Syftet med föreliggande studie var att redogöra för hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalens följsamhet till hygienföreskrifter avseende handhygien och de faktorer som påverkar detta. Metod: Artiklar söktes via CINAHL, Pubmed och Scopus. Sökord som användes i olika kombinationer var: hand hygiene, adherence, hygiene guidelines, health care workers, compliance, hand disinfection, infection control, nursing, nurse och hand cleansing. Tretton vetenskapliga artiklar erhölls. Vidare gjordes en manuell sökning ifrån inkluderade artiklars referenslistor och genererade två artiklar som ingick i resultatet. Resultat: Resultatet visade att hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalens följsamhet till hygienföreskrifter avseende handhygien var låg. Vidare framkom av resultatet att det fanns sju kategorier av faktorer som påverkade följsamheten till hygienföreskrifterna. Dessa var: utbildning och kunskap, arbetsbelastning och tidsbrist, tillgänglighet, hudproblem och handskar. Slutsats: Följsamheten till hygienföreskrifter avseende handhygien är låg. Kontinuerlig utbildning i kombination med ökad tillgänglighet och minskad arbetsbelastning är de viktigaste förutsättningarna för att öka följsamheten till hygienföreskrifter gällande handhygien.

The Navahos have undergone extensive culture change through acculturation that began with their conquest and containment by the U. S. government in 1863. This is not the complete explanation for all Navaho culture change. For instance, in the area of arts, innovation or internallyderived change is evidenced by the replacement of traditional approaches to weaving design by designs that had been exclusively relegated to ceremonial usage within the context of the sandpainting medium.It is the purpose of this work to examine the artist's role during this transition period to determine what internal factors affected the changes. Historical accounts offer ethnographic information concerning the innovation of four design types that had traditionally been exclusively used in ritual as sandpainting designs. This information will be presented and used in an analysis of the weaver in Navaho society; the role of the ritual specialist; the function of weaving in Navaho society and group response to weaving and the weaver. Finally, an appraisal of the specific cases with respect to the analytical framework will be offered in conclusion to validate the role of internal innovation.

The left hand has always been perceived as the weaker of the two hands and since about 1840, a substantial amount of piano repertoire for the left hand has seen the light. Composers continue to show an interest in composing works in this genre and the reasons are mainly because of injuries to the right hand, to aid in the pianist's technical development, because of the challenge it poses to the composer and finally to delight audiences with an unique technical display. The technical challenges that are present in these works, differ greatly from the difficulties found in piano music for both hands. In order to give a commanding performance, the pianist is required to make certain adjustments. In music for the left hand alone, this hand is suddenly solely responsible for both the melodic lines and accompanying textures simultaneously. By addressing the technical difficulties of a composition, the interpretation of the work is invariably influenced. One of the most well-known works in this genre, A. Scriabin's Prelude for the left hand, Op. 9, no. 1, has been used to identify the technical aspects in piano music for the left hand. The question that arises, is: which specific technical aspects can be identified in A. Scriabin's Prelude for the left hand, Op. 9, no. 1? The following questions are subsequently raised: firstly, how will the pianist approach these technical aspects, and secondly, how will certain technical adjustments benefit the performance and interpretation of the work? The hypothesis holds that the pianist will have to identify and address the unique technical aspects of piano works for the left hand alone, in order to perform these works successfully. Four specific areas have been identified that could be considered the main factors contributing to the technical challenges idiomatic of music for the left hand: fingering, pedalling, balance and voicing and physical flexibility. / Thesis (M.Mus.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that can be used to assess the integrity neuronal circuits in the motor cortex, both at the intrahemispheric and interhemispheric level. In the present study, TMS was used to examine age-related modulation of corticospinal function. Participants underwent hand function testing to examine possible links between TMS measures and manual ability. Participants consisted of healthy young (n=13) and senior (n=17) right-handed individuals. Hand function testing consisted of a battery of tests administered bilaterally to assess each participant’s dexterity, strength, movement speed and reaction time. The following TMS measures were assessed bilaterally: resting motor threshold, recruitment curve and silent periods of the contralateral and ipsilateral hand. Both young and senior subjects showed significant intermanual differences in most behavioral measures, favoring their dominant right hand. There was an age-related difference in TMS measures indicating a decline in intrahemispheric excitability and interhemispheric inhibition. A general trend linking specific TMS measures in the active state with age-related changes in hand function on the dominant hand was found. Our results suggest that TMS markers of corticospinal excitability can be used to predict declining hand function with age and thus could provide an early diagnosis of pathological aging.

