order to continue competing for future costumers.</p><p>We have done this by looking at both general and demographic developmental features connected to market and population, and we have especially been looking to the tourist industry and the building of Second homes.</p><p>We have been investigating what kind of movements and innovations we see in the tourist business, and what Budor can do to meet these. We have been looking to Triple Helix theories as a power for innovations that Løiten Almenning could use, and finally we have investigated and analysed the creative climate and conditions for innovations in the organisation behind Budor; Løiten Almenning.</p><p>Our opinion is that destination Budor has splendid natural conditions for both creativity and innovation. But, to cope with this you need cooperation and building of network together with national authorities, governmental business support apparatus i.e “Innovasjon Norge”, “FoU” and destination companies, and you need to believe in yourself and your own possibilities.</p>

Turistindustrien vokser fra år til år. Samtidig øker konkurransen om de reisende, både i Norge og i resten av verden. Budor har primært sitt marked i Norge, og det er mange krevende oppgaver som venter, både når det gjelder markedsføring, innovasjon og annen utvikling. Det er de siste kategoriene vi har konsentrert oss om i denne vitenskaplige avhandlingen. Vi undersøker om forutsetningene ligger til rette for at Budor skal henge med i kampen om markedsandeler i framtida. Dette har vi gjort både ved å se på generelle og demografiske utviklingstrekk ved marked og befolkning, vi har sett konkret på reiselivsnæringa og hyttebygging. Vi har undersøkt hva som er trender og utviklingstendenser i reiselivet, og hva Budor kan levere i forhold til dette. Vi har sett på Triple Helixsamarbeidet som en drivkraft for innovasjon som Løiten Almenning bør benytte seg av, og til slutt har vi undersøkt og analysert det kreative klimaet og forutsetningene for innovasjon i organisasjonen bak Budor; Løiten Almenning. Vi mener Budor har gode naturmessige forutsetninger for kreativitet og innovasjon, men for å få til dette kreves samarbeid og nettverksbygging, bl a med myndighetene, virkemiddelapparatet, FoU og destinasjonsselskapene, samt ikke minst tro på egne muligheter. Vi har lansert begrepet kvalitetsturisme! / The tourist industry is growing every year, together with the increasing competition among the travellers, both in Norway and in the rest of the world. The market for destination Budor is primarily Norway, and there are many important challenges waiting, both concerning marketing and innovation. Here we want to focus on the last mentioned item; innovation. We want to investigate if Budor has the appropriate conditions in order to continue competing for future costumers. We have done this by looking at both general and demographic developmental features connected to market and population, and we have especially been looking to the tourist industry and the building of Second homes. We have been investigating what kind of movements and innovations we see in the tourist business, and what Budor can do to meet these. We have been looking to Triple Helix theories as a power for innovations that Løiten Almenning could use, and finally we have investigated and analysed the creative climate and conditions for innovations in the organisation behind Budor; Løiten Almenning. Our opinion is that destination Budor has splendid natural conditions for both creativity and innovation. But, to cope with this you need cooperation and building of network together with national authorities, governmental business support apparatus i.e “Innovasjon Norge”, “FoU” and destination companies, and you need to believe in yourself and your own possibilities.

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