The left hand has always been perceived as the weaker of the two hands and since about 1840, a substantial amount of piano repertoire for the left hand has seen the light. Composers continue to show an interest in composing works in this genre and the reasons are mainly because of injuries to the right hand, to aid in the pianist's technical development, because of the challenge it poses to the composer and finally to delight audiences with an unique technical display. The technical challenges that are present in these works, differ greatly from the difficulties found in piano music for both hands. In order to give a commanding performance, the pianist is required to make certain adjustments. In music for the left hand alone, this hand is suddenly solely responsible for both the melodic lines and accompanying textures simultaneously. By addressing the technical difficulties of a composition, the interpretation of the work is invariably influenced. One of the most well-known works in this genre, A. Scriabin's Prelude for the left hand, Op. 9, no. 1, has been used to identify the technical aspects in piano music for the left hand. The question that arises, is: which specific technical aspects can be identified in A. Scriabin's Prelude for the left hand, Op. 9, no. 1? The following questions are subsequently raised: firstly, how will the pianist approach these technical aspects, and secondly, how will certain technical adjustments benefit the performance and interpretation of the work? The hypothesis holds that the pianist will have to identify and address the unique technical aspects of piano works for the left hand alone, in order to perform these works successfully. Four specific areas have been identified that could be considered the main factors contributing to the technical challenges idiomatic of music for the left hand: fingering, pedalling, balance and voicing and physical flexibility. / Thesis (M.Mus.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Background Hand-arm vibration (HAV) is an occupational hazard which, cumulatively, leads to hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). Detection and reduction of HAV can help prevent the disease or slow down its progress. Unfortunately, assessment of HAV through direct measurement is difficult due to the high cost of measurement equipment, interruption of work performance, and long travel cost to worksites. An alternative assessment method is through development of an exposure prediction model to identify workplace, tool, and task characteristics which significantly predict HAV exposure. Purpose The purpose of this study is twofold: 1) to determine the extent and nature of previously published scientific journal articles on exposure prediction modeling of HAV through performing a systematic review; and 2) to develop a new exposure prediction model using administrative data to find significant HAV predictors. Methods A systematic review of relevant studies involved humans aged 18 or over, applicable to occupational setting, with vibration measured using tri-axial accelerometer and statistical modeling of the effects of occupational characteristics on measure HAV were identified. Five online bibliographic databases (Medline, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, and EMBASE) were searched using a combined word list of terms under three categories: “occupational diseases”; “Hand-arm vibration”; and “Statistical Modelling”. Two multiple linear regression models predicting average hand-arm vibration exposure over 8 hour day, A(8), were built using enforcement data collected by Ministry of Labour Relations and Workplace Safety Saskatchewan using standard model building method. In addition, GEE was used to account for repeated data collection within workers and worksites. Results In the first manuscript, 7 articles found were deemed relevant. Four studies built regression models, while three used ANOVA to find significant HAV predictors. Examples of significant HAV predictors included: tool age, tool weight, participant, and operating power; the proportion of HAV variance explained varied from 46 to 90%. In the second manuscript, the models based on administrative data explained 16% to 27% of A(8) variance. The included variables were tool power source, vibration control, and job type for the parsimonious model; the comprehensive model has the same variables as parsimonious along with accelerometer attachment method and tool brand. Conclusion HAV prediction through exposure prediction modeling is a relatively new method for assessing occupational HAV. It is feasible to find HAV predictors using low-cost administrative data, and variables such as tool power source, job type, and vibration control make promising predictors. However, the variance explained will be lower than using data collected for research purposes. The significant predictors found in the systematic review can be considered when installing protective measures in the future. The significant predictors found and procedures used from the modeling study can be considered for future HAV exposure prediction modeling studies.

Handprints and hand stencils are a ubiquitous element of rock art. For archaeologists, they represent a window onto the lives and communities of practice of prehistoric peoples. They are a means of recognizing the individual in the archaeological record and their contribution to the production of rock art. Children represent an understudied archaeological demographic despite comprising 50% of many prehistoric populations. In this thesis, I investigate the applicability of the 2D:4D ratio for sexing children’s hand stencils in a modern context. Based on a sample of 318 living children between the ages of 5 and 16 years old, I analyzed the degree of variance between the ratio derived from the soft-tissue measurements, and the ratio derived from a hand stencil created by the same child. The results of this research support my prediction that the 2D: 4D ratio cannot be used reliably to sex children’s hand stencils archaeologically. / Graduate / 0324 / amandarobins1@gmail.com

This thesis deals with the design and implementation of a visually guided robotic assembly system. Stereo imaging, three dimensional location extraction and object recognition will be the features of this system. This thesis study considers a system utilizing an eye-in-hand configuration. The system involves a stereo rig mounted on the end effector of a six-DOF ABB IRB-2000 industrial robot. The robot is controlled by a vision system, which uses open-loop control principles. The goal of the system is to assemble basic geometric primitives into their respective templates. Recognition

This study examines the effects of acceleration on fluid forces acting on the hand in swimming and presents a new pressure method to predict fluid forces acting on the accelerating hand. Swimmers and coaches require accurate information about swimmers� fluid forces, propulsion and drag, in order to improve performance. In general, swimmers are likely to generate propulsion mainly with their hands in the front crawl stroke, butterfly and back crawl stroke. Researchers have attempted to estimate the fluid forces on the hands with various techniques including a cinematographic method (a "quasi-static" approach), a pressure method and a numerical method of computational fluid dynamics. However, the effect of accelerations on fluid forces acting on the hand has not yet been well quantified. Understanding of the effect of acceleration on fluid forces on the hand can provide useful information to enhance swimming performance. Also the developments of a method to predict fluid forces acting on the accelerating hand in swimming can be used to evaluate swimming performance more accurately. The present study used a hand model attached to a load cell to measure forces in three orthogonal directions and pressure sensors to measure pressures on the hand model rotated in the flume. The model position was measured by a potentiometer fixed to the axis of the model rotation. The quantification of the effect of acceleration was based on a simple theoretical understanding for fluid mechanics, using the inertia coefficients and the coefficients of fluid forces, that is widely accepted in other disciplines. The quantification was focused mainly in the direction tangential to the model rotation because the magnitude of the velocity changed in this direction. The overall effect of acceleration on fluid forces on the hand model was that the inertia coefficients increased rapidly in the early phase of the model movement, then in the final deceleration phase of model movement the inertia coefficients decreased to a negative value and then became small. The inertia coefficient increased in the impulsive start of the hand model, indicating that fluid forces acting on the hand increased as accelerations of the hand increased. This result was consistent with the simple theoretical understanding to induce additional fluid forces on the hand, that is, fluid forces on the hand increased as accelerations increased. However, the inertia coefficient decreased and reached large negative values in the late phase of the model movement involving decelerated motion, indicating that fluid forces on the hand increased as acceleration of the hand decreased to negative values (decelerations). That result was not consistent with the simple theoretical understanding to induce additional fluid forces on the hand because the simple theoretical understanding cannot take account of the preceding history of the fluid motion around the hand model associated with the formation of vortices. Thus, more sophisticated theory is needed. The dynamic pressure measured by the pressure sensors implied that the induced fluid forces might be due to large attached vortices behind the hand model. The hand was considered as a blunt body when the angle of attack was large (maximum = 90�) and an aerofoil shape when the angle of attack was small. The inertia coefficients became large when the hand model was set at the large angles of attack, indicating that the effect of accelerations on the hand model increased when the hand surface was directed to the on-coming flows (blunt body). For the development of the new pressure method, a regression analysis was used to build a single best-fit equation to predict fluid forces acting on the accelerating hand model. The single best-fit equation was acquired for various orientations of the hand model. The accuracy of prediction of fluid forces acting on the accelerating hand model was checked by a root mean square (RMS) difference. The RMS difference by the pressure method was approximately half of the RMS difference by the "quasi-static" approach that has been a major method to predict fluid forces exerted by the hand in swimming. The present study has quantified the effect of acceleration on fluid forces acting on the hand in swimming and developed a new pressure method including acceleration effects to predict fluid forces acting on the accelerating hand.

The purpose and underlying motivation for this project was to examine the procedure of garment construction methods, by specifically choosing to abandon traditional rules and standards that are associated with mass production. I chose to explore domestic hand-craft made by women in New Zealand in their domestic situation, focusing on hand-stitched techniques from the past reflecting a nostalgic value which potentially contributed to the garment’s construction process. The project sought to utilize the re-using of materials by incorporating previously made hand-craft; and looked at the remaking of second-hand garments by means of deconstruction and reconstruction. Traditional hand-craft, in this context, refers to the use of craft forms not governed by principles of efficiency, mass production or technology, allowing the garments to contain unique ‘one of a kind’ hand-made qualities. My studio practice specifically focused on exploring the relationship between hand-craft and garment construction, by researching their application and integration into the garment’s structure, along with disrupting the orderly traditional production process. I was not focusing on the finished garment’s design. The project provided an opportunity to refocus my attention on the hand-made, as I perceived that the skills required to produce these were being extinguished by modern lifestyles. Exploration promoted new discoveries by exposing the construction process and revealing unpredicted combinations. The project explored these ideas, resulting in a range of women’s garments that revealed, as part of their construction, hand-work which offered a modern variation of nostalgia. This project comprised of 80% practical work and will be accompanied by an exegesis with a value of 20%.